World HistoryWorld History

HalsHals

The Middle Ages in The Middle Ages in EuropeEurope

The “Middle” AgesThe “Middle” Ages

What terms have you heard that refer What terms have you heard that refer to the Middle Ages?to the Middle Ages? The Dark AgesThe Dark Ages Middle AgesMiddle Ages Medieval EraMedieval Era Early versus High Middle AgesEarly versus High Middle Ages

Timespan? c.500-1300 CE; “High” Timespan? c.500-1300 CE; “High” Middle Ages start from 1000 CEMiddle Ages start from 1000 CE

What event prompts the “middle ages”What event prompts the “middle ages”

The Early Middle AgesThe Early Middle Ages Sparsely populated, dense Sparsely populated, dense

forests, rich soil, forests, rich soil, Think of an untamed Think of an untamed

EuropeEurope From 400-700 Germanic From 400-700 Germanic

tribes carved Western Europe tribes carved Western Europe into small kingdomsinto small kingdoms

Franks – strongest kingdomFranks – strongest kingdom Clovis, king of the FranksClovis, king of the Franks

Converted to Converted to Christianity (religion of Christianity (religion of people in Gaul)people in Gaul)

Earns support AND Earns support AND gains the Christian gains the Christian Church of Rome as Church of Rome as an allyan ally

Painting of Clovis being baptizedPainting of Clovis being baptized

Battle of Tours - 732Battle of Tours - 732 Islam appears in 622Islam appears in 622 Muslim armies overrun Muslim armies overrun

Christian lands from Christian lands from Palestine – N. Africa – Palestine – N. Africa – Spain Spain

When Muslim enter When Muslim enter France, Charles Martel France, Charles Martel rallies Frankish rallies Frankish warriorswarriors Christians triumph – Christians triumph –

sign that “God is on sign that “God is on their side”their side”

Muslims are stopped Muslims are stopped and only overrun Spainand only overrun Spain

Christians view Muslim Christians view Muslim world with hostilityworld with hostility

CharlemagneCharlemagne

Grandson of Charles Grandson of Charles MartelMartel

Built an empire across Built an empire across France, Germany, and France, Germany, and part of Italypart of Italy

Loved battleLoved battle Muslims in Spain, Saxons Muslims in Spain, Saxons

in the North, Avars and in the North, Avars and Slavs in the east, Slavs in the east, Lombards in ItalyLombards in Italy

Conquests reunite Conquests reunite much of the old Roman much of the old Roman EmpireEmpire

Pope Leo III asks Pope Leo III asks Charlemagne to help Charlemagne to help against rebellious nobles in against rebellious nobles in RomeRome

Frankish armies crush the Frankish armies crush the rebellionrebellion

Pope crowns Charlemagne Pope crowns Charlemagne on Christmas day, 800, to on Christmas day, 800, to show his gratitudeshow his gratitude Declares Charlemagne – Declares Charlemagne –

Emperor of the Romans Emperor of the Romans (why is this so significant?)(why is this so significant?)

**Christian Pope crowns a **Christian Pope crowns a German king successor to German king successor to the Roman emperorsthe Roman emperors

Also sets up conflicts Also sets up conflicts between Roman Catholic between Roman Catholic popes and German popes and German emperorsemperors

•Eastern Empire is Furious

•Ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire saw himself as the Roman ruler

**Furthers division between the eastern and western regions of the old Roman empire

Other Dominant GroupsOther Dominant Groups Muslim forces Muslim forces

threaten through 900sthreaten through 900s Vikings – stretch out Vikings – stretch out

from Scandinavia and from Scandinavia and attack England, attack England, Ireland, N. France, Ireland, N. France, Russia, N. America, Russia, N. America, etc. etc.

FeudalismFeudalism

Powerful local lords divide landholdings among lesser lords

Vassals – pledge service and loyalty to greater lord

Feudalism Activity Part 1Feudalism Activity Part 1

Meet with your Meet with your fellow kings, fellow kings, lords, knights, or lords, knights, or serfs and use serfs and use the information the information packets to write packets to write out your job out your job description.description.

