ekonomika

merab kakulia

banki italiuri sityvaa (Banko) da niSnavs daxls an ubralod magidas. Sua sauku -neebSi evropis, kerZod italiis, savaWro qalaqebSi uamravi sxvadasxva warmoSo-bis da sinjis vercxlisa da oqros moneta trialebda, romelic saTanado Semowme-bas da sxva monetebze gacvlas saWiroebda. am saqmianobiT dakavebuli moqalaqee-bi _ fulis gadamcvlelebi, klientebTan urTierTobisaTvis iyenebdnen daxlebs (magidebs), romlebsac mwvane mauds afarebdnen. male maT daiwyes fuladi saxsrebis Sesanaxad miReba, angariSsworeba am saxsrebis mflobelebis davalebiT da sesxebis (kreditebis) gacema. yvela am operaciam Tavi moiyara dawesebulebaSi, romelsac mogvianebiT banki ewoda.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Zvel msoflioSi ukve arsebobda garkveuli saxis sabanko opera-ciebi, rasac Zvel saberZneTSi trapezitebi (berZnuli sityvidan Τράπεζα, rac aseve magidas niSnavs), xolo Zvel romSi mensariebi (laTinuri sityvidan Mensarii, romelic berZnuli sityvis Τραπεζίται zusti Sesatyvisia) axorcielebdnen. banks saberZneTSi dResac trapeza hqvia. ase rom, sabanko saqmianobas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi aqvs. analogiuri dawesebulebebi saqarTveloSi, zogierTi cnobiT, XI-XII saukunidan ar-sebobda. maT orTaRi ewodeboda (Turquli warmoSobis sityvidan Ortak — amxana-goba, asociacia).

saxelwodebiT banki Tanamedrove msoflioSi ZiriTadad ori tipis finansuri dawe-sebuleba sargeblobs _ centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi da komerciuli bankebi.

ra aris banki?

16

centraluri (erovnuli) bankebi

centraluri (erovnuli) banki, rogorc wesi,war moadgens saxelmwifos mier specialuri kanonis safuZvelze daarsebul instituts, romelsac miniWebu-li aqvs erovnuli fulis emisiis _ banknotebis beWd-vis, monetebis moWrisa da mimoqcevaSi gaSvebis gan-sakuTrebuli (eqskluziuri) ufleba. igi SeimuSavebs da axorcielebs qveynis fulad-sakredito politikas; agreTve flobs, inaxavs da gankargavs qveynis oqros da ucxouri valutis rezervebs (maragebs).

centraluri (erovnuli) banki warmoadgens `bankTa banks~: igi gascems kredits mxolod komerciul ban-keb ze, iRebs maTgan depozitebs da uzrunvelyofs maT Soris erovnuli valutiT unaRdo angariSswore-bas. amasTan, bevr qveyanaSi (maT Soris saqarTvelo-Si) centraluri (erovnuli) banki axdens komerciuli bankebis saqmianobis licenzirebas da zedamxedvelo-bas, agreTve maTi servisebis momxmarebelTa ufle-bebis dacvas. garda amisa, centraluri (erovnuli) banki momsaxurebas uwevs saxelmwifos, Tumca misi pirda-piri dakreditebis ufleba SezRuduli aqvs.

gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebidan gamomdinare, centraluri (erovnuli) banki administraciulad da-moukidebelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom parlamentsa da mTavrobas ufleba ara aqvT Caerion mis saqmianobaSi. igi pasuxs ar agebs saxelmwifos finansur valdebule-bebze ise, rogorc saxelmwifo pasuxs ar agebs (mkacrad

ra aris banki?

17

Sua saukuneebis droindeli `bankirebi~ _ fulis gadamcvlelebi, romelTa saqmianobis ganviTareba-gafarToebis Sedegia dRevandeli sabanko sistema.

