ec2257 ec ii lab - 2014

EC 2257-ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB MANUAL II YEAR

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

ANNA UNIVERSITY- CHENNAI

REGULATION 2008

II YEAR/IV SEMESTER

EC 2257- ELECTRONICS CIRCIUITS II AND

SIMULATION LAB

LAB MANUAL

www.Vidyarthiplus.com



ISSUE: 01 REVISION: 00 2

Preface

This laboratory manual is prepared by the Department of Electronics and communication

engineering for Electronics Circuits II and Simulation Lab (EC 2257). This lab manual can be used

as instructional book for students, staff and instructors to assist in performing and understanding the

experiments. In the first part of the manual, experiments as per syllabus are described and in the

second part of the manual, experiments that are beyond the syllabus but expected for university

laboratory examination are displayed. This manual will be available in electronic form from

Acknowledgement

We would like to express our profound gratitude and deep regards to the support offered

by the Chairman Shri. A.Srinivasan. We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of

gratitude to our Principal Dr.B.Karthikeyan,M.E, Ph.D, for his valuable information and

guidance, which helped us in completing this task through various stages. We extend our hearty

thanks to our head of the department Prof.B. Revathi @ Ponmozhi, M.E, (Ph.D), for her

constant encouragement and constructive comments.

Finally the valuable comments from fellow faculty and assistance provided by the

department are highly acknowledged.



www.Vidyarthiplus.com website, for the betterment of students.



CONTENTS

S.No TOPIC PAGE NO

1. System Requirements 4

2. Syllabus 5

3. List of Experiments

1 Design and Analysis of Current Series Feedback Amplifier 6

2 Design and Analysis of Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier 12

3 Design and Analysis of RC phase shift Oscillator 18

4 Design and Analysis of Wein Bridge Oscillator 23

5 Design and Analysis of Hartley Oscillator 27

6 Design and Analysis of Colpitts Oscillator 32

7 Design and Analysis of Class-C Tuned Amplifier 36

8 Design and Analysis of Collector coupled Astable Multivibrator 41

9 Design and Analysis of Monostable Multivibrator 45

10 Design and Analysis of Bistable Multivibrator 49

11 Design and Analysis of Wave Shaping Circuits. 53

12 Simulation of Differential Amplifier. 66

13 Simulation of Astable Multivibrator 69

14 Simulation of Monostable Multivibrator 74

15 Simulation of Bistable Multivibrator 77

16 Simulation of Active Filters. 80

17 Simulation of Digital to Analog Converter 85

18 Simulation of Analog Multiplier. 88

19 Simulation of CMOS NOT/NAND/NOR gates. 91





1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

Processors - 2.0 GHz or Higher

RAM - 256 MB or Higher

Hard Disk - 20 GB or Higher

Operating System - Windows 2000/XP/NT

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

SPICE (OrCad 9.2 Release)





SYLLABUS

EC 2257- ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II AND SIMULATION LAB

DESIGN OF FOLLOWING CIRCUITS

1. Series and Shunt feedback amplifiers:

2. Frequency response, Input and output impedance calculation

3. RC Phase shift oscillator, Wien Bridge Oscillator

4. Hartley Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator

5. Tuned Class C Amplifier

6. Integrators, Differentiators, Clippers and Clampers

7. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrators

SIMULATION USING PSPICE:

1. Differential amplifier

2. Active filters: Butterworth 2nd order LPF, HPF (Magnitude & Phase Response)

3. Astable, Monostable and Bistable multivibrator - Transistor bias

4. D/A and A/D converters (Successive approximation)

5. Analog multiplier

6. CMOS Inverter, NAND and NOR

LIST OF EQUIPMENTS AND COMPONENTS FOR A BATCH OF 30 STUDENTS (3 per Batch)

S.No Name of the equipments / Components Quantity Required Remarks

1 Variable DC Power Supply 8 (0-30V) 2 Fixed Power Supply 4 + / - 12V 3 CRO 6 30MHZ 4 Multimeter 6 Digital 5 Multimeter 2 Analog 6 Function Generator 6 1 MHz 7 Digital LCR Meter 1 8 PC with SPICE Simulation Software 6

Consumables (Minimum of 25 Nos. each) 9 BC107, BF195, 2N2222, BC147

10 Resistors 1/4 Watt Assorted 11 Capacitors

12 Inductors

13 Diodes, Zener Diodes 14 Bread Boards





EX NO: 01 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK

AMPLIFIER DATE :

Aim:

To design and test the current-series feedback amplifier and to calculate the following

parameters with and without feedback.

1. Mid band gain.

2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.

3. Input and output impedance.

Components & Equipment required:

S.NO APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Power supply (0-30)V

1

2. Function generator (0-20M)Hz

1

3. CRO 1

4. Transistor BC107

1

5. Resistors

6. Capacitors

7. Connecting wires





Circuit diagram:

(i) Without feedback:

(ii) With feedback:





Theory: The current series feedback amplifier is characterized by having shunt sampling and

series mixing. In amplifiers, there is a sampling network, which samples the output and gives to

the feedback network. The feedback signal is mixed with input signal by either shunt or series

mixing technique. Due to shunt sampling the output resistance increases by a factor of ‘D’ and

the input resistance is also increased by the same factor due to series mixing. This is basically

transconductance amplifier. Its input is voltage which is amplified as current.

Design:


VCC = 12V;

IC = 1mA;

fL = 50Hz;

S = 2;

RL = 4.7KΩ;

hfe = re = 26mV / IC = 26Ω;

hie = hfe re = VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) = VE = IERE = Vcc/10

Applying KVL to output loop, we get

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC = ?