Create a “day in Create a “day in the life” cartoon or the life” cartoon or a written schedule a written schedule that shows a day that shows a day in the life of your in the life of your character while character while demonstrating the demonstrating the different jobs your different jobs your character must character must fulfill.fulfill.

Your Kingdoms…Your Kingdoms…

Once in regrouped into a kingdom…Once in regrouped into a kingdom… Name your kingdomName your kingdom You will meet with your group and arrange You will meet with your group and arrange

yourselves within your social hierarchyyourselves within your social hierarchy Draw a diagram of how each person in your Draw a diagram of how each person in your

group fits into the hierarchy of feudalismgroup fits into the hierarchy of feudalism Explain each of your jobs to each other and Explain each of your jobs to each other and

bring one sheet that shows the social bring one sheet that shows the social structure and the main roles of each structure and the main roles of each member of your kingdommember of your kingdom

Once you have created your diagram you Once you have created your diagram you will be given a scenariowill be given a scenario

Discuss the scenario with your group and Discuss the scenario with your group and create a skit explaining how your feudalist create a skit explaining how your feudalist society would handle your crisis (be society would handle your crisis (be realistic, but also creative)realistic, but also creative)

The Medieval ChurchThe Medieval Church

Village church and tithingVillage church and tithing Daily life – the Christian calendar and Daily life – the Christian calendar and

the holy days to honor saintsthe holy days to honor saints

Views of WomenViews of Women

Daughters of EveDaughters of Eve Weak and easily Weak and easily

susceptible to sinsusceptible to sin Need guidance of menNeed guidance of men

Ideal Women:Ideal Women:

pure and modest Marypure and modest Mary

prayed to Mary as an prayed to Mary as an intercessor intercessor

Monks and NunsMonks and Nuns Benedictine Rule – set of rules to regulate Benedictine Rule – set of rules to regulate

monastic lifemonastic life Created by Benedict (a monk) ~530 In S. ItalyCreated by Benedict (a monk) ~530 In S. Italy Three vowsThree vows

Obedience to abbot or abbessObedience to abbot or abbess PovertyPoverty ChastityChastity

Believed in spiritual value of manual laborBelieved in spiritual value of manual labor Worked fields, cleared and drained land, Worked fields, cleared and drained land,

experimented with cropsexperimented with crops Life of Service – Life of Service –

Poor and sickPoor and sick School for childrenSchool for children Rest for pilgrimages Rest for pilgrimages Missionaries (St. Patrick – set up Irish Church)Missionaries (St. Patrick – set up Irish Church)

Learning!Learning! Preserved writings Preserved writings

of the ancient of the ancient worldworld

Copying texts Copying texts serves as labor for serves as labor for monks and nunsmonks and nuns

Educated monks Educated monks and nuns keep and nuns keep learning alive!!learning alive!!

ConventsConvents

Abbess Hildegard of Abbess Hildegard of BingenBingen Composed religious Composed religious

musicmusic Wrote booksWrote books

Canon law – body of church laws, upheld Canon law – body of church laws, upheld by church courtsby church courts Religious teachings, clergy, marriages, Religious teachings, clergy, marriages,

moralsmorals ExcommunicationExcommunication

Punishment, banned from receiving Punishment, banned from receiving sacraments and Christian burialsacraments and Christian burial

Interdict – official excommunication of Interdict – official excommunication of an entire town, region or kingdom (used an entire town, region or kingdom (used to weaken power of secular leaders)to weaken power of secular leaders)

King Edward (Anglo-Sax) diesKing Edward (Anglo-Sax) dies Harold (weak guy) put in chargeHarold (weak guy) put in charge William of Normandy (strong leader, of William of Normandy (strong leader, of