Zveli romauli terakotis yulaba, zed gamosaxulia vaWrobis mfarveli romauli RmerTi merkuri, romelsac xelSi Tavisi simboluri atributebi _ kadukeusi da fuliT savse tomara _ uWiravs. jon hopkinsis arqeologiuri muzeumi,baltimori, aSS.

gansazRvruli SemTxvevebis garda) mis finansur valdebulebebze. centraluri (erovnuli) banki yvela xarjs sakuTari SemosavlebiT faravs, Tumca mogebis si-dide ar aris misTvis gadamwyveti. aRsaniSnavia, rom centraluri (erovnuli) banke-bi gaTavisuflebulia saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisagan.

centraluri (erovnuli) bankis damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT misixelmZRvaneloba iniSneba gansazRvruli vadiT, romelic mniSvnelovnad aRemate-ba parlamentis da mTavrobis uflebamosilebis vadas. magaliTad, saqarTveloSi erovnuli bankis prezidents da vice-prezidentebs, aseve misi sabWos sxva wevrebs, qveynis prezidentis wardginebiT, parlamenti 7 wlis vadiT irCevs. amasTan, cent-raluri (erovnuli) bankebi, rogorc wesi, valdebuli arian qveynis parlaments yovelwliurad warudginon angariSi.

ra aris banki?

komerciuli bankebi

centraluri (erovnuli) bankebisagan gansxvavebiT, komerciuli bankebimomsaxurebas uweven iuridiul da fizikur pirebs mogebis miRebis mizniT, anu maTi klientebi (momsaxurebis mimRebni) arian sxvadasxva tipis samewarmeo da sxva struqturebi da moqalaqeebi. komerciul bankebs SeuZliaT garkveuli momsaxure-ba gauwion saxelmwifosac (magaliTad, xelfasebis, pensiebis da sxva socialuri gadaxdebis organizebaSi). komerciuli bankebis didi umravlesoba kerZo mflobe-lobaSia. saqarTveloSi, magaliTad, yvela komerciul banks floben kerZo mesa-kuTreebi _ rogorc qveynis rezidentebi (moqalaqeebi), ise ucxoelebi.

Tanamedrove komerciuli bankebi iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebisgan izidaven droebiT Tavisufal fulad saxsrebs da ganaTavseben maT pirdapir, umTavresad sesxebis (kreditebis) saxiT, an arapirdapir _ kapitalis (fasiani qaRaldebis) baz-ris meSveobiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, komerciuli banki eweva finansur Suamav-lobas klientebs Soris, visac erTi mxriv, aqvs kapitalis (fuladi saxsrebis) si-Warbe, xolo meore mxriv _ kapitalis deficiti.

Tanamedrove msxvili komerciuli bankebis umetesoba universaluri bankebia, romlebic TiTqmis yvela saxis finansur Suamavlobas ewevian, maT Soris: depozi-tebis mozidvas da kreditebis gacemas, klientebisTvis sabanko angariSebis gaxs-nas, unaRdo angariSsworebas da sakaso (naRdi fuliT) operaciebs, gadaxdis sa-Sualebebis (plastikuri baraTebi, Cekebi da sxva) gamoSvebas, ucxouri valutis, Zvirfasi liTonebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-gayidvas, sabanko garantiebis da Tavdebobebis gacemas, satrasto (ndobiT) operaciebs da sxvas.

18

saqarTvelos bankis saTao ofisi, Tbilisi

ekonomika

universaluri komerciuli bankebi gansakuTrebiT farTod kontinentur ev ro -paSi gavrcelda, maSin, rodesac mTel rig qveynebSi (magaliTad, aSS-Si, did bri-taneTsa da iaponiaSi) moqmedebda bankebis specializaciis principi: sakuTriv ko-merciuli bankebi aq sabanko operaciebis standartuli paketiT (depozitebis mo-zidva, sesxebis gacema, saangariSsworebo momsaxureba da sxva) Semoifarglebodnen. maT garda arsebobdnen specializebuli bankebic, romelTa saqmianoba calkeul sferoebs an operaciebs moicavda. aseT bankebs ganekuTvnebian:

sainvesticio bankebi, romlebic ZiriTadad kapitalis (fasiani qaRaldebis) bazarze operireben da ar iReben depozitebs.

Semnaxveli bankebi, romlebic upiratesad fizikuri pirebis (moqalaqeebis) droebiT Tavisufali saxsrebis mozidvas da maT dakreditebas emsaxurebian. ipoTekuri bankebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ipoTekur, anu uZravi qonebiT uz-runvelyofil sesxebs gascemen da sxva.

gasuli saukunis bolos gaZlierda bankebis universalizaciis tendencia, racimaSi gamoixata, rom sabanko kanonmdeblobaSi Setanili cvlilebebis safuZvelze nel-nela waiSala zRvari komerciul bankebsa da specializebul sabanko dawesebu-lebebs Soris. am fonze, saqarTveloSi sabanko seqtoris kontinentur-evropuli modeli damkvidrda, romelic mxolod universalur komerciul bankebs moicavs.

komerciuli bankebis operaciebi or jgufad iyofa: pirvels ganekuTvneba bankebis fuladi resursebis (saxsrebis) formireba, anu pasiuri operaciebi, xolo meores _ aRniSnuli saxsrebis ganTavseba mogebis miRebis mizniT, anu aqtiuri ope-raciebi.

