INTRODUCTION

Speed is an important part in transportation consideration because it relates to time and safety. As we know, running speed is the average speed over some course is maintained while the vehicle was moving by dividing the length of the some particular course and the time of the vehicle is in motion. The running speed will always be greater than or equal to the speed of travel while the delay wasn't taken into the calculation of speed. This experiment are required to conduct running speed study by recording the time of sample of vehicle from point A to point B which is 3km in order to estimate the distribution of speed of vehicles which are useful in making many speed-related decisions. Running speed study experiment need to find time travel from point A to point B by using some sample vehicle at Sri Mutiara road at peak hours around 4.00pm until 6.00pm. This laboratory is provided with the methodology and guidelines for result and analysis to be presented in our report.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the speed of vehicles travel between two points by using manual calculation.

THEORITICAL BACKGROUD

For selecting a location and layout care must be exercised so that the observer can clearly see any vertical reference posts. The observers should be positioned higher than the study area and be looking down time. The watch is stopped when the vehicles' front wheels pass a reference line in front of the observer. To calculate vehicle speed, use the predetermined study area length and the elapsed time as recorded on the stopwatch data form. The formula is

v= d (km)t (time)

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Running speed study is designed to measure the speed at a specific location under the traffic and environmental conditions prevailing at the time of the study and determined between two points on a roadway. Speeds vary with the type of road and traffic volume. Level of service based on speed is an indicator of quality of traffic flow.

In this laboratory activity, a distance of 0.3km to 0.5km between two points at particular location is chosen and a time for a vehicle passing through from first point to another point is recorded. The running speed is measured by dividing the distance passing through from first point to another point is recorded. The running speed is measured by dividing the distance passing through with the time taken. Common unit km/hr.

APPARATUS

Vest The vest usually have striking and bright color. It is for visible by vehicle on a road and usually used for people that involved in construction road and building especially in the night. The vest can reflect when it hit the car's light. This vest was used when the experiment conducted for student safety at the road.

Stopwatch Stop watch was functionally use when we want to take time for some particular experiment. In this experiment, the stop watch use for take time from point A to point B on the road. There will be 2 stop watch for each group and each stopwatch for each point. For the point A was initial time taken while for point B was final time taken for each vehicles.

Distance tape measurement Distance tape measurement are usually used to measure the distance between point A to point B in 0.3km on the road. There are students for each point between 300km.

Con The con are usually for construction and safety but in this experiment we used two con for each group and one con for each point to give a concern for vehicles there's people on the road. This will help student in our safety.

PROCEDURES:

1. A straight stretch of a road in front of Restaurant Afrin was chosen to be the study site of the running speed study experiment. The distance of straight stretch was 0.3km and marks as point A and B (at the beginning and end of the test section).

2. Two members was place for the each point A and B.3. Chose a position that the vehicles were not be aware that their vehicles was record.4. The members of the each point A and B have to records the last three or four digits of the

plate number and the time that the each car passes to the point A and B.5. Also, the delay time of the vehicles are records and observe (stop at traffic light or etc.).6. Match the times of the beginning and the end of the experiment for each plate number of

vehicles that was record. The difference of the traveling time of each vehicle between these times (minus delay/ stop time if applicable).

7. 100 matched plate number of the speed samples should be same for reasonably accurate results.

TABLE OF DATA

NO NO. PLATE DISTANCE

(km)

TIME SPEED

(km/hr)

TYPE OF VEHICLE

POINT A

(h)

POINT B

(h)

Time taken

(s)