Viking descent) Viking descent) Raises an army and gets pope’s supportRaises an army and gets pope’s support William triumphs and defeats HaroldWilliam triumphs and defeats Harold William the Conqueror! William the Conqueror! Norman (French) influence Norman (French) influence Battle of Hastings Battle of Hastings Bayeux TapestryBayeux Tapestry

King WilliamKing William

Required feudal allegianceRequired feudal allegiance Domesday Book – listed every castle, Domesday Book – listed every castle,

field and pigpen in Englandfield and pigpen in England Helped with efficient tax collectionHelped with efficient tax collection

Royal exchequer – royal treasury Royal exchequer – royal treasury

Unified Legal SystemUnified Legal System

King Henry II – 1154 – common law – King Henry II – 1154 – common law – legal system based on custom and legal system based on custom and court rulings and applied to all of court rulings and applied to all of EnglandEngland

Created a jury – group of men sworn Created a jury – group of men sworn to speak the truthto speak the truth

King Henry and Thomas BecketKing Henry and Thomas Becket

King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in King Henry – claimed the right to try clergy in royal courtsroyal courts

Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury, fiercely disagreed with the kingfiercely disagreed with the king

““what a pack of fools and cowards I have what a pack of fools and cowards I have nourished, that not one of them will avenge nourished, that not one of them will avenge me of this turbulent priest”me of this turbulent priest”

4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry4 knights kill Thomas Becket for King Henry Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint, Becket’s honored as a martyr and saint,

pilgrimage destinationpilgrimage destination

King John the SoftKing John the Soft

King John – clever, greedy, cruel, King John – clever, greedy, cruel, untrustworthyuntrustworthy

Not a people personNot a people person War with Philip II – loses French landsWar with Philip II – loses French lands Gives into Innocent III to avoid Gives into Innocent III to avoid

kingdom wide excommunication, has kingdom wide excommunication, has to recognize England as a fief to to recognize England as a fief to Rome. Rome.

Magna CartaMagna Carta

1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands 1215 at Runnymeade, 63 demands Magna Carta – Great CharterMagna Carta – Great Charter Due Process of LawDue Process of Law

Free men are protected from arbitrary Free men are protected from arbitrary arrest and imprisonmentarrest and imprisonment

TaxationTaxation King can’t raise taxes without consulting King can’t raise taxes without consulting

the Great Councilthe Great Council No taxation without representationNo taxation without representation

MC’s significanceMC’s significance

1. nobles now 1. nobles now have certain have certain rights (later rights (later extended to all extended to all citizens)citizens)

2. monarch 2. monarch must obey the must obey the law (and the law (and the charter)charter)

Great CouncilGreat Council

House of Commons (2 knights from House of Commons (2 knights from each county)each county)

House of LordsHouse of Lords King summons this parliament for his King summons this parliament for his

own purpose own purpose Serve as a checks and balanceServe as a checks and balance

And Onto France…And Onto France…

Philip IVPhilip IV Louis’s grandsonLouis’s grandson Extends royal power (good), Extends royal power (good),

tries to tax the clergy (not so tries to tax the clergy (not so good)– good)–

Pope Boniface VIII – not happy Pope Boniface VIII – not happy about taxabout tax

““God has set popes over kings God has set popes over kings and kingdoms”and kingdoms”

Forbids Philip to tax the clergy Forbids Philip to tax the clergy without papal consentwithout papal consent

Philip threatens arrest clergy Philip threatens arrest clergy who don’t pay their taxeswho don’t pay their taxes

Philip sends troops and they Philip sends troops and they seize the popeseize the pope

Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, Pope Boniface VIII – escapes, but was beaten badly and diesbut was beaten badly and dies

French pope is appointedFrench pope is appointed New pope moves the church New pope moves the church

court to Avignon court to Avignon

Estates GeneralEstates General

Created in 1302Created in 1302 3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople3 parts – clergy, nobles, townspeople Body of people that have a say in the Body of people that have a say in the

governmentgovernment NOT AS POWERFUL as the English NOT AS POWERFUL as the English

