middle ages europe 500-1300
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Middle Ages Europe 500-1300. What do we mean by Classical Period? Post Classical?. From Rome to the Middle Ages. Dark Ages- 500-1000. Decline of Trade, Industry, and Towns. Fear of bandits reduced shipping distances Roads deteriorated Industry shut down lack of markets - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Middle Ages Europe500-1300
What do we mean by Classical Period? Post Classical?
From Rome to the Middle Ages
Dark Ages
-
500-1000
Decline of Trade, Industry, and Towns
• Fear of bandits reduced shipping distances
• Roads deteriorated• Industry shut down
– lack of markets
• Move to countryside– Europe becomes rural
• Money replaced by barter
Decline of Learning and Culture
• Roman schools, libraries, museums destroyed
• Arts and science neglected• Illiteracy except
– monks and nuns
• Survival
Decline of Strong Central Government
• Weak Germanic Kingdoms controlled government but failed to – provide protection– insure justice– maintain order
• Changes in citizenship– Family ties not to king who was
a stranger
Images of the West
Muslim Viewpoint• Backwards• Stupid• Brutish
Reality• Newer civilization• Economy less
advanced• Manners less
polished
Frankish Kingdom
• Clovis• “Do nothing” kings
– Mayor of the Palace
King and Pope
Pope Gregory the Great , 590– Papacy political and spiritual power – Churchly kingdom—ruled by pope
• Central theme in Middle Ages
Charles Martel– Battle of Tours-732
Pepin the Short-741
Carolingian Dynasty
Charlemagne [Charles the Great]• Leadership
– Warfare
»Conversion by the Sword»Pope Leo III crowns
Charlemagne in 800
Capital-Aachen, Germany [Aix la Chapelle]
Papal States
Leadership Continued
• Government– counties/counts– missi dominici
• Education– schools– Latin manuscripts– Palace School
• Death, Succession– Son Louis the Pious weak ruler– Treaty of Verdun divides kingdom
Treaty of Verdun
843
Vikings, Magyars, Islamic Invaders
Feudalism- Political System
The Monarch
Nobles
Serfs
Knights
Lords provide Knights to protect Kingdom
Knights promise to fight for the Lord
Serfs provide food & labor for the kingdom
ManorialismEconomic System
Serfs at Work
High Middle Ages 1000-1300
Influence of MonasteriesSent out missionaries,• By mid-1000’s most western
Europeans were Roman Catholic.• Preserved ancient religious works and
manuscripts.• Provided :
- Hospitals- Food for the needy- Guest houses- Schools
A Monk’s Day
Lay Investiture
• Practice of lay ( non-clergy like a King or noble) official investing (bestowing) a Church title on someone
• Kings would choose Bishops instead of the Church
Problems Between Pope and Emperor
1075- Pope Gregory VII -bans lay investiture
Henry IV (Holy Roman Emperor)
refuses to stop the practice
Henry with help of Bishops he appointed orders Pope to step down
Pope excommunicates Henry
Concordat of Worms1122
Church and Emperor reach a compromise over lay
investiture.- Emperor may nominate Bishops and grant
land but Church alone could appoint Bishop - Pope could reject unworthy candidates - Emperor could veto Pope’s choice
The Church Hierarchy Pope The
Papacy
Cardinals
Bishops
Priests, Monks, Nuns -- the lower clergy
Upper clergy
Power of the Church
Church helped govern western Europe.1. Own courts and laws Canon Law2. Disobedience to church laws had severe penalties.
Church received money and land from nobles to ensure salvation.
Gothic Architecture
Heresy Denying the basic church teachings.
- Excommunication=eternal damnation
Middle Ages Trade and Growth of Towns
Crusades Spark Trade
Walled City
1000-1300Agriculture• Need for increased
food supply• Warmer climate
– More land cultivated• New farm methods• Horse Collar• Horseshoe• Three Field System• Increased population
Trade• Merchant Guilds
– Controlled production and prices– Provided security in trade
• Craft Guilds– Husbands and wives worked together– Cloth making had more female workers– Quality control– Training guidelines
• Local and long distance trade-mostly in towns– Trade Fairs
Finance
Commercial Revolution• Need for large amounts of cash or
credit and ways to exchange different currencies– Bills of Exchange– Letters of Credit
• New Markets– Usury and the Church
Commercial Revolution
Increased Trade
More workers needed
More cash, banking, &
lending services available
Merchant’s wealthand power
expand
Merchant’s taxesIncrease the king’s power and wealth
More moneyavailable for
building businesses
Serfs move to townWorkers paid for
labor
Growth of Towns
• Increased population• Relatively small populations• Located at crossroads and waterways• Narrow streets
– Dirty– Lack of fresh air, light, clean water
• Houses built of wood with thatched roofs• Serfs flee to towns to seek freedom• Rising merchant class
Middle Ages EuropeEarly High
Kings
Lords Bishops
Lower lords
Peasants Parish priests
Serfs
Crusades
Black Death
2nd Agricultural Revolution
New Economy
Kings
Lords Bishops
GUILDS (university)
journeyman Lower lords
apprentice laborers
Peasants Parish priests
Townsmen
The Culprits
1347: Plague Reaches Constantinople!
