ec lab experiments

8/7/2019 EC LAB Experiments

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- R I A ' N ' A - L O GlNEA·\!!·_i, I Ie LA~ :

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Aim T (t fam iliari z e wU h . i r n ~ 0 _ 1 3 . 1 1 1 L operat ional r: nfpU n e r integrated uircUtils .and tbei r _1e~u ti c

d~aracttrish· " and paMlfl~ttfS, .

C 6 m p o n e D ~ t - s .and.equip lDlents required ~ii-tunp, rheos'~i~yu{"fmete '~an111li3ter ftntl de SOU f,O

Tbl,~ r,f O Q:_aHn~ :d ~~uT1,p~:iier~ in S¥l~lt, ; [ 0 $ 1 - a ;mp is 3, ' \N Z ~ , ts , a t i le dlev i ee ,ased r o c a'mgrtfx Af

~ . r n r d D C , s ignals TJ~Q!ll:1b i~ tw a s o ri.g J ll~ ny d e s i g o L e d for ~0mput in ,& ma:t};u~~tiIG31 eperadens

s uc . ba s a . d l D ~ j I Q ; L~ Inuh ip l l i~ a ,l'oa, dif fe~endat io 'P ,in te gn td aD : e tc ., J~ is wi6e ly u sed for var.ieq · oI I ~

,~ppj}C'ati .Ql1S,l ike 0 ,ciUatmn t f l ' ters Ie ~guhl'toiS, Glippi, llg c i r:~u i t . s , waveform ~neratbr· ete..

~he .syntbo 1of op-amp f sp~ ,en~·s a c ire u i t · w i . l t D twa ' ; r n l f p u t tetmi;palS, t " a n output t e n n i n a ~ a _ 1 R

h V ' 9 b i a s suppty PQrjn~s_.

Til le 741 I~ js a fre ' l!Oen€y ~(}mp~enSlale~nd s ho·rt cir,cuit protected C., "4ilt'; ilts ®mme rG~ a

· v e r s w n \ Q J th ~ ~-mt ingtrun~eratu~.lange~ fto.m~ I a o : C : t 'O ;1 -7 { ) 9 ' C , . , -

. ~41n· eds P0's.i 'tivc and ~al_ jve· de SG~S , fo r Oja, . .s'uppily cDlOJnec~ion'S V+and V -, This is

~ml1d~dbyeitne: Q k dual ptrwer : s u p p , ~ y o r tWQ po 't :ver SuppHelf . Wh'€n.dual Q ' Q _ w e l [su.pp·~yis used

~~t~O ~ r u t i v e t 'ernuna! i s . cnltn'octeij, til' V + pin<of~he·Ieand n5gMl~e·tenl1in61 is eonnected to V~

~H.n f t h e Ie ..The . g r o und terrni n 0 :1 of th~ i iu.a l pow er $1Jpply i connected to H I D e : g t O u . P ' P P _ O l f', a f = ' l h e e: · ~. . . r - . ~~I- d<. _. •• lFCult.- Wh" .n tw p · .p ow e r s upp l i ,~ s at'~used . pOSlhV~ terminal o one powe r SUPPI j. ·m~

~a(j~e iel;l l1inal o other pi i lWer sUIPply are connected (o. V+ and. V- pins 'O f IC .. ' pe'c tWeIy

. ,~'t imalft jngterminal' o f the paw er • up'pltes a re c en n ec re d to the gmQnd Ptfl J1 il"of th e C·r .CU

~ el1 .$ <Wera l :tI IMm pS -ll t6 u s ru i in a Qirellit, one power sUf lpl ) , is e.nougih to drive.all op-amps

etause Q f th e low pe er consnm , P · t i t Q n o f . op .. .m p s ,

. T tle Qutput satusat ion volta.ges in gefleri 'd are about 2. V ' b e ~ l o w the 1 1 1 3 . s : r o t U O e s o r th e de

P O \ Y e t ;SllPply le ve ls , F er supply voltages o f ±15 V, V~a-twili be a p p r o lmatetr ±l~ v.in ~4~} . h~& lWO t!p-lj,mflS in it. 35& is a s ingle. bias sllppJly VfNllllp. There are tw o ep! " i lmps

~ C h lp . 124 j . s .quad ep-amp. Ie . M a x i m u ' J 1 1 r ~ t t ng s Q r f 14.1.e a r e g h ~ n bclroiw..



lZ

B i as ~upp .] y vahage

Ipu [ < v-0~tag:er."!'lI; K.HR'~IYl~ ,

Enp ~f b i as e U l r r e . n t

Inpu t v "lt~gerahgr~

OU1~, l1 tnwis.tance

Slew~le

±18 V'

±15 "

9a~'

. s Q 1~A,

13~V

75 fl'0:.5 VIps

Dt f fe reRua l inpu ( voltage

Inpu t offset vel rage

'J'n.pm,~ffset current

I'npu re$istance

O tttp u t s h ott ci:n!uit eurre t

Band widt

_30 -

9 l!