Parliament (Great Council) because Parliament (Great Council) because Estates General has no control of Estates General has no control of taxationtaxation

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Otto I of Saxony – King of Otto I of Saxony – King of

Germany Germany Helps pope outHelps pope out 962 – crowned as Holy Roman 962 – crowned as Holy Roman

EmperorEmperor Holy – crowned by the popeHoly – crowned by the pope Roman – heir to the emperors of Roman – heir to the emperors of

ancient Romeancient Rome Pope Gregory VII – banned lay Pope Gregory VII – banned lay

investitureinvestiture Only Pope can appoint bishopsOnly Pope can appoint bishops

HRE Henry IVHRE Henry IV Disagreement with GregoryVII Disagreement with GregoryVII

because he thinks the HRE should because he thinks the HRE should appoint bishops to their royal fiefsappoint bishops to their royal fiefs

Concordat of Worms – 1122Concordat of Worms – 1122 Church has sole pwr to elect and Church has sole pwr to elect and

invest bishops w/spiritual invest bishops w/spiritual authority; emperor has right to authority; emperor has right to invest them with fiefsinvest them with fiefs

The official crown!!The official crown!!

HRE ~1200HRE ~1200

The CrusadesThe Crusades Byzantine emperor Byzantine emperor

Alexius I asks Pope Alexius I asks Pope Urban II for Christian Urban II for Christian knights to help him knights to help him fight the Turksfight the Turks

Muslim groups were Muslim groups were interfering with interfering with Christian pilgrimages Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Landto the Holy Land

Urban II Urban II ““an accursed race…has an accursed race…has

violently invaded the violently invaded the lands of those lands of those Christians and has Christians and has depopulated them by depopulated them by pillage and fire”pillage and fire”

God wills it!God wills it! 1096 – armies of knights, 1096 – armies of knights,

and ordinary men and and ordinary men and women all left for the Holy women all left for the Holy LandLand

MotivationsMotivations Religious zealReligious zeal Hopes of wealth and landHopes of wealth and land AdventureAdventure Pope – hoped to heal the Pope – hoped to heal the

split between Roman and split between Roman and Byzantine churchesByzantine churches

Hoped Christian knights Hoped Christian knights would no longer waste would no longer waste time fighting each othertime fighting each other

Many Crusades – Round 1, Many Crusades – Round 1, 2, 3, etc.2, 3, etc.

Over 200 years – roughly 1095-Over 200 years – roughly 1095-1290s1290s

11stst Crusade – massacre of Muslim Crusade – massacre of Muslim and Jewish residents of Jerusalemand Jewish residents of Jerusalem

Saladin (Muslim) retook JerusalemSaladin (Muslim) retook Jerusalem Results and effects of the Results and effects of the

Crusades:Crusades: Fail to conquer the Holy LandFail to conquer the Holy Land Increased tradeIncreased trade

Middle Eastern products Middle Eastern products introduced to Europeintroduced to Europe

Growth of a money economyGrowth of a money economy Increased power for monarchs Increased power for monarchs

and the Popeand the Pope Global awarenessGlobal awareness

1271 Marco Polo to China1271 Marco Polo to China

Venetian MerchantsVenetian Merchants Reached their pinnacle after the 4Reached their pinnacle after the 4thth Crusade Crusade

Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during Sent a fleet of Venetian vessels to Constantinople during the Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)the Crusades (does this sound weird to you?)