Since IB is very small when compare with IC,

IC ≈ IE

RE = VE / IE = ?

S = 1+ RB / RE = 2

RB = ?

VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)

RB = R1 || R2

R1 = ? R2 =?

XCi = Zi / 10 = (hie || RB) / 10 = ?

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) = ?

Xco = (RC || RL)/10 =?





Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) = ?

XCE = RE/10 = ?

CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) ?

(ii) With feedback (Remove the Emitter Capacitor, CE):

Feedback factor, β = -RE =

Gm = -hfe / (hie + RE) =

Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + β Gm =

Transconductance with feedback, Gmf = Gm / D =

Input impedance with feedback, Zif = Zi D

Output impedance with feedback, Z0f = Z0 D

Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular steps and

note down the corresponding output voltage.

3. Plot the graph: Gain (dB) Vs Frequency

4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

5. Calculate the input and output impedance.

6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 5).

Tabular column:


Vi=

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Output Voltage

(V0) (volts)

Gain = V0/Vi

Gain = 20

log(V0/Vi) (dB)





(iii) With feedback:

Vi=

Model graph: (frequency response)

S.No Frequency (Hz)

Output Voltage

(V0) (volts)

Gain = V0/Vi

Gain = 20

log(V0/Vi) (dB)





Result: Thus the current series feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the following

parameters are calculated.

1. Define feedback?

A portion of the output signal is taken from the output of the amplifier and is

combined with the normal input signal. This is known as feedback.

2. Define positive feedback?

If the feedback signal is in phase with input signal, then the net effect of the

feedback will increase the input signal given to the amplifier. This type of feedback is

said to be positive or regenerative feedback.

3. Define negative feedback?

If the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal then the input

voltage applied to the basic amplifier is decreased and correspondingly the output is

decreased. This type of feedback is known as negative or degenerative feedback.

4. Define sensitivity?

Sensitivity is defined as the ratio of percentage change in voltage gain with

feedback to the percentage change in voltage gain without feedback.

5. What are the types of feedback? i. Voltage-series feedback ii. Voltage-shunt series

iii.Current- series feedback iv.Current-shunt feedback

Theoretical

Practical

With feedback

Without

feedback

With feedback Without

feedback

Input

impedance

Output

impedance

Gain

(midband)

Bandwidth





EX NO: 02

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE SHUNT FEEDBACK

AMPLIFIER DATE :

Aim:

To design and test the voltage-shunt feedback amplifier and to calculate the following

parameters with and without feedback.

1. Mid band gain.

2. Bandwidth and cut-off frequencies.

3. Input and output impedance.



1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1

2. Function generator

(0-20M)Hz

1

3. CRO

1

4. Transistor

BC107

1

5. Resistors

6. Capacitors

7. Connecting wires





Circuit Diagram:

(i) Without Feedback:

(ii) With Feedback:





Theory:

In voltage shunt feedback amplifier, the feedback signal voltage is given to the base of

the transistor in shunt through the base resistor RB. This shunt connection tends to decrease the

input resistance and the voltage feedback tends to decrease the output resistance. In the circuit

RB appears directly across the input base terminal and output collector terminal. A part of output

is feedback to input through RB and increase in IC decreases IB. Thus negative feedback exists

in the circuit. So this circuit is also called voltage feedback bias circuit. This feedback amplifier

is known a transresistance amplifier. It amplifies the input current to required voltage levels. The

feedback path consists of a resistor and a capacitor.

Design


VCC = 12V;

IC = 1mA;

AV = 30;

Rf = 2.5KΩ;

S = 2;

hfe = ;

β=1/ Rf = 0.0004

re = 26mV / IC = 26Ω;

hie = hfe re =

VCE= Vcc/2 (transistor Active) =

VE = IERE = Vcc/10 =

Applying KVL to output loop, we get VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC =

Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC ≈IE

RE = VE / IE =

S = 1+ RB / RE

RB =





VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)

RB = R1 || R2

R1 = R2 =

(ii) With feedback:

RO = RC || Rf =

Ri = (RB || hie ) Rf =

Rm = -(hfe (RB || Rf) (RC || Rf)) / ((RB || Rf) + hie) =

Desensitivity factor, D = 1 + β Rm

Rif = Ri / D =

Rof = Ro / D =

Rmf = Rm / D =

XCi = Rif /10 =

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) =

Xco = Rof /10 =

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) =

RE’ = RE || ((RB + hie) / (1+hfe))

XCE = RE’/10 =

CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =

XCf = Rf/10

Cf = 1 / (2πf XCf) =

Procedure:


2. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 50Hz to 3MHz in regular steps

and note down the corresponding output voltage.


4. Calculate the bandwidth from the graph.

5. Calculate the input and output impedance.

6. Remove Emitter Capacitance, and follow the same procedures (1 to 5).





Tabular Column:


Vi=10mV

(ii) With Feedback:

Vi=10mV

Model graph: (frequency response)

Frequency (Hz)

Vo (Volts)

Gain = V0/Vi

Gain = 20

log(V0/Vi) (dB)

Frequency (Hz)

Vo (Volts)

Gain = V0/Vi

Gain = 20

log(V0/Vi) (dB)





Result: Thus the voltage shunt feedback amplifier is designed and constructed and the following

parameters are calculated.

1. Give an example for voltage-series feedback.

The Common collector or Emitter follower amplifier is an example for

voltage series feedback.

2. Give the properties of negative feedback.

i. Negative feedback reduces the gain

ii. Distortion is very much reduced

3. Define voltage shunt feedback.

A fraction of output voltage is supplied in parallel with the input voltage through the feedback

network. The feedback signal is proportional to the output voltage

4.Define voltage series feedback.