20 ~

2 ' '-0_... : r. iU J I. ... -

25

741

v+. .

- In.

- ~!c:('

1.2 MeaslJ..rententsof op-amp pa ametess

im Tome ur the fol1ow~ngparamete

· Inpu t b ias c u rrent

~ 2 : . In ,u t ,offset cu r r en t

3 . Inpu t off s et :v.gltage

4. CMRRand

5 Slewtate

f J lHlmp·



·1nput bm s c urrent I The inverr i hg .and muDinr\"~m n g tam h 'ta lls of aJ,n·op~am p are. tWQ bg8~

(ga .~~)term'run ls o.fthe ' ~mns i tors (FE~"1 or ~OSP:ET~~of a differenltial a m p J H l l e , r . In

an ideld op..amp no current flO\l-', ~~mugh the" . termlnals. ROWeY:~fll fl ~,maUamoant ~

cu.rrent 'RO~ .. lhroug1l thes tenninal.' hieb i ofthe 'art ier of , ( t y p i cm l a n d maximum

y:a~l1tsi~n'e'D and 00.0 J . ,.4 . In bi la c op-amps and pA for " ,o·~a;Jnp,s.

Inpu t i t t J i . ' . ~ . current is defined as the a e r.a .g e o f the: ~l1'liJl!;at,ente:rin~ info th e ~nVelfti.fi

and ~1a:rdn\'~rtjllg~€nninals' of en op-amp, To ,compen!js:t~ fot bial, currems, I~' ~ m R B . d , =

sa tin g re si ~1~OT~ is u sed , ''''a tu € of R a m ' J ' P is the pz iraf fiel c om bm atlon " . ~:eJq~, i~tQ '-$

C{l~neA~ed10 'be ~nverfinl terrui _at.

Input hi ,s ,eur ren t 113 ; ;; ;; ;;1B1+lmll2 , rbere 18] a nd 1 8'2 ere tine ba se . bias cllrr¥Ji]~,

of-the ap"Qn1p.

'. ,RU to ff s ~ t ,w r r. · nt los T he bia· cu rrent ' llfj 1and 182 w il 1 no r b equ a l anan u p-an) p , h lpme ff s et c u r rem i· defined . the· o J . ebraie d i f f e reace between he'currents Into ttJtl l l lvellti~ng

a nd nOAhr : T t in gte nn in al g T : p[icm and nl, ~~~~ol'Um,a lu es oro 's e t cuae rn , are 20 nA. and

200 nA.

In1pu t Q ' ff se ( ~nt IDS = = 1 1 1 1 ~ . _ .I' 2 1 ·

i;I t offset·v. Itg,:' ~/08 ' E w : _ II, if he' input "fUlts..'£ tQn O P - J U 1 1 ) P ' ~s,zero. wtput v o l t a g e ma§

Rot be, ro . r . l i , is b zau se of the circuit j ,m· aian~ inside-be op - amp , In ,~,r~er~

G O I1 Jp e :n , a : _ ~ h :i ' ~ - sm= tU voltage ' ho~C '. IP

l ied ber~ . ' : e n the terminals , .11I,put

'OffiS~Vl~dta~e i s dtd inoo M th e Y0,l t lge ~it mo s t be ~pplied b tv een tbe input · t e r . m w B a l c s of

,a n ap-aro~ ~O ' mul l i f~y Ithe OlJ: tpu t vDlt9:g~~T)'Pi,~aland ntit'tinlllll!m values o f i npu t offset

v {llta ge ,a re _, nl . and ft ' In .

. R It is the nino c diffe ' m de gin _ t,"cu ,m o, mod~!aiq,~If 3 : -s ign,l l i s, app li 's d ,

D om m .on to beth (hJ ·npu [ of 'op-am p''" ,b , r 'ill be ~ r t ' , n u a : t < e c t C~/JRR is , usu~ny

eKpn~s&edin dB~ ~Vhe'nn in 'p lilt " i~m IL l - ~ i · a 'P ip ,Hed"·ctmfMgn" 10 'bath ~nputs~ c ommon

modeve~tage'~D A ,c =\~l;~.lfftre.nti;! mode gm l1 ~ :=Sf/Ri., Then ,C 'kJRR is

gi~fL by tfle" .pres' JQn C. iJ RtR=J d, (.... I .-)n dB.

