education, architecture, and art in middle ages europe
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Western Civilization University High School 2011-12. Education, Architecture, and art in Middle Ages Europe. Middle Ages Politics Reminder: large empires giving way to smaller, localized power need for more/better-educated political leaders rise of education & universities. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
EDUCATION, ARCHITECTURE, AND ART IN MIDDLE AGES EUROPE
Western CivilizationUniversity High School
2011-12
MEDIEVAL EDUCATION Middle Ages Politics
Reminder: large empires giving way to smaller, localized power need for more/better-
educated political leaders rise of education & universities
EARLY MIDDLE AGES: EDUCATION wealthy sons:
(sometimes) got basics of reading/writing (esp. in Latin) typically a religious
education peasant sons: needed
permission of lord of manor education skilled job
(church, trade) leaving manor
limited # of serfs allowed education
HIGH MIDDLE AGES: EDUCATION movement from monasteries schools attached to
cathedrals in large cities Italy = earliest universities (Bologna, Salerno) “universitas magistrorum et scholarium” (“universal
society of teachers and students”)
HIGH MIDDLE AGES: EDUCATION university education limited to wealthy males
students = low-level clergy members (so they must be boys!)
university = many years (so they must be wealthy!)
HIGH MIDDLE AGES: EDUCATION end of 15th century: 80+ universities in
Europe developed curriculum, length of time of
study, exam style, etc.
ENTHUSIASM FOR EDUCATION! Scholastics: earliest
university professors (“schoolmen”) Scholasticism: the attempt
to provide rational explanations for faith-based beliefs
re-emergence of ancient thinkers Aristotle direct
observation of nature; knowledge = explanation of causes
groundwork for modern scientific disciplines
THE LIFE OF A MIDDLE AGES STUDENT
studied from notes (own, or friend’s) books very expensive,
rare 3-5 years of university
most school time spent listening to lectures, debating
challenging oral exams passing license to teach
(“master”, “doctor”)
“Students did not spend all their time listening to lectures or debating, however. Much information about medieval students concerns what we might call their ‘extracurricular’ activities: university regulations forbade them to throw rocks at professors; sermons talked about students’ breaking and entering, raping local women, attacking town residents, or disturbing church services; court records discussed their engaging in drunken brawls and riots or stabbing each other in fights and duels.”
THE LIFE OF A MIDDLE AGES STUDENT (MCKAY, PG. 349)
THE LIFE OF A MIDDLE AGES STUDENT (MCKAY, PG. 349) “The money sent by parents or patrons was
often not sufficient for all expenses, so students augmented this by begging, thieving, or doing odd jobs. They also delayed finishing their studies because life as a student could be very pleasant, without the responsibilities that came with becoming fully adult. Student life was also described by those who know it best – students themselves – in poems, usually anonymous, that celebrated the joys of Venus (the goddess of love), Bacchus (the god of wine), and Decius (the god of dice).”
MIDDLE AGES ARCHITECTURE & ART architecture = dominant form
of Middle Ages art explosion of religious
architecture France alone from 1180 –
1270: tens of thousands of churches 500 abbey churches 80 cathedrals
cathedral: church of a bishop, from which he runs his diocese
Fun Fact! more stone quarried in
medieval France (churches) than in ancient Egypt (pyramids)
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE early Middle Ages: cross-shaped churches
(earliest = wood) nave: long part of the cross
where the congregation sits typically lined with columns
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE transept: arms of the cross
separates nave (and the people) from the altar
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE apse: semicircular end of
the church typically has altar, where
clergy sits
CHURCH ARCHITECTURE choir: area of church beyond transept
sometimes site of altar, clergy, singing the service
VERTICAL GROWTH IN MEDIEVAL CHURCHES TOO… began making vaulted ceilings of stone (Romanesque
architecture 10th – 12th centuries) heavy ceilings (lots of downward/outward force) walls needed
to be thick & sturdy small windows dark & gloomy
led to increased use of bright paint, murals, sculptures, tapestries, etc.
FROM ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 12th century: transition to Gothic
architecture bigger, more grandiose and open
cathedrals with better weight distribution
FROM ROMANESQUE TO GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE better weight distribution
ceilings made of stone ribs with plaster between much lighter! smaller walls needed, more windows (stained glass)
ribs came to pointed arches flying buttresses: arched
stone supports on the outside of a building that bear some of the building’s weight
BUILDING A CATHEDRAL paid for by donations, royalty often took generations to build
(multiple architectural influences?)
everything was religiously symbolic altar, apse pointed East (to
Jerusalem) West end faced setting sun
art = Last Judgment North side (least sunlight)
art = events from Old Testament (living in darkness)
South side (most sunlight) art = events from New Testament (illumination from Jesus, Gospels)
CLOSURE Discuss with a partner the following
questions: Why do you suppose the dominant art
form in the middle ages was architecture? In addition, why was art in the Middle Ages
focused on Christian topics/themes?
FEUDALISM ACTIVITY Step 1: Draw a role
1 King 4 Nobles 28 Serfs Step 2: Organize classroom into 4
manors, with a Noble in charge of each. All 4 Nobles answer to the King.
Step 3: Distribute money (M&Ms) and banks (plastic cups) to everyone.
FEUDALISM ACTIVITY Step 4: Get to work!
Serfs must plant crops to earn money 1 piece of paper per tile (elbows only!) go back
to desk and make a checkmark Step 5: Get paid!
Serfs get 4 M&Ms for each crop planted. Serfs may keep 1 of those 4 M&Ms. The other
3 go to their Noble. For each 3 M&Ms that a Noble receives, 2
must go to the King.
FEUDALISM ACTIVITY DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
1. How many M&Ms did everyone end up with?
2. Is feudalism a fair system? 3. Why do you think that feudalism
worked? 4. What need would the nobles and
king have for all that food and material?