Loot and pillage ConstantinopleLoot and pillage Constantinople Rule the city for the next 50 yearsRule the city for the next 50 years End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade – End of Constantinople’s domination in Eurasian trade –

they’ll never be the dominant one againthey’ll never be the dominant one again Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will Become the center of trade in W. Europe (they will

continue to increase and succeed into the Renaissance)continue to increase and succeed into the Renaissance)

Reconquista in SpainReconquista in Spain Christian campaign to drive Christian campaign to drive

the Muslims out of Spainthe Muslims out of Spain Isabella of Castile marries Isabella of Castile marries

Ferdinand of AragonFerdinand of Aragon Unity of two pwrful kingdoms Unity of two pwrful kingdoms

opens the way for a unified opens the way for a unified statestate

End of religious toleration for End of religious toleration for Christians, Jews, and MuslimsChristians, Jews, and Muslims

Initiate the Spanish Inquisition Initiate the Spanish Inquisition – Church court set up to try – Church court set up to try people accused of heresypeople accused of heresy

Brutal against Muslims and Brutal against Muslims and Jews – many burned at the Jews – many burned at the stake when they refuse to stake when they refuse to convert to Christianityconvert to Christianity

Painting of the Reconquista Painting of the Reconquista

The InquisitionThe Inquisition

Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus

Medieval ArchitectureMedieval Architecture

The Romanesque The Romanesque Church – fortresses Church – fortresses with thick walls and with thick walls and towerstowers Barrel vault (long tunnel Barrel vault (long tunnel

of stone covering most of stone covering most of the structure)of the structure)

So heavy it required So heavy it required thick wallsthick walls

No windows to keep No windows to keep walls strongwalls strong

Dark and gloomyDark and gloomy

Gothic ArchitectureGothic Architecture Flying buttresses – stone Flying buttresses – stone

supports outside the churchsupports outside the church Allow builders to construct Allow builders to construct

higher walls and leave space higher walls and leave space for huge stained-glass for huge stained-glass windowswindows

Could be very tallCould be very tall Graceful spires, lofty Graceful spires, lofty

ceilings, enormous windows ceilings, enormous windows – carry the eye upward to – carry the eye upward to the heavensthe heavens

Monuments are built to the Monuments are built to the “greater glory of God”“greater glory of God”

Make you feel very small, Make you feel very small, emphasize power and emphasize power and grandeur of Godgrandeur of God

Notre DameNotre Dame

Flying butresses - ChartresFlying butresses - Chartres

Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy

VernacularVernacular Dante’s Dante’s Divine ComedyDivine Comedy

Abandon all hope, ye that enter hereAbandon all hope, ye that enter here

Growth of Trade and BankingGrowth of Trade and Banking Agricultural advancements – Agricultural advancements –

Cause population increase and Cause population increase and surplus of food (allows for surplus of food (allows for urbanization to occur)urbanization to occur)Windmills, iron plow, horse Windmills, iron plow, horse replaced oxen, 3 field systemreplaced oxen, 3 field system

Urban Growth – more specialized Urban Growth – more specialized manufacturing and commercial manufacturing and commercial activitiesactivities

Growth of Trade and BankingGrowth of Trade and Banking Increases tradeIncreases trade Creation of GuildsCreation of Guilds

Apprentice, journeyman, etc.Apprentice, journeyman, etc. Prevents monopolyPrevents monopoly Quality controlQuality control

Development of banking systemDevelopment of banking system Lending moneyLending money Receipts and regional systemsReceipts and regional systems

Joint business venturesJoint business ventures Invest in supplies and pool resources, Invest in supplies and pool resources,

limits risks since land and sea travel is limits risks since land and sea travel is dangerousdangerous

Troubled 1300’sTroubled 1300’s

Famine and crop failure already Famine and crop failure already rampantrampant Makes everyone more susceptible to the Makes everyone more susceptible to the

plagueplague

PLAGUE!PLAGUE!