:rat. S le\ 1 , rare i ' S , the' ltl. . i 1\1f l1l rate _n . " .f aU' ;01,·dl t t (ge. t I th e m es s re of m · 'messof op-amp, It is e~pre"·. ~ . \ - p , s _ Th tn[ mal ufP.ut c Q . p a . .u:(tl~ln~gre" . flLts.OOd&n 'I ise

cf ~)iU\PlJt\'"oll:aoe fOf - m fa ·t [1iing in'Pu1. If'the slape requi ,nl·~ltts of WI~ output "\I,oltaM

of {lie ep- mp ~&,grettlt'l" thU11 the sle\~'m,li:e~d' Slt~m~R occurs,

Pr 'Ge l! _14ft

I. t'tf lind irlput off~~t volra~~. et u t}t~ ~i"Lnl and mea ure the .u.rpu·t 'vo'ha~, T n p ! U {

nffa et v o hage I € an. r ne as u r ed usig 'lht t"~ -res ion , : ' t i t ~ \ ~ / , ~ RJ+.Ri) \\1h ere \ ~ :;;

output vo~la~"eand ;: U'lput Dffs~~"Q'~l ,- , '~



'. S e t u, the ctrenits for roe as u ring lu p ut blfts current and input o.f i&e ' t current,

o.t vlltag t. ... singn( e,l{pteSs i im V t . = IHI R ,/fnet v . . = I82R; J81 and I

'c~lculatetl.'Use the: feUowjng.ex ;p ession fa- findjng,hlpul bia s 'a nd Qff~et '.'

. ~ ias c u rrent In = (lsI + I - t H 2 ) / 2 and ftlput'ufrs~t'Ctluehtlos ; ~181 - 1B~I3 ~ F~. a ~ q ~ 1 [ I ~ r e .wave to i npu t and . cra~ct11a-t'es l ew ' l-aW uSing th e express ion

wtt~n ;t J . V o is th e volIai~s w ing ·and t is th e time t aken 0char ge voltage ,

4'. S et up the circuit for finding, CMRR ..'pply a de .ignal o. ~ .S : at the jl1 lPU l .

;~ " C alc ul!lc e CMRR using Ihe exprt$s . ioo ' c : J I A l U t = v,(~I R~). Expre&.'l

UI I lng th e EXp reS slO l1 2 0 lIi)l9{C MR ll). ..

eire~~tdmgta ln lS ·'t o IDeO ur e ;o.~a ;. " J 1 parameter s '

R f lO O kMoa t



-. !w e 'n:d ' rr iv ,a~:voe qu~ t i! run, ;

1 . WtH~lt a r e i l i~ 'h .1e3t c;tnaif lOj[iJi$t]~' 'of a n 0 F ~ G Jm pl'

1. VD~f~m;g a j n = '00,. '2 m u r p t m l ~ resrstaace = 1 ; )

3 . Inpu f resistance «00 4. eall'~widrn = - ;~ .

5. G M l t" - ', : ;; ; ;00 , 6 . ,S ]e w 'ra te ~ 00

~. W hat is G rvfRR 1Wbal i s . it s lfi& i , f iea.Qce?

I~i~t h e . ratlo.of differentia] m ode gain ktOOml'l1QIIL m ade gain. eMRR m'!:jt b~ lIeqb~g il 1deaJrny.

O,_. .«m'9~us t .p ;1 t )v l~de b i l ; ' l r I ~atn t i~4ff(erenQ€:oftbe.iLrrJ1ut& anti ~m g1rinin~nl~;],gn~'1b.aiPp~~_ S H n u 1 t ~ n e { J U : s l y ~ a i ' th e "np u ~s o f the IIp am ,p. " 'f @M R : R is b j ~ no.i~e s i@ : n a ; 1 s ~j~~ui~ at both

input~w fU be ·~Jtem~.lred. r •

J~How"doe! tlU~ le w rare 'Q f~ n op-, m.p ,affi r the f r,e qu enc y of eperatien 7

An o~m p i,s~~'uired t G ' h.~ve ani ntfuite slew rate ]d~~Uy. I f . t J 1 ; e s J .~wfa~'ers i5 j l i l J i ; J : . e , , _ _ the oJr t tn1p

r n a y n o t f o U m , w t h e ; . ft,:t ~t iR~j . ensof (h e i~t s . ~ g n . I J . . . I;h~p.E:fHiing OJ) 'the S~tNi rate Hum~wil l

~e a max imum f requeD~ f T r J } f J . ; " X fur i .n~puta .~9~e. ~ ' Ih it J -1 t~l\~ u. tpUi t w iD tl~,dislltntm, Ma.1ti[i l»m

f~q jlL1~~Y .s.gi1len by , ftt'La,~ --: (S .P , ) 106" 1 (2\l f \{J~' w b e r ~ 19R is 8~ewra~e., V " peak va~ueof t : r u r t t . p u t .