The input to the feedback network is in parallel with the output of the amplifier. A fraction of the

output voltage through the feedback network is applied in series with the input voltage of the amplifier.

5.Define current shunt feedback.

The shunt connection at the input reduce the input resistance and the series connection at the

output increase the output resistance is called current shunt feedback

Theoretical

Practical

With feedback

Without

feedback

With feedback Without

feedback

Input

impedance

Output

impedance

Gain

(midband)

Bandwidth





Aim: To design and construct a RC phase shift oscillator for the given frequency (f0).


EX NO: 03

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR DATE :


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1


(0-20M)Hz

1

3. CRO

1

4. Transistor

BC107

1

5. Resistors

6. Capacitors

7. Connecting wires





Circuit Diagram:

Theory: In the RC phase shift oscillator, the required phase shift of 180˚ in the feedback loop

from the output to input is obtained by using R and C components, instead of tank circuit. Here a

common emitter amplifier is used in forward path followed by three sections of RC phase

network in the reverse path with the output of the last section being returned to the input of the

amplifier. The phase shift Ф is given by each RC section Ф=tanˉ1 (1/ωrc). In practice R-value is

adjusted such that Ф becomes 60˚. If the value of R and C are chosen such that the given

frequency for the phase shift of each RC section is 60˚. Therefore at a specific frequency the total

phase shift from base to transistor’s around circuit and back to base is exactly 360˚ or 0˚. Thus

the Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is satisfied

Design:

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; C = 0.01μF; fo = ; S = 2; hfe =

re = 26mV / IC = 26√Ω;

hie = hfe re =






VE = IERE = Vcc/10

Applying KVL to output loop, we get

VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC =

Since IB is very small when compare with IC,

IC ≈ IE

RE = VE / IE =

S = 1+ RB / RE = 2

RB = VB = VBE + VE =

VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)

RB = R1 || R2

R1 = R2 =

Gain formula is given by,

Effective load resistance is given by, Rleff = Rc || RL

RL =

XCi = [hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB/10 =

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) =

Xco = Rleff /10 =

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) =

CE = RE/10 =





CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =

Feedback Network:

f0 = ;

C = 0.01μf;

R =

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).

3. Note down the practical frequency and compare with its theoretical frequency.

Model Graph:





Tabular Column:

Result: Thus RC phase shift oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave

frequency is calculated as

Theoretical Practical

Frequency

1. What is Oscillator circuit?

A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is called

an oscillator circuit.

2.What are the different types of oscillators?

1. sinusoidal oscillator 2, Relaxation oscillator 3. Negative resistance oscillator 4. Feedback

oscillator 5. LC oscillator 6. RC Phase shift oscillator.

3. What are the conditions for oscillations?

The magnitude of loop gain must be unity. Total phase shift around closed loop is zero.

4.Define frequency oscillation.

When the signal level increases, the gain of the amplifier is decrease at a particular value

of output, the gain of the amplifier is reduced exactly equal to 1/β then the output voltage remain

constant at frequency is called frequency oscillation.

5. What is the application of RF phase shift oscillator?

It is used for amplification, phase shifting and oscillation.

AMPLITUDE(V) TIME(ms) FREQUENCY(HZ)





EX NO: 04

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR DATE :

Aim: To design a wien bridge oscillator and to draw its output waveform.


s.no Name of the component Range Quantity

1 Op-amp IC741 1

2 CRO - 1

3 Capacitor 2.88uF,0.01uF,0.08uF 5

4 Resistor 15k,8.8k,12k,1.18k 7

5 Power supply - 1

6 Bread Board - 1

7 Connecting wires - As

required

Theory:

The wein bridge oscillator is a standard circuit for generating low frequencies in the range of 10

Hz to about 1MHz.The method used for getting +ve feedback in wein bridge oscillator is to use

two stages of an RC-coupled amplifier. Since one stage of the RC-coupled amplifier introduces a

phase shift of 180 deg, two stages will introduces a phase shift of 360 deg. At the frequency of

oscillations f the +ve feedback network shown in fig makes the input & output in the phase. The

frequency of oscillations is given as f =1/2π√R1C1R2C2 In addition to the positive feedback

Design:

Select appropriate transistor and note down its specification such as

Vce(max),IcQ(max),hfe(min)) and hfe(max) and VBE(SAT). Here the transistor is allowed to

work in the active region.Assume Vcc,VceQ,IcQ,Vcc. where

Vcc=VcEQ+IcQ(Rc+RE),determine Rc.Assuming appropriate stability factor and hence I2

current flowing through the biasing resistor R2 and determine R1 and R2.





R2=SXRE

Vcc[(R2/R1)+R2]=VRE +VBE(sat)

VR1+VR2=Vcc

Using the condition for sustained oscillation hfe>4k+23+29/k,where k=Rc/R. compute C

for designed desired frequency f1 using formula for frequency of oscillation.

F=1/2𝜋 𝑅1𝑅2𝐶1𝐶2

Compute Cin,Xcin<=Zin/10, where Xcin is the impedance offered by the coupling

capacitor for the frequency of interest and Zin is the input resistance at the transistor.Compute

CE,the impadance XCE<=RE/10.

Procedure:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Feed the output of the oscillator to a C.R.O by making adjustments in the Potentiometer

connected in the +ve feedback loop, try to obtain a stable sine Wave.

3. Measure the time period of the waveform obtained on CRO. & calculate the Frequency of

oscillations.

