open access: what it can do for science and scholarship alma swan key perspectives ltd truro, uk

Open Access: What it can do for science and scholarship

Alma Swan

Key Perspectives Ltd

Truro, UK

“The Role Of The Scientific Journal:First, to place before the general public the

grand results of Scientific work and Scientific discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and

daily life.

Secondly, to aid scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made

in any branch of natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an

opportunity of discussing the various scientific questions that arise from time to time.”

Nature, 4 November 1869Key Perspectives Ltd

“At a time when the journal has become the primary vehicle for communicating research results …. libraries are finding it difficult to maintain, let alone expand, their journal collections ….” “…. It is becoming increasingly clear that the current scientific communication process is not working in the best interests of the scientific community, nor in the best interests of society as a whole.”Stephen Pinfield, 2005Deputy Chief Information Officer and Director of Teaching & Learning

Resources and Information Resources, University of Nottingham


What has happened in the last 130 years? The number of scientific research

journals has grown, and grown, and grown…

Journal prices have risen - much faster than inflation. Since 1986: The UK retail price index has risen 70% Journal prices have risen 291%


One result …

The ‘Men of Science’ do not have access to all the scientific literature they need to enable science to progress as efficiently and effectively as possible


‘Old’ paradigms

Using proxy measures of an individual scholar’s merit

It is a journal’s responsibility to disseminate your work

Printed article is the format of record Other scholars have time to search out

what you want them to know


‘New’ paradigms

Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individual scholars

Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last)

The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas)

Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, ‘getting it out there’ is up to you


“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”

Robert Terry

Senior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust


What Open Access is about

Freely available Publicly available Permanently available


The World Wide Web has enabled Open Access to science

Not constrained by the limitations of print on paper

Available to any individual with Internet access, worldwide

With proper arrangements in place, availability is permanent


What Open Access is not about

NOT vanity publishing or self-publishing

NOT about non-peer-reviewed literature

NOT about publications that scholars expect to be paid for (e.g. books)


Why researchers publish their work

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Communicate results to peers

Advance career

Personal prestige

Gain funding

Financial reward


‘Open Access’?

A much better term to use is

Open Dissemination


Who benefits from Open Access?

Scholars – as authors Scholars – as readers Scholars – as teachers Universities Research funders Taxpayers and society at large Publishers


Open Access increases citations

0 50 100 150 200 250

% increase in citations with Open Access

BiologyEconomics

Political SciHealth SciBusiness

EducationManagement

LawPsychology

SociologyPhysics


Range = 50%-200%(Data from Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

Open access increases citations (further studies)

Lawrence 2001 (computer science) Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics,

electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics)


“Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted.”


An author’s own testimony on open access visibility

Two ways to provide Open Access

Publish in an Open Access journal (see www.doaj.org)

Deposit copies of published articles in an Open Access repository (‘self-archiving’)


Open Access journals

‘New’ Open Access publishers BioMedCentral Public Library of Science c2000 Open Access journals in existence

‘Traditional’ publishers offering a hybrid publishing model


Self-archiving

Subject-centred repositories (e.g. arXiv) Institutional repositories

Subject coverage reflects institution Interoperable (Open Archives Initiative-

compliant) Global interlinked network – a

worldwide database of research


Open Access repositories

600+ worldwide 25 in Sweden


CERN preprint archive


How are the authors responding?

24% have submitted an article to an Open Access journal (49% intend to)

22% have deposited an article in an Open Access institutional repository

15% have deposited an article in a subject-based Open Access repository


An institutional repository provides researchers with:

Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress)


An author said…


“This is a very handy way to keep all of one’s work together and findable, which helps me as much as anyone else.”



A location for supporting data that are unpublished, and other digital objects


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70%

re

spo

nd

en

ts Postprint

Conference paper

Preprint

Technical report

Working paper

Book chapter

Dissertation or thesis

Courseware

Discussion paper

Software

Monograph

Manual

Video file

Audio file




A location for supporting data that are unpublished

One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications)


What discourages self-archiving?

“ I worry about copyright infringement”


Publisher permissions (by journal)

79%

13%

8%

'Green' (postprints) 'Pale green' (preprints) 'Grey' (neither yet)


Publisher permissions

92% of journals permit self-archiving

SHERPA/RoMEO list at:

www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php

Or at: http://romeo.eprints.org/stats.php


http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo.php


“I worry about copyright infringement”

“It will be too difficult”


Easy28%

Very difficult1%

Somewhat difficult

8%

Very easy44%

Neither easy nor difficult

13%

Article archived by someone

else6%



“I worry about copyright infringement”

“It will be too difficult” “It will take too long”


Under an hour23%

More than a day3%

3-4 hours2%

A few minutes52%

1-2 hours8%

Article archived by

someone else12%


What can encourage self-archiving?

Highlighting the increased visibility and impact

Requiring authors to self-archive


Author readiness to comply with a mandate

0 20 40 60 80 100

% respondents

Would complywillingly

Would complyreluctantly

Would notcomply

81%

14%

5%


Institutions with a mandate already

University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already)

CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) University of Southampton (2004) Queensland University of Technology

(2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005)


Wellcome Trust:

World’s largest private funder of biomedical (and allied) research

Spends c£400 million per annum


“Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research.”

Robert TerrySenior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust


Wellcome Trust

Issued a Position Statement on Open and Unrestricted Access to Published Research

Amended its Grant Conditions accordingly

Effective 1 October 2005


The Wellcome Trust policy on OA

Requires self-archiving of articles

Will pay publication fees for

publishing in open access journals

(1-2% of Wellcome’s total research

expenditure)


Publisher reaction?


Thank you for listening

[email protected]

www.keyperspectives.co.uk/OpenAccessArchive/


mailto:[email protected]

http://www.keyperspectives.co.uk/OpenAccessArchive/

open access: what it can do for science and scholarship alma swan key perspectives ltd truro, uk

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