- 4 . Whl ' is tb.e i1oput~mlPedaf l , c~ of ~beoR-amp to~.h ; g i h 1 - . • •

I np u t $ t'q ge ot op-amp ,~"eqmm.,n emine r ,am'pil~fie'r:.Its i : 1 pu t r~g18ta.1 ee is ' e J + Pif'e) wbere) l " r e , . is

:the ou tp u t r es i sta nc e 0i Gurrem~ m t O " O [ ci. 'c.~j-r! wh·~ti" j's a.f th e nrd er of severn] kg . S o. dl~in,pu1.

r e s J 8 , u a J rm ' t . ·pf op..m p is d(tbe· Q m . e r a ' f M"D ,

5. V i l h f l " t t s ' U ' n . , sig·n~anc~ ~f',~ A '~JlI t tA:7~1r t

I ,~,

It si,gnine.s ~ h l) I lJ .l du f ac tt1 re r" 's n am e , P ah :c td ltl L td . (LM '":m e afis h i s 'TUanuTIictu .~ by . a tional

semiconduetora L~d).

6 . l i a m . ~ e f , a few h m g S speeR ep-,~mip$.'L M 3 1 S : , :HA2.500 and4:M31 il

1, Btitrne~nityg~i;iIlIl 'fr6,qu.eney. of'~:pI-m1"p 1 - What is!1tg, t)'prt!l~ya,tue l'

1~is the f t eQu~na ,y at. wh.ioh open io o p ga t" d~relSes to Ilnity~~pi'bal va lue f , U i 14: > ' 'js 1 IJ'B~~

8" "Vh a( ji, l~e f Jh y~ ~ id ' s ig Jlii jc .~ nc e ~ . anjnl?t1~otfse'i ou"~nt of , 2 t J 'nA . ?

A l l i G p u t nff$e,"cuI1J~.nt o f 20'nh~mples tbat the GJ . ! lD7enfm t il l~ l l, m e b~e ~afqD~ mp u t [ra ~s is to .

ismere tl]il~the. 'eu.~f. allbJ~ghUte bas~ o ;f Jl~hef(np"t ' ( tJ:Os hrtnt by 2[)' ·n-A.

Aim T1)de8i~, and set u l1llie f onQw~ng b~sitj1jP~'f ,~tiomalampmifi~(f"circuits ..

1. ZerQ croBsil lg de'tec.tuli 2 . Inven~Q'g a ;n.;tpUfiep:

a . N i :J n . .~merdngampli~iet '(. Vo tMge fQl~ow:~r

1 5 · " Ad-t ier 6'. D ~ff,re)twampl'i:t i '~

. 7 n~eg-F.a ' tOl 8 " . , 1)~ifferendator _ehl,ponenl's Q Rd equipmmts, -~qu ~'red Ppwer IU IPH~s , leRe] , 'f u nc tio n g pn em t oJ i - o p a - a m p

r ' i81Q.r~t .~apa.cborsand. ;braad b-o std . _ _ I

1. Zero-crossing ne.tee.to:rlZCD) I t i - s , a t ompar~QT" t lla.t"swjt '0hes olltpul betwe~n~Vs~t B adV . . shewn nl tifiure

- ~g1 when in pu t c ro sses z.ero mferenoe vatta;s,t l Q . ve tti I1 J ' ZCD ·ClfCUf ' t . lS . c ' , ' , ' . " ' .