4. Repeat the procedure for different values of capacitance

Circuit Diagram:





design:

F=1/2πRC

R=1/2πFC

Given F=1KHZ

Assume, C=0.1μF,

R=1.5kΩ.

R3/R4=2.

Assume

R3=1kΩ,R4= 500Ω

R=R1=R2=1.5kΩ

C=C1=C2=0.1μF

Tabulation:


Model Graph:





Result:

Thus a Wien bridge oscillator is designed and the output waveform is drawn.

1. Define Oscillator

A circuit with an active device is used to produce an alternating current is called

an oscillator circuit.

2. What is a tuned amplifier?

The amplifier with a circuit that is capable of amplifying a signal over a narrow band of

frequencies are called tuned amplifiers.

3. What happens to the circuit above and below resonance?

Above resonance the circuit acts as capacitive and below resonance the circuit acts as

inductive.

4. What are the different coil losses?

Hysteresis loss , Copper loss ,Eddy current loss

5. What is Q factor?

It is the ratio of reactance to resistance.


Frequency





EX NO: 05

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF HARTELY OSCILLATOR DATE :

Aim: To design and construct the given oscillator for the given frequency (fO).


Theory:

Hartley oscillator is a type of sine wave generator. The oscillator derives its initial output

from the noise signals present in the circuit. After considerable time, it gains strength and

thereby producing sustained oscillations. Hartley Oscillator have two major parts namely –

amplifier part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE amplifier with voltage

divider bias. In the feedback path, there is a LCL network. The feedback network generally

provides a fraction of output as feedback.


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1


(0-20M)Hz

1

3. CRO

1

4. Transistor

BC107

1

5. Resistors

6. Capacitors

7. DIB

8. DCB

7. Connecting wires





Circuit Diagram:

Design:

Given Specifications,

Vcc=12V, S=6, VRE=3V, hfe=300, fc=12kHz, VBE(sat)=0.7, IcQ=1.6mA.

Let L1=100uH, L1/L2=hfe, L2=?

i)VcEQ=Vcc/2=6V

ii)VRE=ICQ.RE=1.6x10 -3

.RE=3





RE=1.857kΩ.

Vcc=VCEQ+ICQ (RC+RE)

12= 6+1.6x10 -3

(RC+1.875x10 3)

RC=1.875kΩ

iii)R2=SxRE=11.25kΩ

iv)Vcc(R2/(R1+R2)=VRE+VBE(sat)

R1=25.29kΩ

L1/L2=hfe=300

Assume, L1=100μH,

L2=0.33 μH.

f=1/2π (𝐿1 + 𝐿2)𝐶

C=0.1753μF.

CE=1/(2πfcXcE)=0.0707 μF.

Zin=R1||R2||hie=2.997kΩ

Xcin=Zin/10

Cin=1/(2𝜋fcXcin)=0.0442 μF.

Procedure:


2. Switch on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).






Model Graph:

Tabulation:


Result: Thus Hartley oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave frequency

is calculated as


Frequency





1. What is dissipation factor?

It is referred as the total loss within a component i.e1/Q

2. What is the classification of tuned amplifiers?

Single tuned

Double tuned

Stagger tuned

3. What is a single tuned amplifier?

An amplifier circuit that uses a single parallel tuned circuit as a load is called single

tuned amplifier.

4. What are the advantages of tuned amplifiers?

They amplify defined frequencies.

Signal to noise ratio at output is good

They are suited for radio transmitters and receivers

5. What are the disadvantages of tuned amplifiers?

The circuit is bulky and costly

The design is complex.

They are not suited to amplify audio frequencies.





EX NO: 06

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COLPITTS OSCILLATOR DATE :

Aim: To design and construct the given oscillator at the given operating frequency.


Theory:

A Colpitts oscillator is the electrical dual of a Hartley oscillator. In the Colpitts circuit,

two capacitors and one inductor determine the frequency of oscillation. The oscillator derives its

initial output from the noise signals present in the circuit. After considerable time, it gains

strength and thereby producing sustained oscillations. It has two major parts namely – amplifier

part and feedback part. The amplifier part has a typically CE amplifier with voltage divider bias.

In the feedback path, there is a CLC network. The feedback network generally provides a

fraction of output as feedback.


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1


(0-20M)Hz

1

3. CRO

1

4. Transistor

BC107

1

5. Resistors

6. Capacitors

7. DIB

8. DCB

7. Connecting wires





Circuit Diagram:

Design:

Vcc=8V, S=6, VRE=3V, hfe=300, fc=12kHz, VBE(sat)=0.7, IcQ=1.8mA.

Let L1=100uH,L1/L2=hfe,L2=?

i)VcEQ=Vcc/2

ii)Vcc=VcEQ+IcQ.RE,VRE=ICQ.RE=IE.RE

RE=VRE/VCQ

iii)R2=S.RE

iv)Vcc(R2/(R1+R2)=VRE+VBE(sat)

re’=(26x10-3

)/ICQ

R1=Vcc.R2/(R1+R2) -R2





v)Cin=1/(2𝜋fcXcin);Xcin=Zin/10

Zin=R1||R2||hie

vi)CE=1/(2πfcXcE)

XcE=RE/10

vii)fc=1/2π (𝐿𝐶𝑒𝑞,Ceq=C1||C2

viii)Vcc=VcEQ+ICQ(Rc+RE)

Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as per the circuit diagrams (both oscillators).

2. Switches on the power supply and observe the output on the CRO (sine wave).


Model Graph:

Tabulation:






Result: Thus Colpitts oscillator is designed and constructed and the output sine wave frequency

is calculated as

1. What is neutralization?

The effect of collector to base capacitance of the transistor is neutralized by

introducing a signal that cancels the signal coupled through collector base capacitance.