19

ra aris banki?

komerciuli bankebis fuladi resursebi

komerciuli bankebis fuladi resursebi Sedgeba sakuTari saxsrebisa (kapitali)da moziduli saxsrebisgan.

moziduli saxsrebis wili komerciuli bankis fulad resursebSi bevrad aRema-teba sakuTari saxsrebis wils, Tumca kapitalis sakmarisoba gadamwyvetia bankis-Tvis.

bankis kapitali warmoadgens bankis saqmianobaSi warmoqmnili riskebis ganeitra-lebis da SesaZlo danakargebis dafarvis wyaros; swored maszea damokidebuli, Tu ra raodenobis fuladi saxsrebi SeuZlia moizidos da ganaTavsos komerciulma bankma. kapitali Sedgeba bankis mesakuTreTa (aqcionerTa) Senatanebis (aqcioneru-li kapitali) da gaunawilebeli mogebis xarjze Seqmnili fondebisgan.

Tavis saqmianobas komerciuli bankebi umTavresad moziduli saxsrebiT axor -cieleben, romelTa udides nawils warmoadgens depozitebi sabanko dawesebule-baSi iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis mier ganTavsebuli droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsrebi. depoziti laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa (Depositum) da niSnavs Sesanaxad gadacemas. depozitebi ZiriTadad ori saxisaa:

moTxovnamde depozitebi (mimdinare angariSebi) _ romelTa mflo-belebs pirvelive moTxovnisTanave SeuZliaT maTze ricxuli Tanxebis gamoyeneba

da

vadiani depozitebi, romlebzec fuladi saxsrebi gansazRvruli (fiqsirebuli) vadiTaa ganTavsebuli da maT mflobelebs am vadis gasvlamde ezRudebaT depozitze ricxuli TanxebiT sargebloba. vadiani depozitebi SeiZ le ba iyos moklevadiani (30 dRidan 1 wlamde) da grZelvadiani (1 welze meti vadiT).

20

ekonomika

sabanko krediti

universaluri komerciuli bankebis aqtiuri operaciebi ZiriTadad dakreditebissaSualebiT xorcieldeba.

krediti laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa (Creditum) da niSnavs sesxs. aqedan gamom-dinare, krediti da sesxi erTi da imave Sinaarsis matarebeli cnebebia.

21

moTxovnamde depozitze procenti (sargebeli) dabalia, vadian depozitze ki _bevrad ufro maRali. vadiani depozitidan Tanxebis vadamde gatanis SemTxvevaSi, misi mflobeli minimalur sargebels iRebs, imdens, ramdenic moTxovnamde depo-zits ericxeba.

moTxovnamde depozitsa da vadian depozits Soris Sualeduri mdgomareoba uka-via Semnaxvel depozitebs. am tipis depozitebze ricxuli Tanxebi ar gamoiyeneba klientis mimdinare gadaxdebisTvis, Tumca Semnaxvel depozitebs arc fiqsire-buli vada aqvs. igi gamoiyeneba fizikuri pirebis danazogebis Sesaqmnelad da, rogorc wesi, mimdinare depozitze meti da vadian depozitze naklebi sargebeli ericxeba. Semnaxveli depozitebis mflobelebs eZlevaT specialuri wignaki.

mTlianobaSi, Tanamedrove sabanko praqtikaSi, sul cota, 31 tipis depoziti gamoiyeneba, romlebic depozitebis zemoT CamoTvlili ZiriTadi saxeobebis saxe-sxvaobebs warmoadgenen da morgebuli arian sxvadasxva kategoriis klientebis _ rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli pirebis _ moTxovnebsa da prioritetebs.