ASf'alJlt~'mu t"vib:ratpr wi t h a. ( lu;ty :ncl·~ other tllan S O%

A&ta1b~e.mul t iv ib ra tor w i th d if ferent t i m , e , _part lod fe r b~gb.a n d l o w J 1 e v e l s of

s~ t u p mo~jfyi~g th e .cireuit as '.h ew n b elow • .outing pos i t ive iawrEItiOQ ar

does n~rt:ttahduC't and capaci tor charges U~rrdu~l l . the resi stor R" S ~ r r n . iarty,

sl tarntiGIt), dJ.'od~ ll'~dpe'&nbt e OD ' p 'w , o t : and th e cspaci tor eb.. rges t l ] ,rough th e

-

\~



~ . O J~n) 'l ate squ a r,e. l"ave witb (ol~owwfl ,g 8pecifitatioH~ f requ<tQty 2 : ,H:.z~ all~Y :c yc le ;;; ' l /4 aluf

YohaS 'e , s 'W iB$ froll~ +4~.5 V to -. i i i~5v~.U s~~ l'h r eCQ~)JP i .Qa t iQn011he atio;ve aireuits, J J se tw o 5 ~1 zener di~od:es .

Z . · D t l I : l y e tllQ e~plll'~~on ft.1 th e tim~ period ( } f astable output waveform

Oero l! ra l expres s ion to r capacner vohage is gil'en by

Vo< = = V,(oo} ·~ [V (O ) ~ v ( a;)H e -r.I RG '\v tl ere V(O) arui ' V ( o o } a re i ni ti .= d~;Ildfinal va lues @ f

yobage i . F/Q,m (be ,eap~o] ' (or warvefo'~ we ,gle~~

i l tQ ) ; ;: ::- ~ V A · l L 1 . 'v ( 0 0 ) =' V~a,~2 J n d , V c ; ; = 8'V~1 a t t = T /2

Subs t , ] lu t ins ' tnese values in IH e expression. (0 eapaeitor vo~m,g" ,we gel;

J $ ~ i t d :=~.~ + '-1 1 '\.~~1~ V~d;~erT/2RC

I[jl~ ili'1;,vI~l! ~ I"') Q,rl,':1T1 !:±l!, W , " ' . a . .VU~· '[UlIIoll, ~ i::l; ~~~ , ....1=~

: ~ JU To dlesignand. set UP! a monosu fbJe mu i t i v i brator IJ]sing op-amp fO r ; a puh\ewid l th 'all 1 m . s : .

IComl l a l~m1a f lu d e :q u i :pm nu Feqmr~ Power suppl ies, CR~ Breadboar-d! st;g:natg,errernto~,

op-aIDp., d i Q d e . , res is to N :ant! ..apaSlkrrs . ,

T h e b i y Manos, taPr l~ 'ml lU i v i bm~o r i', a[SfJ' c alled ope s h a t. .It h as a ' t b le sale hlUld a q~as i -

s tab je s~ te . The · ·c i~ t l i t rerna'D' in s U l i b l e state until t r iggmng signa~ causes a , : t r - a n s , j t i o n tt l~l1as.t ; . itable iU~.te:. .Af,~, . 3 . . time w : l i 1 t e r r v , a , ~ " r n t returns to th e s!lable state. So 8 sing:(€' pU~S'e i~ .

iel'8tttt~dwh011 a , t w i g g e ' w i s . , D ' i l p l i e d . .

C~2H~s i d e rhe : , i l l tnl a t w h ic h the ou t pu t 1/0 = + Vst.t NDW th e d 1 i J Q d ~ Dil c l a m p s . t h e

capaci~er. vo ltu " g .•Vc a t ~l7V. Feedbac:· on Ige av,a~~, ' le at .nQn-~nvert' ih1,g.ermirnaJ m s + . l 1 V so - t ·

Wh~l~' t l le n,eg'~tiv.. g oin § tr ig ge r i 1 S Jtppllt;,d s u c h t iat th e po~e:nda l a~ n O ] ' l _ - i t ) ' l J e J t i n g lerJ1lin~.

bec :om~s le ss th an '1 17 V.. the o u tp 'u t sw it~h ~ to, -11~t. Now ~ , " c _ clap'at~i~o rG1t8'r~ ~ f r u r f j l 1 , e b

R towards - Vsf i~ ' because U ~ J € dilQiI,€ 'be;r;Qmes reverse ' b,i.ed. W~(1l, t h e , ca;plcita't ' v~~tage

beelClmes more negati V6 than - fjVt.n Illle com ' .' ItlJ r_ ,,' .e! b ; ; i ; 1 i it fV.. toaJid ~itorestamchllrgjng to +\1:; : thnu. lg l ! R ~~~th 0 . . ' 1 _ y a r u : l _ C ' becomes ; . t ;~pe~ t~ 0 .7 V.h pUlse Width is,gj,-;en by T=Rd{n~ apprOlfmalely liP = 0,', T = 0.6 Re. ne

t ime peritjti ~;f the t r Igger m(U,sI he larger tHan the 'Ou tpu t ,pu l ae lVidt 'h T~Ttl .Gi.rcu~.do>'· no~

mp61~d to a h:iggtr ' I b : a . t apPean; beflJftl the :.p:cti'fi"fd 9111]!ut ph;cWid~ and hence i f is calltll

rnJ)'flt-retrlueral:i~e..monosho r ,

P ·cedu.