This process is called neutralization.

2. What are double tuned amplifiers?

The amplifiers having two parallel resonant circuit in its load are called double tuned

amplifiers.

3. What is a stagger tuned amplifier?

It is a circuit in which two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having certain bandwidth are

taken and their resonant frequencies are adjusted that they are separated by an amount

equal to the bandwidth of each stage. Since resonant frequencies are displaced it is called

stagger tuned amplifier.

4. What are the advantages of stagger tuned amplifier?

The advantage of stagger tuned amplifier is to have better flat, wideband characteristics.

5. What are the different types of neutralization?

1. Hazeltine neutralization

2. Rice neutralization


Frequency





EX NO: 07

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF CLASS C

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER DATE :

Aim: To design and construct a single tuned amplifier and to plot the frequency response.


Theory:

The amplifier is said to be class c amplifier if the Q Point and the input signal are selected

such that the output signal is obtained for less than a half cycle, for a full input cycle Due to such

a selection of the Q point, transistor remains active for less than a half cycle .Hence only that

much Part is reproduced at the output for remaining cycle of the input cycle the transistor

remains cut off and no signal is produced at the output. The total Angle during which current

flows is less than 180.This angle is called the conduction angle, Qc.


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1


(0-20M)Hz

1

3. CRO

1

4. Transistor

BC107

1

5. Resistors

6. Capacitors

7. DIB

8. DCB

7. Connecting wires





Circuit Diagram:

Design:

VCC = 12V; IC = 1mA; fo = ; S = 2; hfe =

Q = 5; L = 1Mh

re = 26mV / IC = 26Ω;

hie = hfe re =


VE = IERE = Vcc/10

Applying KVL to output loop, we get VCC = ICRC + VCE + IERE

RC =

Since IB is very small when compare with IC, IC ≈ IE

RE = VE / IE =

S = 1+ RB / RE = 2

RB =

VB = VBE + VE =





VB = VCC R2 / (R1 + R2)

RB = R1 || R2

R1 = R2 = RL =

XCi = [hie+(1+hfe)RE] || RB/10 =

Ci = 1 / (2πf XCi) =

Xco = (RC||RL) /10 =

Co = 1 / (2πf XCo) =

XCE = RE/10 =

CE = 1 / (2πf XCE) =

Q = RL /ωL

RL =

C =

Procedure:


2. Set Vi = 50 mV (say), using the signal generator.

3. Keeping the input voltage constant, vary the frequency from 0Hz to3MHz in regular steps and

note down the corresponding output voltage.


Tabular Column:

Vi = 50 mV

Frequency (Hz)

Vo (Volts)

Gain = 20

log(V0/Vi) (dB)





Model Graph: (Frequency Response)





Result: Thus single tuned amplifier is designed and constructed for the given operating

frequency and the frequency response is plotted.

1. What is rice neutralization?

It uses center tapped coil in the base circuit. The signal voltages at the end of tuned base

coil are equal and out of phase.

2. What is unloaded Q?

It is the ratio of stored energy to the dissipated energy in a reactor or resonator.

3. What are the applications of mixer circuit?

Used in radio receivers. Used to translate signal frequency to some lower frequency

4. What is up converter?

When the mixer circuit is used to translate signal to high frequency, then it is called up

converter.

5. What is an amplifier?

An amplifier is a device which produces a large electrical output of similar

characteristics to that of the input parameters.





EX NO: 08

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DATE :

Aim: To design and construct an astable multivibrator using transistor and to plot the output

waveform.

Components / Equipments Required:

Circuit Diagram:


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1

2. CRO

(0-20M)Hz

1

3. Transistor

BC107

2

4. Resistors

4.9KΩ, 1.6MΩ

2 each

5. Capacitors

0.45nF

2

6. Connecting wires





Theory:

Astable multivibrator is also known as free running multivibrator. It is rectangular wave

shaping circuit having non-stable states. This circuit does not need an external trigger to change

state. It consists of two similar NPN transistors. They are capacitor coupled. It has 2 quasi-stable

states. It switches between the two states without any applications of input trigger pulses. Thus it

produces a square wave output without any input trigger. The time period of the output square

wave is given by, T = 1.38RC.

Design Procedure:

VCC = 10V; IC = 2mA;VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =

RC =( VCC - VCE (sat) )/ IC =(12 – 0.2 )/ 0.002 = 5.9kΩ.

R ≤hfe RC = 315 * 5.9 * 103 = 1.85MΩ

R = 1.5MΩ.

T = 1.38RC

C = T / (1.38R) = (1 * 10-3

) / (1.38 * 1.5 * 106)= 0.48nF

Procedure:


2. Switch on the power supply.

3. Note down the output TON, TOFF and output voltage from CRO.

4. Plot the output waveform in the graph.

Tabular Column:

Amplitude (V) TON (ms) TOFF (ms) Frequency(HZ)

VO1

VO2





Model Graph:





RESULT: Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and constructed using transistor and its

output waveform is plotted.

1, What is a Multivibrator?

The electronic circuit which are used to generate non sinusoidal waveforms are

called Multivibrators.

2, Name the types of Multivibrators?

Bistable Multivibrator, Monostable Multivibrator, Astable Multivibrator

3, How many stable states do bistable Multivibrator have?

Two stable states.

4, When will the circuit change from stable state in bistable Multivibrator ?

when an external trigger pulse is applied, the circuit changes from one stable state

to another.

5. What are the different names of bistable Multivibrator?

Eccles Jordan circuit, trigger circuit, scale-of-2 toggle circuit, flip-flop and binary.