depozitebis garda, komerciuli bankebis mozidul saxsrebs ganekuTvneba maTmier sxva bankebidan, maT Soris centraluri (erovnuli) bankidan, nasesxebi saxs-rebi da mocemuli komerciuli bankis mier gamoSvebuli obligaciebis gayidvidan Semosuli Tanxebi. obligacia warmoadgens fasian qaRalds, romelic adasturebs misi mflobelis uflebas aRniSnuli komerciuli bankisgan gansazRvrul vadaSi miiRos garkveuli Tanxa (mflobelis mier obligaciaSi ganTavsebuli Tanxa plus procenti).

ra aris banki?

sabanko krediti warmoadgens Tanxas, romelsac banki gadascems klients (iuri -di ul an fizikur pirs) dabrunebadobis, fasianobis, vadianobis, miznobriobisa da uzrunvelyofis principebze dayrdnobiT.

kreditis dabrunebadoba imas gulisxmobs, rom klientma sesxi aucilebladunda daabrunos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, banki, rogorc finansuri Suamavali, ver Seasrulebs Tavis valdebulebebs imaT mimarT, visganac miiRo depozitebi da Ta-vad isesxa fuladi saxsrebi.

kreditis fasianoba niSnavs msesxeblis mier nasesxebi TanxebiT sargeblobisa -Tvis bankisaTvis garkveuli sazRauris, anu sargeblis (procentis) gadaxdas, saida-nac banki miiRebs mogebas finansuri SuamavlobisaTvis.

kreditis vadianoba gulisxmobs nasesxebi saxsrebis garkveul vadaSi dabrunebisaucileblobas, radganac banki kreditis gasacemad moizidavs droebiT Tavisufal fulad saxsrebs, romelic, cxadia, droulad unda daabrunos.

vadis mixedviT ganasxvaveben moklevadian _ erT wlamde vadis, saSualovadi-an _ erTidan sam wlamde vadis da grZelvadian _ sam welze meti vadis mqone kreditebs.

kreditis miznobrioba imas niSnavs, rom msesxebelma nasesxebi saxsrebi mxolod im miznisTvis unda gamoiyenos, risTvisac aiRo krediti. sesxiT sargeblobis miz-nis mkafiod gansazRvra saSualebas aZlevs banks, Seafasos klientis kreditunari-anoba, anu misi unari dadgenil droSi daabrunos nasesxebi Tanxa da gadaixados procenti.

daniSnulebis mixedviT kreditebi Semdeg ZiriTad kategoriebad iyofa:

saangariSsworebo kreditebi _ gaicema kompaniebis mier nedleu-lis da masalebis mimwodeblebTan angariSsworebisTvis, muSa-mosamsaxureTa xelfasis gasastumreblad, biujetSi gadasaxadebis gadasaxdelad da sxva mimdinare saWiroebaTaTvis. aseTi kredite-bi, rogorc wesi, moklevadiania.

sainvesticio kreditebi _ eZlevaT klientebs, rogorc iuridi-ul, ise fizikur pirebs, kapitalis dabandebis gansaxorcieleb-lad, maT Soris, axali teqnologiebis danergvis, arsebuli sawar-moo simZlavreebis modernizaciis da axlis SeqmnisaTvis. am tipis kreditebi Cveulebriv grZelvadiania.

22

ekonomika

samomxmareblo kreditebi _ gaicema fizikur pirebze moxmarebis sagnebis (magaliTad: avtomobili, aveji, sayofacxovrebo teqni-ka da sxva) SesaZenad. amgvari kreditebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc moklevadiani, ise saSualovadiani. saprocento ganakveTi samomx-mareblo sesxebze maRalia, radganac klienti, rogorc wesi, am tipis kreditiT sargeblobisaTvis damatebiT sakomisioebsac ixdis.

kreditis uzrunvelyofa gulisxmobs msesxeblis mier kreditis dabrunebis uz-run velsayofad mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli uZravi qonebis, fasiani qaRaldebis an sxva faseulobebis giraoSi Cadebas (bankis gankargvaSi droebiT gadacemas) an kidev sxva (mesame) iuridiuli an fizikuri piris mier msesxeblis sasargeblod garantiis (Tavdebobis) gacemas/gaformebas. garantia ise, rogorc Tav deboba gu-lisxmobs imas, rom msesxeblis mier kreditis ardafarvis SemTxvevaSi msesxeblis valdebulebas faravs garantiis/Tavdebobis gamcemi piri. garantiis gamcemebi ZiriTadad iuridiuli pirebi arian, xolo Tavdebobisa _ fizikuri pirebi.