1 . ~df:f w hether U se op-er r tp 's ingo o d'c ;o nm 'o n lo1<iriagit as ZeD o r vluge Ib I lowcr.

2~ . . , • , . J I ~..;Ii 6 " l{_ ~ I " ' I D H re wave .a t dle trfggt

. .'le t u p the m o no steble mu1U V ' t o m - M o r alllu '6~ . 1pp' "ly.. :t sq u a l .



. , I . . ' V 1 J , : 3 1 ' : - - I

I. W l l' ll t a t m 111(;pphUtiau!! of II 1l1!W:Ja,~"le nlUltIvil!rafi ' )r ' 1

- t i e d b m e'hh tiralli. m n . n be1l..s~d'tlltr~gger SCR !!Ina genera 'e a !lil:igfe pulse fbr a Iipec! 0 t t i t J r a l l l '

1 . . Det iv i ; f b i ! ex~S ]1» l fqr til. t ime p erio d: o f q u as i stable st_ Q f ,mOOIJ fable mull!

Gener al ~ "Pl l! !S s i on f or c a paC l to .r V()l(lIg1l °&gi~nb}'

Vc = V(oo) + [V {{!) - V (fX J) le -~fR C

Prant~hl!:capm~iforwaVeformw e £~;

\1(0) ~ 0,V( o o l " " ~ I t . . al i i! Va "" -!1v". t a t t = T

S b s t J t l l p n g i bc&e vnl ll llg 1 1 1 Ihe .e p1leSston. f(fr eapncilor v . o l tage, we get:

-;6v,. . .! ",,' - v ' ru \ + (6 + 1<'! iL)e-T

I R , C o RetlCl ; : T = RO!Tll~j§

1m To

"umn:OR"- :r~mp,

ding tw

ie~

litu

ol tage Q )



D~'~ln

Frequency J = 4R,~JbC' Let J be ' IcH z .

f'ealt to poo~ 4pulpu[ ' O f r amp 1 /opp ~ 2~ X V&at

·Ler ~JW B e5 V and l1.at = = 13 V

As s ume ,RI = = 1 k. Then R'z ~ 1 ,,0 D . Also, take G =:: eLl ttF

Sub~tuJing ~(hesle~ a:lu eB ; w e g et!, R3 ~ 1g - k. U se 12 k s f a

Amswet'ied· '~hla v l ! ) ~ e qll~tl¢pllS

1. $}ttr ive the ,~xp're$S1Qn f O l r th e f requenoy.

leory

' 11~ t

ae m

n be

1 . 'P r oaf of 1= ~ R 3 C n..inv

- ~ - .~re~llU.me I h l ! . t th e tomparatar 1 l u t p ; U l : IS . + V""". The," th e yolt l ' !8e at the ; p b i l t P L t V ; ~ ~ *ee ti l

t b i s . till1€; i~~~grab~Ft rl ;pu t i s s : te$dH~ fa ll ing .. W h e n ~he r amp YU~:t~&g;atP q p ; m l s ~come seoml lar~ tor ' s,wltche~tQ~ppoai,t~sa tura t i~~ 'nh : t v e ; [ . rn the

50 , peak a m p l i l l . l d g c b ' f t amp Vra"lP = V at ~ = I 1 V s.t whe r e i J =-t. ~k to I l ! l J k i i l i i j ! : Rea

\rl'tt~ = 2 V 4 " d t · Th~exprc;gsion ii'll' tl1e intewatm; I'lUtput is V" = -n1t: ~ . .d t.] . n m :t,tl swj.~t .'- f fY ii im ~ l~ ...i!1....-,l. 'fIA 1/' . ' , i I i . . . b,,~H'" 'l 'll'iilf'll'jJ. . F I I l : I V, ' : ;, . . '" i f i , ·T-·~.~/~ tu raUo' .do IO,' . ltV' , ".i[-'q'l',UiliP IL..'''-'-V·TilimM ~ .Ii.~~IIII. <I I i J r , • •H. Iu o : i I I - . . 5 ! , . " 't ~ QI J ~~

mirHt

• I f .

