efek pertanian terhadap lingkungan

EFEK PERTANIAN TERHADAP

LINGKUNGAN

Diabstraksikan oleh: smno.jurstnh.fpub.sept2013

Bahan kajian pada MK. Pertanian Berlanjut

RUNOFF & PENCEMARAN AIR

PROBLEMATIK PERTANIAN

• Agricultural nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is the leading source of water quality impacts on rivers and lakes.

• Activities that cause NPS pollution include poorly located or managed animal feeding operations, overgrazing, plowing too often and improper use of fertilizers and pesticides.

Diunduh dari sumbernya: Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff , US EPA & USDA-NRCS. ………… 20/10/2012

POLUTAN PERTANIAN

• Sediment (Soil washed off fields)• Nutrients (Fertilizers)• Pathogens (Bacteria and viruses)• Pesticides (Insecticides, Herbicides, Fungicides)


Sedimentation

The main source of water pollution

caused by farming activities is soil

that is washed off fields. Rain carries

soil particles (sediment) and

dumps them into nearby streams or

lakes.


Problem Sedimentasi

• Clouds the water reducing the amount of sunlight that reaches aquatic plants.

• Clogs the gills of fish and smothers fish larvae.• Other pollutants such as fertilizers and

pesticides are often attached to soil particles and can cause algal blooms.

• Decreases the depth of waterbodies.


Unsur Hara Pupuk

Diunduh dari sumbernya: . http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-073.htm ………… 22/10/2012

Manage nutrient application to avoid ammonium losses to surface water

1. Practice timely tillage to incorporate manure, balancing the risk of soil compaction with the losses of nitrogen to the atmosphere if the manure is not incorporated quickly.

2. Avoid applying manure near surface water or on steeply sloping land.3. Keep application rates low enough to prevent runoff.4. Mix manure into the soil as soon possible after applying it.5. On tile-drained land, keep application rates of liquid manure below 40 m3/ha (3,600

gal/ac) or pre-till the field before applying it. This will help prevent the movement of manure directly to tile through cracks or earthworm channels.

6. Use buffer strips and erosion control structures to filter runoff before it enters surface water. Buffer strips in riparian zones have proven to reduce nutrient movement off the field into nearby surface water sources. Buffer strips consume excess nutrients before they flow into surface water and enhance opportunities for groundwater denitrification.

Problematik Unsur-Hara Pupuk

Diunduh dari sumbernya: http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/05-073.htm ………… 22/10/2012

Manage fields to avoid excess nitrate that could leach to groundwater

1. Identify fields and areas sensitive to nitrogen in areas where nutrient applications are planned. For instance, sandy or gravelly soils, and soils with shallow water tables are more susceptible to nitrogen leaching.

2. Match nitrogen applications with crop requirements. Use the spring or pre-sidedress soil nitrogen test where available (e.g., for corn and barley).

3. In your Nutrient Management Plan, account for nitrogen contributions from green manure crops and any previous crop rotations.

4. In your Nutrient Management Plan, account for nitrogen from any manure or biosolid application.

5. Apply most of the nitrogen just before the time of maximum crop uptake (e.g., sidedress corn).

6. Split applications of nitrogen through techniques such as fertigation.7. Practise crop rotations to make efficient use of nitrogen and maintain healthy soils.8. Establish cover crops as needed to "tie up" any excess nitrogen at the end of the season.

Problematik Pathogen

Waterborne pathogens may cause diseases, such as eye, ear and skin infections as well as a number of other health related problems.


Pestisida

Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are used to kill agricultural pests.

These chemicals can enter and contaminate water through direct application and runoff.


Problematik Pestisida• Can poison fish and wildlife• Contaminate food sources and destroy the habitat

that animals use for protective cover.• Can pose a health threat to humans that come in

contact with or drink water polluted with pesticides.