giraoTi uzrunvelyofili sesxebis saukeTeso magaliTia ipoTekuri kreditebi, romlebic gaicema fizikur pirebze uZravi qonebis SesaZenad ise, rom aRniSnuli uZravi qoneba kreditis dafarvamde giraos saxiT bankis gankargulebaSi rCeba. ipoTekuri kreditebi, rogorc wesi, grZelvadiania.

kreditis uzrunvelyofis aucileblobas ganapirobebs is, rom yovelTvis ar-sebobs sesxis daubruneblobis garkveuli riski (sakredito riski). miuxedavad amisa, sabanko praqtikaSi arsebobs e.w. sablanko kreditebi _ sesxebi uzrunvel-yofis gareSe, romlebic gaicema gansakuTrebiT sando da stabiluri finansuri mdgomareobis mqone klientebze.

23

ra aris banki?

saprocento ganakveTis done

saprocento ganakveTi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, warmoadgens sabanko kreditiTsargeblobis safasurs. komerciuli bankebi dainteresebuli arian maRali sapro-cento ganakveTis dawesebiT, magram konkurencia aiZulebs maT klientis mosazi-dad sesxze sargeblis gonivruli da zomieri doniT dakmayofildnen.

bankis kreditze sargeblis, anu procentis, ganakveTis dones Semdegi faqtorebigansazRvraven:

saprocento ganakveTi kreditze SeiZleba iyos fiqsirebuli da mcuravi. fiq si-rebuli saprocento ganakveTi warmoadgens sidides, romelic ar icvleba kredi-tiT sargeblobis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi, anu msesxebelma winaswar zustad icis, Tu periodulad ramdeni unda gadaixados kreditis momsaxurebisTvis. misgan gansxvavebiT, cvladi saprocento ganakveTi mudmivi sidide ar aris da drodadro icvleba. igi ori komponentisgan Sedgeba: sabazo ganakveTisa da bankTaSorisi baz-ris cvalebadi indeqsisgan. am ukanasknelis yvelaze cnobili magaliTia LIBOR-i _ londonis bankTaSorisi bazris ganakveTi, romliTac am bazarze umsxvilesi banke-bi erTmaneTs asesxeben fulad saxsrebs. magaliTad, cvladi saprocento ganakveTi SeiZleba ase gamoiyurebodes: LIBOR+3.

msesxeblebi, rogorc wesi, ufrTxian cvlad saprocento ganakveTebs, radganacmiiCneven, rom aRniSnuli indeqsi SesaZloa mkveTrad gaizardos. amitom, bankebi klientebis interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, xSirad aweseben cvladi saprocento ga-nakveTis zRvrul niSnuls, romelTa zemoTac kreditis fasi ar aiweva. cvladi saprocento ganakveTi SesaZloa fiqsirebulze sagrZnoblad naklebic aRmoCndes, rac, cxadia, msesxebels kreditis momsaxurebis tvirTs umsubuqebs.

24

sakredito resursebis, anu depozitebis da bankis mier nasesxebi sxva saxsrebis Rirebuleba. rac ufro maRalia sadepozito ga-nakveTebi, miT ufro Zviria krediti.

dakreditebasTan dakavSirebuli saoperacio xarjebi _ bankis personalis Sromis anazRaureba; agreTve ofisis, marketingis, reklamis da sxva xarjebi.

riskis premia (safasuri), romelmac unda aunazRauros banks sesx-ze SesaZlo danakargi. es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia rogorc saerTo ekonomikur faqtorebTan (ekonomikuri zrda, inflaciis molodini, sainvesticio garemo da sxva), ise konkretuli msesxeb-lis kreditunarianobasTan.

bankisTvis sasurveli mogeba, romelic damokidebulia bankebs Soris konkurenciaze _ rac ufro mZafria sabanko konkurencia, miT ufro naklebia mogebis wili saprocento ganakveTis struq-turaSi.

ekonomika

saqarTveloSi cvladi saprocento ganakveTi ZiriTadad erovnuli valutiT sesxebis gacemis dros gamoiyeneba. es ganakveTi `mibmulia~ erovnuli bankis mone-taruli politikis ganakveTze, romlis cvlilebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs erovnuli bankis monetaruli politikis komiteti qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikur procesebze da finansur bazrebze dakvirvebis Sedegad.

25

banki respublika, saTao ofisi, Tbilisi

ra aris banki?