,t litl"O

t u rn ,

gative

ijhene

S a : w

mneh

neram

J.'~



~' ~

d. .. ~l n.....; (IItArs D and ~, El

ann ;md paralll ftC l le l iWQr.K in the ~,glJ lmng a••••· ~",_,,,,,,,,. ' ...i.,.~' are c O l i n .

d ie rem aining tw o aitds. '1l'1e c ond ition 0f zero ph~5@sfi l f i a ro u nd . th e . c l i i ' ( ' ; u i t is ! l:!:b'~

b3 .~nc iFl i 'd t l1e~ilge. ~e rmque l1~o r ; O ' s c i H a t i i lS'!Qe ret~Oi'Ial1lt..~~l'lf(!-:t 0t I b e ~ ~ ~f.~ art IS glVtlIl by tne, ~P '~SJ 1M] I~= 2 1 r RC - Ii"· m ..re an.u¥SJS 0 thg c ;,ire ' ~ . I! la

be ~n that ~ ~~db!iCk fa~'Qr !}= 1/3 , :3 .1 tl11t:~ueIIDY of oscillation, There t ;1 t , .

u r . . m u m d O O C I I l a t i o n , tile am p U t i e r m u s t fl.ave a gam of S. ,~ Pro

L ,Set up th e cilCllit :rf~ V e r i f 1 in g w l le f h e r t h e . " O p .. . a m p is in good CQn.dl tmn

2. ,., ' , T E e down ~he.amph:mde Bud f requency 0). outpU f \ \ '~aveform.

, _ i r c m r i t d i a g r B , in



'Ie

Ir

H,enG

H__n.:2 ~--'F o r s

1 'a~R

"', t( " ~ 1 1 'T 1 e :il ' V : 1 .lu:njt nse



'loUage a,t tie inverfag t_~~I-'

"1 'unp1" f ier b 6 C o t 1 lE ~ - - - - . . . . . . . . . .i . . . . .

Ctllmjuc~ion, Th i s reiduees

vo : il~&e ac ross W L Q a d to " , 1 I -' I" 1 ~ ~ . -

S i t n i t a r l ! · I, iii n y i m , c r e . ; m e m" " e lQ l s e ' e x - a m i n a n

t·Uowe .r. T h e 1 J ( ) J ' t a g e td;

I.

2 .

~ h - . l u u d l l 8 1 1 l r

: " " " - - - - - , '" ' ' ' ' " 'n , ' - " ' It ~d\;J~h l ~ , i t1 11 l p , ~ m ' t L ' «

S et 'the i npu t P O W e r : SUfmh

(!i ,ang l ! ~!O eutpu, t

' M o d V o along y~_

5, No B ~beoutplU c

1JJL . Note lieOY .

o f 100 [Jl. . It is -

C~ pl?e.~sion"



Vh~

3{l V .

~~=1~.5~~;ln== f J 'V'1 .t2

t£;'r dle. cu rrent th nJu gh lo,ftd ' r e S " i s { B r R J j , l~~ 1 D O mAo 'mn f i ; L . = lr lt~A- =1],9n.

U ; S J e . a r b e I D s f a t . to ' v a ~ ; :he. ~ : b a , d ,le~rr;en~ttl f i n d . l~ad I 'e'gRlation.

Let th e c'l}trent ID ~th[iO'ugk th~ ve:n sror-divider fit and R2 b& 1 rnA.,

He~b :o~:E-=o Vrel-"VQ ~ 1 , \ . 'UiA 6 ,= 1 I' ,L, 1 1 ' l i l 1 ' e 1 k .· ' ~ i m - . J 1., ~I!i'j;.(""" 1 ' '{ ;1 I :, - - 1 ~ 1 tn ,~ .. ~ .. U!lJ'. 171m.

R~~ ~ - 6 'V 1 tf : : ~ '" " U '· ~ 5 ' J J : . . k · , ~ t d. ~ - ' I E I =- - 1n~A . ~ u~ '.~'""...J, ~I ," .'

Fer &tabUtty Rs ~ l r - 1 t J A ; ~ As ~e E data sheet, lit, <: R3 < a . 5~;k, ] . -,~~. . '. .

Ta k e I t : . = .2 N " C h n O J D $ ~ eC - l = = o.i pF and C 2 '~ lOOpF.

regulat ion

'lin V . 0 . 1 l . s V o V~U~ ,

I

1

,

I·

~lII<k~ ~,A..' --

", ,Rhelli;i\'po,t.