1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings 1347 – a Genoese trading ship brings the plague to Messina, Sicily the plague to Messina, Sicily

Italy to Spain to France and Germany Italy to Spain to France and Germany – one in three people died– one in three people died

Originated in Asia and spread to the Originated in Asia and spread to the Middle East to EuropeMiddle East to Europe India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria India depopulated; Mesopotamia, Syria

and Armenia covered with dead bodiesand Armenia covered with dead bodies Cairo – 7,000 dead bodies a dayCairo – 7,000 dead bodies a day

Yersinia pestisYersinia pestis Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an Bacillus lives in bloodstream of an

animal or in the stomach of a fleaanimal or in the stomach of a flea Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled Ideal host? The Black Rat – traveled

on shipson ships Two forms – bubonic and pneumonicTwo forms – bubonic and pneumonic

Bubonic – flea is the vectorBubonic – flea is the vector Pneumonic – direct human contactPneumonic – direct human contact

Streets were cesspoolsStreets were cesspools Mud, refuse, human excrementMud, refuse, human excrement Personal hygiene – everyone had Personal hygiene – everyone had

fleas and body lice so flea bites were fleas and body lice so flea bites were perfectly normalperfectly normal

Aristocratic families all slept in one Aristocratic families all slept in one room togetherroom together

Middle-class or poor households Middle-class or poor households often slept in one bedoften slept in one bed

SymptomsSymptoms 11stst Stage Stage

A growth the size of a nut A growth the size of a nut or an apple emerged in or an apple emerged in the armpit, groin or neck the armpit, groin or neck (lymph nodes)(lymph nodes)

Boil “buba” – gave the Boil “buba” – gave the disease its namedisease its name

Caused agonizing painCaused agonizing pain If lanced and drained If lanced and drained

victim has a chancevictim has a chance 22ndnd Stage Stage

black spots or blotches black spots or blotches appear from bleeding appear from bleeding under the skinunder the skin

33rdrd and Final Stage and Final Stage Victim begins to cough Victim begins to cough

violently and spit bloodviolently and spit blood Death usually followed Death usually followed

within two to three days within two to three days

Victims symptoms were so revolting Victims symptoms were so revolting that instead of earning compassion, that instead of earning compassion, care-givers were disgustedcare-givers were disgusted

Social EffectsSocial Effects

People didn’t understand the science behind People didn’t understand the science behind how the disease spread…so, how the disease spread…so,

Terror and bewilderment spreadTerror and bewilderment spread Magic and witchcraftMagic and witchcraft Profound pessimismProfound pessimism Wild pleasures – we’ll die soon anywayWild pleasures – we’ll die soon anyway Flagellants – scourged and whipped Flagellants – scourged and whipped

themselves as penance for their and themselves as penance for their and society’s sinssociety’s sins

People fled from city centersPeople fled from city centers

The DecameronThe Decameron

Giovannia BoccaccioGiovannia Boccaccio

Hundred Years WarHundred Years War

1337-1453 (Actually 116 years)1337-1453 (Actually 116 years) England v. FranceEngland v. France Edward III of England claimed the Edward III of England claimed the

French crown in 1337 and war French crown in 1337 and war eruptederupted

English victories at first, France English victories at first, France suffered greatly suffered greatly

Thank you longbow (3 for 1)Thank you longbow (3 for 1)

Joan of ArcJoan of Arc 1429 – 17 year old peasant 1429 – 17 year old peasant

woman appears in the court of woman appears in the court of Charles VII the uncrowned king Charles VII the uncrowned king of France of France

Tells Charles God sent her to Tells Charles God sent her to save Francesave France

Persuades him to allow Joan to Persuades him to allow Joan to lead his armies against the lead his armies against the EnglishEnglish

Joan inspires the troops and Joan inspires the troops and leads them to several victoriesleads them to several victories

English capture her, try her as a English capture her, try her as a witch, burn her at the stakewitch, burn her at the stake

Church later declares her as a Church later declares her as a saintsaint

Joan’s execution rallies French Joan’s execution rallies French troopstroops

French have the cannon!French have the cannon!

Effects?Effects?

War created growing War created growing sense of nationalism sense of nationalism

Longbow and cannonLongbow and cannon Warfare changing Warfare changing

castles susceptible to castles susceptible to gunpowder’s reachgunpowder’s reach

Why did this kind of Why did this kind of warfare threaten warfare threaten feudalism? feudalism?