Aim: To design and construct monostable multivibrator using transistor and to plot the output

waveform.


Circuit Diagram:

EX NO: 09

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DATE :


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1

2. CRO

(0-20M)Hz

1

3. Transistor

BC107

2

4. Resistors

4.9KΩ, 1.6MΩ

2 each

5. Capacitors

0.45nF

2

6. Connecting wires





Theory:

Monostable multivibrator has two states which are (i) quasi-stable state and (ii) stable

state. When a trigger input is given to the monostable multivibrator, it switches between two

states. It has resistor coupling with one transistor. The other transistor has capacitive coupling.

The capacitor is used to increase the speed of switching. The resistor R2 is used to provide

negative voltage to the base so that Q1 is OFF and Q2 is ON. Thus an output square wave is

obtained from monostable multivibrator.

Design Procedure:

VCC = 12V; VBB = -2V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; f = 1KHz; hfe =

RC =( VCC - VCE (sat) )/ IC =(12 – 0.2 )/ 0.002 = 5.9kΩ.

IB2(min) = IC2 / hfe =

Select IB2 > IB2(min)

IB2 =

R=( VCC - VCE (sat) )/ IB2

T = 0.69RC

C = T / 0.69R =

VBBR1 = VCE (sat) R2

R2 =10R1 (since, VBB = 2V and VCE (sat) = 0.2V)

Let R1 = 10KΩ, then R2 = 100KΩ

Choose C1 = 25pF.





Procedure:


2. Switch on the power supply

3. Observe the output at collector terminals.

4. Trigger Monostable with pulse and note down the output TON, TOFF and voltage from CRO.

5. Plot the waveform in the graph.

Tabular Column:

Width (ms) Input Output

TON(ms) TOFF(ms) Voltage(V) TON(ms) TOFF(ms) Voltage(V)

Model Graph:





Result: Thus the monostable multivibrator is designed and constructed using transistor and its

output waveform is plotted.

1. What are the applications of bistable Multivibrator?

It is used in the performance of many digital operations such as counting and storing of the

Binary information. It also finds applications in the generation and processing of pulse – type waveforms.

2. What are the other names of monostable Multivibrator?

One-shot, Single-shot, a single-cycle, a single swing, a single step Multivibrator, Univibrator.

3. Why is monostable Multivibrator called gatting circuit?

The circuit is used to generate the rectangular waveform and hence can be used to

gate other Circuits hence called gating circuit.

4.Why is monostable Multivibrator called delay circuit?

The time between the transition from quasi-stable state to stable state can be predetermined and

hence it can be used to introduce time delays with the help of fast transition. Due to this application is

Called delay circuit.

5.What is the main characteristics of Astable Multivibrator?

The Astable Multivibrator automatically makes the successive transitions from

one quasi- stable State to other without any external triggering pulse.





EX NO: 10

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DATE :

Aim: To design a bistable multivibrator and to plot its output waveform.


Circuit Diagram:


1. Power supply

(0-30)V

1

2. CRO

(0-20M)Hz

1

3. Transistor

BC107

2

4. Resistors

4.9KΩ, 1.6MΩ

2 each

5. Capacitors

0.45nF

2

6. Connecting wires





Theory:

The bistable multivibrator has two stable states. The multivibrator can exist indefinitely

in either of the twostable states. It requires an external trigger pulse to change from one stable

state to another. The circuit remains in one stable state until an external trigger pulse is applied.

The bistable multivibrator is used for the performance of many digital operations such as

counting and storing of binary information. The multivibrator also finds an applications in

generation and pulse type waveform.

Design:

VCC =12V; VBB = -12V; IC = 2mA; VCE (sat) = 0.2V; VBE (sat) = 0.7V

R2 = 1.8MΩ

Let R1 = 10KΩ, C1 = C2 = 50pF

Procedure:


2. Set the input trigger using trigger pulse generator.

3. Note the output waveform from CRO and plot the graph.

Tabular Column:

Input

Voltage

(V) Width (ms)

Input Output

TON(ms) TOFF(ms) Voltage(V) TON(ms) TOFF(ms) Voltage(V)





Model Graph:





Result: Thus bistable multivibrator has been constructed and its output waveforms are studied

1.What is the other name of Astable Multivibrator- why is it called so?

As it does not require any external pulse for transition, it is called free running Multivibrator.

2, What are the two types of transister bistable Multivibrator?

i. Fixed bias transistor circuit

ii. Self bias transistor circuit.

3. Why does one of the transistor start conducting ahead of other?

The characteristic of both the transistors are never identical hence after giving

supply one of the Transistors start conducting ahead of the other.

4. What are the two stable states of bistable Multivibrator?

i. Q1 OFF (cut off) and Q2 ON (Saturation)

ii. Q2 OFF (Cut off) and Q1 On (Saturation)

5. What finally decides the shape of the waveform for bistable multivibrator?

The spacing of the triggering pulses





EX NO: 11

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS

(Differentiator, Integrator, Clipper and Clamper) DATE :

Aim: To design and implement different wave shaping circuits (Differentiator, Integrator,

Clipper and Clamper).


Theory:

(i) Differentiator: The high pass RC network acts as a differentiator whose output voltage

depends upon the differential of input voltage. Its output voltage of the differentiator can be

expressed as,

Vout = d/dt .Vin

(ii) Integrator: The low pass RC network acts as an integrator whose output voltage depends

upon the integration of input voltage. Its output voltage of the integrator can be expressed as,

Vout = ∫ Vin dt


1. Function / Pulse generator

(0 – 3M)Hz

1

2. CRO

(0-20M)Hz

1

4. Resistors

1KΩ / 100KΩ

1

5. Capacitors

0.1μF

1

6. Connecting wires





(iii) Clipper: This circuit is basically a rectifier circuit, which clips the input waveform

according to the required specification. The diode acts as a clipper. There are several clippers

like positive clipper, negative clipper, etc. Depending upon the connection of diode it can be

classified as series and shunt.

