electronic publishing and open access: developing country perspectives indian institute of science,...
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![Page 1: Electronic Publishing and Open Access: Developing country perspectives Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 2-3 November 2006 Alma Swan Key Perspectives](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022051819/551604e7550346cf6f8b5d0d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Electronic Publishing and Open Access: Developing country perspectives
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 2-3 November 2006
Alma Swan
Key Perspectives Ltd
Truro, UK
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Why researchers publish their work
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Communicate results to peers
Advance career
Personal prestige
Gain funding
Financial reward
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The digital era
“The potential role of electronic networks in scientific publication … goes far beyond providing searchable archives for electronic journals. The whole process of scholarly communication is undergoing a revolution comparable to the one occasioned by the invention of printing.”
Stevan Harnad, 1990
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The internet has brought …
New opportunities facilitated by new technologies
The ways science is done (and thus the need for new technological capabilities)
The way research is evaluated and assessed
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Open Access: What is it? Online Immediate Free (non-restricted) Free (gratis) To the scholarly literature that
authors give away Permanent
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Open Access: Who benefits?
Benefits to researchers themselves Benefits to institutions Benefits to national economies Benefits to science and society
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Open Access: How?
Open Access journals (www.doaj.org)
Open Access repositories (author ‘self-archiving’)
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Author experience so far
Only 24% of authors have submitted an article to an Open Access journal
Only 22% have self-archived in their institutional repository
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Why we should have Open Access
Greater impact from scholarly endeavour More rapid and more efficient progress of
scholarship Better assessment, better monitoring,
better management of research Better information-creation using new
and better technologies
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Open Access increases citations
0 50 100 150 200 250
% increase in citations with Open Access
BiologyEconomics
Political SciHealth SciBusiness
EducationManagement
LawPsychology
SociologyPhysics
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Range = 36%-200%(Data: Stevan Harnad and co-workers)
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Other impact studies
Lawrence 2001 (computer science) Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics,
electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics)
Wren 2005 Eysenbach 2006
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Lost citations, lost impact
Only around 15% of research is Open Access….
….. so 85% is not ….. and we are therefore losing 85% of
the 50% increase in citations (conservative end of the range) that Open Access brings (= 42.5%)
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There is also a monetary measure In the last 5 years there have been 219040
citations to 104617 articles by Indian scientists (indexed by ISI)
This figure could have been 42.5% higher (with OA) = 312132 citations
44462 citations have been lost over 5 years
With an annual S&T budget of 164bn INR ….
…. and 42.% impact lost… …. that means 70bn INR-worth of impact
lost to India over 5 years
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Science is faster, more efficientTime taken to be cited for articles in the arXiv database
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Measure, assess, and manage science more effectively Assess individuals, groups, institutions, on the
basis of citation analysis Track downloads, citations, patterns of use Trends: predict impact, usage, direction of
science and influences on research Latency, longevity Hubs, authorities ‘Silent’ ‘unsung’ authors identified by semantic
analysis
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Navigation and analysis of science output: Citebase
Find researchers Measure citations to articles (not journals) Follow the citations through the literature Measure downloads (and predict
citations) Use citation patterns to analyse science
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New knowledge from old
Data-mining Text-mining (semantic Web
technologies) UK: National Text-Mining Centre Example: NeuroCommons
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Why Open Access
Greater impact from scientific endeavour More rapid and more efficient progress of
science Better assessment, better monitoring,
better management of science Novel information-creation using new and
advanced technologies
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Institutionally-based repositories
800+ Half are institutional or
departmental Growth of 1 per day, but… Average number of postprints
is 297!
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An institutional repository provides researchers with:
The means to disseminate their work, free, to the world
Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)
A location for supporting data that are unpublished
One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications) Tool for research assessment
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Why an institutional repository?
Fulfils a university’s mission to engender, encourage and disseminate scholarly work
Enables a university to compile a complete record of its intellectual effort
Forms a permanent record of all digital output from an institution
Enables standardised online CVs for all researchers (e.g. RAE exercise)
‘Marketing’ tool for universities An institution can mandate self-archiving across all
subject areas
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Some statistics Awareness of Open Access is
increasing amongst scholars in all disciplines
The number of repositories has increased at an average of 1 per day over the last year
The rate of increase is rising
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Here’s the problem…
Only 15% of research articles are spontaneously self-archived
The average number of postprints self-archived in institutional repositories is 297
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A few more statistics
There are circa 800 repositories globally
There are 37 documented policies
There are 13 mandates
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Policies, mandates
There is a difference Both are being developed at
institutional, national and even international level
One is sometimes effective, the other always is
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Third component: advocacy
Sometimes in the absence of either a policy or mandate; sometimes alongside these
Advocacy – sustained and organised
Advocacy - opportunistic
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Policies
An almost-mandate from the DFG, Germany An almost-mandate from the FWF, Austria Dutch policy for the universities in the DARE
network Exhortations and encouragements from public
research funders in Finland, USA National policy being developed in Sweden (?) Developments in Australia, Canada, etc
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Mandates
Proposed mandates: public funders (Canada, Australia, S.Africa, Ukraine, USA and EU)
Real mandates: Wellcome Trust RCUK (Research Councils UK)
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USA
NIH: Strengthening now very likely
Require not request CURES: 6-month delay to provide OA
permitted but deposit must be at acceptance
FRPAA: Mandatory deposit: all research funded by the largest
agencies
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UK
Wellcome Trust ($750m) Research Councils UK
5 out of 8 have a mandate and 1 has a strong encouragement
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Author readiness to comply with a mandate
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Would complywillingly
Would complyreluctantly
Would notcomply
81%
14%
5%
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Institutions with a mandate already
University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already)
CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) Queensland University of Technology (2004)
(40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Recently, NIT (Rourkela), Zurich University and others on the way …
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University of Tasmania
0
100
200
300
400
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600
700Ju
n-0
4
Jul-0
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p-0
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Actualdocuments
DESTpublications
Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd
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University of Queensland
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2/20
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9/20
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0/20
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1/20
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03/1
2/20
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1/20
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2/20
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3/20
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4/20
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5/20
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6/20
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7/20
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9/20
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03/1
0/20
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Do
cum
ents
Documents
DEST
Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd
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Queensland University of Technology
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
24/0
5/20
04
24/0
6/20
04
24/0
7/20
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24/0
8/20
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24/0
9/20
04
24/1
0/20
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2/20
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1/20
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24/0
2/20
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24/0
3/20
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24/0
4/20
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24/0
5/20
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24/0
6/20
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24/0
7/20
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24/0
8/20
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24/0
9/20
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Do
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ents
Data courtesy of Arthur Sale Key Perspectives Ltd
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Mandate when? At acceptance for publication: the author’s final
version Mandate the deposit at that point Mandate OA to full-text unless there is a
compelling reason against this If there is a compelling reason, mandate OA to
metadata Mandate opening of full-text at 6 months The publisher’s PDF can be added, or linked
to, later
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Mandate what?
The author’s final version In the native format Because text-mining and data-
mining tools need to work on OA articles
They work best on XML
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Summary
Policies nice but largely ineffectual Mandates work and so increasing Deposit at acceptance:
Open metadata immediately Open full-text later if necessary
Deposit author’s final version; add published version later if desired
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Author readiness to comply with a mandate
0 20 40 60 80 100
% respondents
Would complywillingly
Would complyreluctantly
Would notcomply
81%
14%
5%
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