Best Management Practices (BMPs)

Diunduh dari sumbernya: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880901003541 ………… 22/10/2012

Pengelolaan Hutan-Pertanian1. Adds income

to your farm

2. Adds beauty to your farm

3. Ground cover provides wildlife habitat, reduces soil erosion, and improves water quality

Diunduh dari sumbernya: http://autonopedia.org/garden_and_farm/Permaculture/Permaculture.html ………… 22/10/2012

1..

Planned Grazing Systems

1. Memperbaiki tutupan vegetatif, mereduksi erosi dan memperbaiki kualitas air

2. Meningkatkan efisiensi panen dan membantu menjamin kecukupan hijauan sepanjang ,usim

3. Meningkatkan peroduksi dan kualitas hijauan yang dapat membantu meningkatkan efisiensi pakan dan meningkatkan keuntungan usaha

4. Rotasi juga membantu menyebarkan hara-rabuk secara merata.


Pengelolaan Pupuk Kandang

Manure storage structures protect water bodies from manure runoff by storing

manure until conditions are appropriate for field

application.


Farm Pond1. Prevents soil erosion

and protects water quality by collecting and storing runoff water

2. Provides water for livestock, fish, wildlife, and recreational activities

3. Adds value and beauty to a farm or farmstead

4. Provides a water supply for emergencies


Kolam pemanen air hujan

Wildlife – Hutan Habitat

1. Tutupan muka lahan mengurangi erosi tanah, menambah bahan organik ke tanah, menyaring runoff, dan meningkatkan infiltrasi air hujan

2. Tutupan muka lahan dapat menambah nilai ekonomi ke lahan pertanian

3. Habitat alami yang terpelihara dnegan baik mampu menyediakan makanan dan tempart berlindung bagi kehidupan bebas (wildlife).


Filter Strips – Pertanian Kontur 1. Grass, trees and

shrubs provide cover for small birds and animals

2. Ground cover reduces soil erosion

3. The vegetative strip moves rowcrop operations farther from a stream.

4. Vegetation prevents contaminants from entering water bodies, protecting water quality


Pengolahan tanah menurut garus kontur pada lahan miring

Foto:smno-pujon-horti-nop2012

Penanaman Lahan-Kritis

Critical area plantings consist of grass or other vegetation that protects badly

eroding areas from soil erosion.


Penanaman lahan di bawah tegakan hutanFoto:smno-pujon-wanatani-nop2012

Contour Strip-cropping1. Contour stripcropping is

crop rotation and contouring combined in equal-width strips of corn or soybeans planted on the contour and alternated with strips of oats, grass, or legumes.

2. Contour stripcropping reduces soil erosion and protects water quality

3. Contour stripcropping may help reduce fertilizer costs by providing nutrient inputs naturally


Pengolahan tanah dan penanaman menurut garis konturFoto:smno-pujon-horti-nop2012

Diversion – Penyaluran Air

1. Mengurangi erosi tanah pada klahan bawahan, dengan jalan menangkap air runoff dan mencegahnya supaya tidak dapat mencapai lahan di bawahnya

2. Vegetasi dalam saluran pembuangan air (SPA) dapat menyaring runoff , sehingga memperbaiki kualitas air.

3. Vegetasi menyediakan tempat berlindung bagi burung-burung dan satwa-satwa kecil lainnya

4. SPA memungkinkan pertumbuhan tanaman yang lebih baik pada tanah-tanah di bagian “bottomland”.


Saluran Air Berumput

1. Grass cover protects the drainageway from gully erosion

2. Vegetation may act as a filter, absorbing some of the chemicals and nutrients in runoff water

3. Vegetation provides cover for small birds and animals


Contour Buffer Strips

• Vegetation provides cover and habitat for small birds and animals

• The strips reduce erosion by slowing water flow and increasing water infiltration into soil

• By reducing siltation and filtering nutrients and chemicals from runoff, grass strips improve water quality


Contour Farming• Contouring can reduce

soil erosion by as much as 50% from up and down hill farming

• By reducing sediment and runoff, and increasing water infiltration, contouring promotes better water quality


Field Borders

• Vegetative cover reduces sheet and rill erosion by slowing water flow

• Vegetation filters runoff, improving water quality• Grass and legume strips may be harvested in some

cases and are easier to turn on than end rows• Vegetation provides cover and habitat for small

birds and animals


Perlindungan Sumur

Well protection is necessary when changing farming practices which occur on or near the

farmstead in order to reduce the risk of contamination of water sources--mainly the

well.