(iv) Clamper: The clamper circuit is a type of wave shaping circuit in which the DC level of the

input signal is altered. The DC voltage is varied accordingly and it is classified as positive

clamper or negative clamper accordingly.

Circuit Diagram:

(i) Differentiator:

(ii) Integrator:





(iii) Clipper:

(a) Series Positive Clipper:

(b) Shunt Positive Clipper:

(c) Series Negative Clipper:





(d) Shunt Negative Clipper:

(e) Positive Biased Series Positive Clipper:

(f) Positive Biased Shunt Positive Clipper:





(g) Positive Biased Series Negative Clipper:

(h) Positive Biased Shunt Negative Clipper:

(i) Negative Biased Series Positive Clipper:





(j) Negative Biased Shunt Positive Clipper:

(k) Negative Biased Series Negative Clipper:

(l) Negative Biased Shunt Negative Clipper:





(m) Combinational Clipper

(iv) Clamper:

(a) Positive Clamper:

(b) Negative Clamper:





Design:

(i) Differentiator:

f = 1KHz

т = RC = 1ms

If C = 0.1μF

Then R = 10KΩ

For T << т, Choose R = 1KΩ and

For T >> т, Choose R = 100KΩ

(ii) Integrator:

f = 1KHz

т = RC = 1ms

If C = 0.1μF

Then R = 10KΩ

For T << т, Choose R = 1KΩ and

For T >> т, Choose R = 100KΩ

Procedure:


2. Set Vin = 5V and f = 1KHz.

3. Observe the Output waveform and plot the graph.





Model Graph:

(i) Differentiator

(ii) Integrator





(iii) Clipper:





(iv) Clamper:





Result: Thus different wave shaping circuits are studied and their output waveforms are plotted.

1.Define Integrator.

The output waveform similar to the time integral of the input waveform i.e Vo = 1/RC

⌠Vidt.

2.Define differentiator.

The output waveform is the first derivative of the input waveform i.e Vo = RC(dVi/dt).

3.Define Clipper.

The circuit with which the wave form is shaped by removing a portion of input signal

without distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform is called a clipper.

4.Define Clampers.

Clamping network shift a signal to different dc level i.e it introduce a to an ac signal.

Hence the clamping network is also known as dc restorer.

5.Define Comparator.

The nonlinear circuit which was used to perform the operation of clipping may also be

used perform the operation of comparison and this circuit is called comparator.





EX NO: 12

SIMULATION OF DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Differential Amplifier by using PSICE.

System Required:

PC with SPICE software

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:

EDWin 2000 -> Schematic Editor: The circuit diagram is drawn by loading components from the

library. Wiring and proper net assignment has been made. The values are assigned for relevant

components.





EDWin 2000 -> Mixed Mode Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is

placed at the output of the circuit. GND net is set as reference net. The Transient Analysis

parameters have been set. The Transient Analysis is executed and output waveform is observed

in Waveform Viewer.

EDWin 2000 -> EDSpice Simulator: The circuit is preprocessed. The waveform marker is placed

at the output of the circuit. The Transient Analysis parameters are also set. The Transient

Analysis is executed and output waveform is observed in Waveform Viewer.

Model Graph:

Result: -

Thus the output waveform was observed in the waveform viewer.





EX NO: 13

SIMULATION OF ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Astable Multivibrator by using PSICE.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:

Astable Multivibrator-Symmetrical





Astable Multivibrator-Asymmetrical

Procedure:



components.




in Waveform Viewer.








Model Graph:





Result: -


Astable Multivibrator-Symmetrical





Astable Multivibrator-Asymmetrical





EX NO: 14

SIMULATION OF MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Monostable Multivibrator by using PSICE.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:



components.








in Waveform Viewer.




Model Graph:





Result:






EX NO: 15

SIMULATION OF BISTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Bistable Multivibrator by using PSICE.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:



components.








in Waveform Viewer.




Model Graph:





Result: -






EX NO: 16

SIMULATION OF ACTIVE FILTERS DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Active filters: Butterworth 2nd

order Low Pass and High Pass Filter by

using PSICE.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:





Procedure:



components.








in Waveform Viewer.




Model Graph:

Low Pass Filter:

High Pass Filter:





Result: -


Low Pass Filter:





High Pass Filter:





EX NO: 17

SIMULATION OF ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Analog to Digital Converter by using PSICE.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:



components.








in Waveform Viewer.




Model Graph:

M ODEL GRAPH :

Time in ms

Time in ms

Time in ms

Time in ms

Time in ms

Input (A)

Input (B)

Input (C)

Input (D)

Am

pli

tud

e i

n v

olt

s

Output Analog Signal





Result: -






EX NO: 18

SIMULATION OF ANALOG MULTIPLIER DATE :

Aim: To simulate the Analog Multiplier by using PSICE.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:

SPICE Program:

V1 1 0 1V

V2 4 0 1V

R1 1 2 1K

R2 4 5 1K





R3 3 7 1K

R4 6 7 1K

R5 7 8 1K

R6 10 0 1K

D1 2 3 DA

D2 5 6 DA

D3 8 9 DA

.MODEL DA D

X1 2 0 3 IOP

X2 5 0 6 IOP

X3 7 0 8 IOP

X4 9 0 10 IOP

.SUBCKT IOP M P V0

RI M P 1G

E V0 0 P M 2E5

.ENDS

.DC V1 -1 1 0.1

.PROBE

.END

Result: -






EX NO: 19

SIMULATION OF CMOS INVERTER, NAND AND NOR DATE :

Aim: To plot the transient characteristics of output voltage for the given CMOS inverter, NAND

and NOR from 0 to 80μs in steps of 1μs.