I ·

'VG

~19'v1

: a-LA

_,

-

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MenSlli~ilUCl1t , e l f 1.4aliQ l- e '~~~1i to tll~g~~.

l ? L is l i l e i t h e t 11~1 0 0 . 1 c . , r o r 1 n : c a p 1 ' t t 1 r . C . I t 'w,u befHIi ' f

J , . . W't}:en ~flI:pt f rew u tf ic y ~ , .~101. veo {lI:YiU ~b~(words~ "leo Cotlpl'Ur~illlp! t freq le,tlJ.:)!. 'If th

tbt1o-w~ O le inp~l ( r n q t . t e - n c y ll.P'liO'~he ' l i m l l of JL'~

~ins is wli~na[ OO'mi t t e -tn:q~-ey. Iftllpm tre

C Q u t d to h r L '~ ' , frll!'II~.e,ne.y e n J , at IG?- lnhe inl lu tr o 1 1 P ' \ 9 $ the ' ~ I 1 i W ' L U ' [ r e q r u e t t e ' ? up'~of 1,,1; ' r t n , p l l l l f ' r e

~~~£req{ l JC '1 l )C ' .

U o k . 51 ; J t l C r ~ 2 - JfJ rtn.oe d J h ie i r _ s 1 im

,1J t l l) i ~ 1 rpu lr~u~t)tY.. £.~9l1 l f~ l ' : O n . g e i 6 ;2 .. . - Iel"bPLL i a~:e t10c..apf~re t n Q ~npul f te~u:C~y.

[IJ]ock lI~8pmr-SiS rL :

P,in ' i J llu lt ' ,

L V -

2 . I h p tl t

3. ]np'lll~

4. veo olttp'blt

5 : . : m . t ~ e iQ l J iUpammi IVCO iI_PlIt'

. ' e :e f~~, Olal~!Jl

Pro~ed$Jre

I . S J} t u rp tie CE~ll:rt ajCl Q bs ,ave iller waio'

tte~neliley. n i S J l T h tttt r u n n 1 I ' l i t T f ~ u e ~ y

2 , Feed all input s i : m ' l a ] , eiUiLe,rs : i J l 1 t · sti1u~

it s f~u~l:lcy '~ tow to hi&' 'and 'nor

'1 D em ~

8- ibte:r

m . V+I ] U l 1 . ~ -



~ - = -Ie 1/

\ 't;; - . - - - Y =2 . ' i , kH %:t~=. 1- , '?- .~

· h_"'qu i ftd eendilon 2 . J; < . R , ! ,< 2 0 k

~lOuF

-:::;;:-~~= ± 1t.. i

~ ~.

a ~ ~ lO'k~0 ; ( J.t:j-~ ~ 66·.5 Hz

'e s u l t . ,_iP. • f I 8-ee rU lIl,nIng r equency

J'O' ~ , • ~

Lock range fL = ,0, • ~ H z~

Capture range I e =.~.H,'"



A n n T o design a fir$t grd~r l 1 ~ , r . r h - p i ~ ' C _ ' ~b 'f",. _ o N t N d. b '~"'"oU"te'nyortb iii - ~ .IV .t..-t1UtH"'¥JkH z WI h a pass ~ ,a nd g ai n of . ,fer lor a l owe r cut on U~

Ol l Jponeo ts and equipme its reqU ired (} ,.

V ut ;;: ~ ;p --

f'~) V o {Vorts}l :~g'f 2 : 0 l !t ') g ( Y a · / V in) d b

II

I

I

I

I

jI

I-

-.,B

2: -~ ~-~ -.---~ --

'R ' ,~,ult . -:Tht"rejjca] / 1 1 - ; : : : , . . ~ .If z

Jne,ot~,~i t ;~ l"p .aSJ~a~d,g~ri~ ~~"

, )~U-df f = .. dS!i J ,ecade

,Sol've~eomri 'uat ion ' q u ' l S t b l D S '

i l l . :SntUI\»n L P F FgI ~ r o n aff ' 0 " , . . , 6 ' 0dB/d¢ieade.

U'se,it second ~,me;rlPf.c~sc ' a J led w~tban~lJi tberfj ,rst Q r - d e r , h r P F . ,

2. S e t l J 1 J i P a ~pal0 a t ! t i z v \ e f tlrer.

OHlserved 18 = = ~ , ' . Hz

Observed pass : ' b ~ a n d .ga in ~ · ~ ·

:

w h e ; r , e A " F := 1 + RF>}R~

For I second Qrder~s le ,Dl1,1

2.:U Firstorder h igJ I P3fJS f i l ter

ec lab experiments

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