The Symptoms
Bulbous
Septicemia Form:
almost 100% mortality rate.
From the Toggenburg Bible, 1411
Lancing a Buboe
Medieval Art & the Plague
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Doctor’s Robe “Leeching
”
Attempts to Stop the Plague
Flagellanti:Self-inflicted “penance” for our
sins!
Attempts to Stop the PlaguePogroms against the Jews
Required “Jewish” hat
“Golden Circle” obligatory badge
CCOTPolitical
– Fall of Roman Empire--decentralization– Germanic peoples controlled different regions
• Feudalism• Franks were the most influential• Shift from Italy to France in importance/power
– Centralization under Charlemagne• After his death disunity• External invasions from Muslims in the Mediterranean,
Magyars from Hungary, and Vikings from the north
– Regional authority• Creation of Holy Roman Empire [really German and a group of
states]• Regional monarchies in England and France and in Italy and
Spain
CCOTEconomic• Trade slowed with disintegration of cities and infrastructure
• By 10th century political stability led to renewed trade with eastern hemisphere
• Agriculture improved but not enough surplus to support large urban areas
– Moldboard plow
– Watermills
– Horse collar
• Manorialism--serfs
• Local markets and itinerant traders brought goods from the east
• Maritime trade in the north
• Crop rotation, new crops, etc. = population growth = increased trade
• Revival of towns
• Increased Mediterranean trade = powerful Italian city-states
• Hanseatic League
• Banking and credit
• Guilds
CCOTReligion• Close relationship with church and Franks• Growth and power of RCC
– Papal supremacy– Emphasis on sacraments and thus the need for the church– Missionary movement– Monasticism
• Also provided a range of social services
– Influenced art and literature– 11th century=cathedral schools and eventually universities– Crusades– Pilgrimages – Concern over growth materialism of church brought critics
CCOTSociety• In a decentralized society the nobility built relationships
to protect their land and maintain order = feudalism– Became more formal and sanctioned by the church– Serfs=obligations to lord in return for land and protection– Manor= lord provided justice
• Three estates=those who prayed, fought, worked– Code of chivalry for Knights
• Growth of cities=merchants became more powerful– Guilds
• Status of women grew with urbanization
Britain in the Middle Ages
Alfred the Great871-899
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicles• Unification of English
Kingdom
William the Conqueror
• Rivalry for throne vs. Harold of Essex
• Pope sides with William of Normandy
• Battle of Hastings-1066
• Feudalism• Domesday Book• Link with Europe and
Scandinavia
Bayeaux Tapestry
English Law and Government
•Henry I [1100-1135]
•Common Law– Collection of most
recent court rulings
Henry II
• Archbishop of Canterbury--Thomas Becket
• Fees instead of military service
• Circuit courts• Jury system
1215 King John and Magna
Carta• King must obey
laws• King could not
limit church• Great Council
must meet to tax• Trial prior to
imprisonment• Jury of peers• Speedy trial
Results of Magna Carta
• Guaranteed rights for all English people
• Basic principles of limited government and rules of law
Parliament
• House of Commons
• House of Lords
Common Law
• Basis for legal systems of England and United States
Capetian Dynasty France
• Phillip II—1180-1223– Seized Normandy from King John – Increased land and power
Challenges to Church Authority
John Wycliffe 1328-1384
– England– Christ not pope
head of Church– Clergy should
have no wealth– Bible alone final
authority on Christian life
– English translation of Bible
John Hus 1369-1415
– Bohemia [Czech Republic]
– Bible authority higher than Pope
– Excommunicated– Burned at stake
Church Divided
• Pope Boniface VIII– Kings must always obey Pope
• Philip IV– Refuses– Estates General– Imprisons Pope– French Pope at Avignon
• Great Schism 1378-1417– Council of Constance 1414
Hundred Years’ War1337-1453
Causes• Dispute over
French territory claimed by English King
• Joan of Arc• Calais only
territory retained by England
Effects• Longbow and
cannon weakened feudalism
• Castles no longer invincible
• Parliament temporarily gains power
• English nationalism
War of the Roses1455-1485
• Conflicts over claims to throne
• Lancaster and York
• Henry VII and Tudor Dynasty
• Marriage to Elizabeth of York
• Increased power of king
• Death of many nobles
• Confiscation of noble land increased wealth of king
• Middle class rallies to support Tudor reign
• Tudor rulers strong and capable