System Required:


Circuit Diagram:

(i) CMOS Inverter:





(ii) CMOS NAND:

(iii) CMOS NOR:





Theory:

(i) Inverter CMOS is widely used in digital IC’s because of their high speed, low power

dissipation and it can be operated at high voltages resulting in improved noise immunity. The

inverter consists of two MOSFETs. The source of p-channel device is connected to +VDD and

that of n-channel device is connected to ground. The gates of two devices are connected as

common input.

(ii) NAND It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in parallel and two n-channel

MOSFETs connected in series. P-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and N-channel

MOSFET is ON when gate is positive. Thus when both input is low and when either of input is

low, the output is high.

(iii) NOR It consists of two p-channel MOSFETs connected in series and two n-channel

MOSFETs connected in parallel. P-channel MOSFET is ON when gate is negative and N-

channel MOSFET is ON when gate is positive. Thus when both inputs are high and when either

of input is high, the output is low. When both the inputs are low, the output is high.

Truth Table:

(i) Inverter

Input Output

0 1

1 0

(ii) NAND

V1 V2 Output

0 0 1

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0





(iii) NOR

V1 V2 Output

0 0 1

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 0

Model Graph:

(i) Inverter

(ii) NAND





(iii) NOR

Result: -


(i) Inverter





(ii) NAND

(iii) NOR





VIVA:

1. What are the advantages of monostable Multivibrator?

- used to introduce time delays as gate width is adjustable

- used to produce rectangular waveform and hence can be used as gating circuit.

2. What are the applications of astable Multivibtrator?

- used as a clock for binary login signals

- used as a square wave generator, voltage to frequency converter.

3 .What is a complementary Multivibrator

It is turning half the circuit upside down. So one transistor is n-p-n while the

other is p-n-p. The circuit is called complementary Multivibrator circuit.

4. Define Blocking Oscillator?

A special type of wave generator which is used to produce a single narrow pulse

or train of pulses.

5. What are the two important elements of Blocking Oscillator?

Transistor and pulse transformer

6. What are the applications of blocking Oscillator?

It is used in frequency dividers, counter circuits and for switching the other

circuits.





APPENDIX

NPN general purpose transistors BC107; BC108; BC109

FEATURES

Low current (max. 100 mA)

Low voltage (max. 45 V).

APPLICATIONS

General purpose switching and amplification.

DESCRIPTION

NPN transistor in a TO-18; SOT18 metal package. PNP complement: BC177.





QUICK REFERENCE DATA

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT V

CBO collector-base voltage open emitter

BC107 50 V

BC108; BC109 30 V V

CEO collector-emitter voltage open base

BC107 45 V

BC108; BC109 20 V ICM peak collector current 200 mA

Ptot total power dissipation Tamb 25 C 300 mW

hFE DC current gain IC = 2 mA; VCE = 5 V

BC107 110 450

BC108 110 800

BC109 200 800

fT transition frequency IC = 10 mA; VCE = 5 V; f = 100 MHz 100 MHz





DIODES: 1N4001 - 1N4007

Features

• Diffused Junction • High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop • Surge Overload Rating to 30A Peak • Low Reverse Leakage Current • Lead Free Finish, RoHS Compliant (Note 3)

Mechanical Data

• Case: DO-41 • Case Material: Molded Plastic. UL Flammability Classification Rating 94V-0

• Moisture Sensitivity: Level 1 per J-STD-020D • Terminals: Finish - Bright Tin. Plated Leads Solderable per MIL-STD-202, Method 208

• Polarity: Cathode Band • Mounting Position: Any • Ordering Information: See Page 2 • Marking: Type Number • Weight: 0.30 grams (approximate)





Maximum Ratings and Electrical Characteristics @TA = 25°C unless otherwise specified

Single phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load. For capacitive load, derate current by 20%.

Characteristic Symbol 1N4001 1N4002 1N4003 1N4004 1N4005 1N4006 1N4007 Unit

Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage VRRM

Working Peak Reverse Voltage VRWM 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 V

DC Blocking Voltage VR

RMS Reverse Voltage VR(RMS) 35 70 140 280 420 560 700 V

Average Rectified Output Current (Note 1) @ TA =

75C IO 1.0 A

Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current 8.3ms IFSM

30

A

single half sine-wave superimposed on rated load

Forward Voltage @ IF = 1.0A VFM 1.0 V

Peak Reverse Current @TA = 25C IRM

5.0

μA

at Rated DC Blocking Voltage @ TA = 100C 50

Typical Junction Capacitance (Note 2) C

j 15 8 pF

Typical Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient RθJA 100 K/W

Maximum DC Blocking Voltage Temperature TA +150 C

Operating and Storage Temperature Range TJ, TSTG -65 to +150 C

Notes: 1. Leads maintained at ambient temperature at a distance of 9.5mm from the case. 2. Measured at 1.0 MHz and applied reverse voltage of 4.0V DC.

3. EU Directive 2002/95/EC (RoHS). All applicable RoHS exemptions applied, see EU Directive

2002/95/EC Annex Notes.



http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_037/l_03720030213en00190023.pdf

http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_037/l_03720030213en00190023.pdf

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