PEREDAM ANGIN = Windbreak

1. A windbreak reduces wind erosion, conserves energy, reduces heating bills and beautifies a farmstead

2. Trees serve as a sound barrier, muffling road noise

3. Trees and shrubs provide wildlife food and cover

4. Improved livestock weight gains can be expected when livestock are protected from winter winds and snow


Pepohonan peneduh dan penangkal angin di kampus UB

Foto:smno-pkampus ub-nop2012

Pasture Planting

1. Heavy grass cover slows water flow, reducing soil erosion

2. Good pastures protect water quality by filtering runoff water and increasing infiltration

3. Lush pastures offer wildlife cover and habitat 4. As plants recycle and roots die, organic

matter in the soil is improved


Perlindungan Sungai

1. Streambanks are covered with rocks, grass, trees, or other cover to reduce erosion

2. Better water quality results from reducing amounts of nutrients, chemicals, animal waste, and sediment entering the stream

3. Buffer zones provide cover and habitat for birds and small animals


Pengujian Pupuk Kandang

1. Manure testing is used to sample and test manure to determine nutrient content.

2. This promotes proper nutrient application to fields.3. Preventing over-application of manure to crop

fields results in improved water quality


Penanaman Pohon

1. Improving stands of woodlands can increase profits2. Ground cover created by trees and associated debris

protects soil for rill and sheet erosion3. Ground cover also protects water quality by filtering

excess nutrients and chemicals from surface runoff and increasing infiltration rates

4. Healthy, well-managed woodlands provide long-term wildlife habitat


Olah-Tanah Konservasi

Conservation tillage involves

leaving last year’s crop residue on

the soil surface by

limiting tillage.


Residu panen daun tebu digunakan sebagai mulsa permukaan

Foto:smno-mulsa-dau-agst2012

Pengolahan-Tanah Konservasi

• Ground cover prevents soil erosion and protects water quality

• Residue improves soil tilth (health) and adds organic matter to the soil as it decomposes

• Fewer trips and less tillage reduces soil compaction

• Time, energy and labor savings are possible with fewer tillage trips


Pengelolaan Hara

1. Sound nutrient management reduces input costs and protects water quality by preventing over application of commercial fertilizers and animal manure

2. Correct manure and sludge application on all fields can improve soil tilth and organic matter


Rotasi (Pergiliran) Tanaman• Pesticide costs may

be reduced by naturally breaking the cycles of weeds, insects, and diseases

• Grass and legumes in a rotation protect water quality by preventing excess nutrients or chemicals from entering water supplies

• Meadow or small grains cut soil erosion dramatically

• Crop rotations add diversity to an operationDiunduh dari sumbernya: Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff , US EPA & USDA-NRCS.

………… 20/10/2012

Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429010003205

Wetlands• Wetlands can provide natural pollution

control.• They remove nutrients, pesticides, and

bacteria form surface waters and can act as efficient, lowcost sewage and animal waste treatment practices

• Wetlands filter and collect sediment from runoff water

• Because wetlands slow overland flow and store runoff water, they reduce both soil erosion and flooding downstream

• Many wetlands release water slowly into the ground which recharges groundwater suppliesDiunduh dari sumbernya: Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff , US EPA & USDA-NRCS.

………… 20/10/2012

PENGELOLAAN HAMA

• Scouting and spot treatment of only those pests that are threatening can save money

• Using fewer chemicals improves water quality

• Specific treatments for specific pests on specific areas of a field prevents over treatment of pests


LAHAN BER-TERASA terrace is an

earthen embankment

around a hillside that stops water

flow and stores it or guides it safely off a

field.


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