1. 525 0.3 5.02.26 5.02.41 15 0.02 Car

2. 9611 0.3 5.03.16 5.03.45 29 0.01034 Car

3. 3256 0.3 5.03.27 5.03.57 30 0.01 Car

4. 1923 0.3 5.03.33 5.04.02 31 0.00967 Car

5. 9810 0.3 5.03.40 5.04.09 31 0.00968 Car

6. 7030 0.3 5.04.39 5.04.49 10 0.003 Car

7. 1346 0.3 5.04.22 5.04.44 22 0.01364 Car

8. 9986 0.3 5.04.23 5.04.50 27 0.01111 Car

9. 3940 0.3 5.04.42 5.04.52 10 0.03 Car

10. 9087 0.3 5.05.02 5.05.22 20 0.015 Car

11. 5880 0.3 5.05.36 5.05.51 15 0.02 Car

12. 50 0.3 5.05.55 5.06.15 40 0.0750 Car

13. 2726 0.3 5.06.04 5.06.29 25 0.012 Car

14. 6363 0.3 5.06.19 5.06.39 20 0.015 Car

15. 3793 0.3 5.06.26 5.06.47 21 0.01429 Car

16. 7508 0.3 5.06.34 5.06.55 21 0.01429 Car

17. 9238 0.3 5.06.42 5.07.02 40 0.0750 Car

18. 4136 0.3 5.07.02 5.07.23 21 0.01429 Car

19. 5267 0.3 5.07.05 5.07.51 46 0.00652 Car

20. 6754 0.3 5.07.28 5.07.55 27 0.1111 Car

21. 4963 0.3 5.08.02 5.08.14 12 0.025 Car

22. 6031 0.3 5.08.09 5.08.23 14 0.02143 Car

23. 6186 0.3 5.08.16 5.08.27 11 0.02727 Car

24. 9913 0.3 5.08.25 5.08.41 16 0.01875 Car

25. 79 0.3 5.08.34 5.08.50 16 0.01875 Car

26. 6150 0.3 5.08.41 5.08.56 15 0.02 Car

27. 8723 0.3 5.08.46 5.09.06 40 0.00750 Car

28. 709 0.3 5.08.53 5.09.12 41 0.00732 Car

29. 7338 0.3 5.09.11 5.09.24 13 0.02308 Car

30. 8654 0.3 5.09.19 5.09.33 14 0.02143 Car

31. 1721 0.3 5.09.28 5.09.48 20 0.015 Car

32. 567 0.3 5.09.32 5.09.56 24 0.01250 Car

33. 5132 0.3 5.09.34 5.09.52 18 0.01667 Car

34. 4245 0.3 5.10.10 2.10.22 12 0.025 Car

35. 485 0.3 5.10.24 5.10.38 14 0.01243 Car

36. 4072 0.3 5.10.40 5.10.59 19 0.01579 Car

37. 2304 0.3 5.10.51 5.11.07 44 0.00682 Car

38. 634 0.3 5.11.05 5.11.20 15 0.02 Car

39. 4219 0.3 5.11.13 5.11.30 17 0.01765 Car

40. 9445 0.3 5.11.18 5.11.37 19 0.01579 Car

41. 4791 0.3 5.11.38 5.12.00 38 0.00789 Car

42. 4077 0.3 5.12.10 5.12.33 23 0.01304 Car

43. 8655 0.3 5.12.24 5.12.33 9 0.03333 Car

44. 546 0.3 5.12.33 5.12.43 20 0.015 Car

45. 4208 0.3 5.12.37 5.12.48 11 0.02728 Car

45. 6732 0.3 5.12.45 5.13.02 43 0.00697 Car

46. 7726 0.3 5.12.48 5.13.06 42 0.00714 Car

47. 298 0.3 5.12.58 5.13.12 46 0.00652 Car

48. 8898 0.3 5.13.02 5.13.32 30 0.01 Car

49. 7508 0.3 5.13.16 5.13.36 20 0.015 Car

50. 9565 0.3 5.13.28 5.13.44 16 0.01875 Car

51. 4498 0.3 5.13.35 5.14.00 35 0.00857 Car

52. 9340 0.3 5.13.37 5.13.53 16 0.01875 Car

53. 4241 0.3 5.14.19 4.14.38 19 0.01579 Car

54. 951 0.3 5.14.27 5.14.49 22 0.01364 Car

55. 2577 0.3 5.14.37 5.14.54 17 0.01765 Car

56. 9764 0.3 5.14.42 5.15.06 36 0.00833 Car

57. 4582 0.3 5.14.54 5.15.07 47 0.00638 Car

58. 9548 0.3 5.15.22 5.15.36 14 0.02143 Car

59. 7555 0.3 5.15.32 5.15.49 17 0.01765 Car

60. 9138 0.3 5.15.42 5.15.59 17 0.01765 Car

61. 6303 0.3 5.15.51 5.16.06 45 0.00667 Car

62. 8196 0.3 5.16.02 5.16.12 10 0.03 Car

63. 1430 0.3 5.16.04 5.16.29 25 0.012 Car

64. 9142 0.3 5.16.10 5.16.27 17 0.01765 Car

65. 6460 0.3 5.16.16 5.16.31 15 0.02 Car

66. 8411 0.3 5.16.22 5.16.40 18 0.01667 Car

67. 442 0.3 5.16.35 5.16.52 17 0.01765 Car

68. 2881 0.3 5.16.42 5.17.04 38 0.00789 Car

69. 6006 0.3 5.16.58 5.17.21 37 0.00818 Car

70. 8011 0.3 5.18.02 5.18.12 10 0.03 Car

71. 9139 0.3 5.18.04 5.18.15 11 0.02727 Car

72. 1296 0.3 5.18.06 5.18.18 12 0.025 Car

73. 7564 0.3 5.18.08 5.18.34 26 0.01154 Car

74. 3178 0.3 5.18.14 5.18.32 18 0.01667 Car

75. 66 0.3 5.18.15 5.18.35 20 0.015 Car

76. 1138 0.3 5.18.51 5.19.08 43 0.00698 Car

77. 9192 0.3 5.18.56 5.19.08 48 0.00625 Car

78. 7909 0.3 5.18.58 5.19.15 43 0.00698 Car

79. 5096 0.3 5.19.21 5.19.51 30 0.01 Car

80. 4982 0.3 5.19.25 5.19.46 21 0.01429 Car

81. 6381 0.3 5.20.02 5.20.17 15 0.02 Car

82. 4881 0.3 5.20.20 5.20.34 10 0.03 Car

83. 5347 0.3 5.20.25 5.20.44 24 0.0125 Car

84. 8606 0.3 5.20.32 5.20.49 17 0.01765 Car

85. 9286 0.3 5.20.50 5.21.08 42 0.00714 Car

86. 6761 0.3 5.20.54 5.21.10 44 0.00682 Car

87. 97 0.3 5.21.12 5.21.24 12 0.025 Car

88. 4261 0.3 5.21.15 5.21.32 17 0.01765 Car

89. 2220 0.3 5.21.20 5.21.38 18 0.01667 Car

90. 3668 0.3 5.21.24 5.21.40 16 0.01875 Car

91. 4016 0.3 5.21.33 5.21.52 19 0.01579 Car

92. 2528 0.3 5.22.28 5.22.49 21 0.01429 Car

93. 3977 0.3 5.23.00 5.23.20 20 0.015 Car

94. 9172 0.3 5.23.04 5.23.22 18 0.01667 Car

95. 6982 0.3 5.23.07 5.23.25 18 0.01667 Car

96. 3234 0.3 5.23.13 5.23.30 18 0.01667 Car

97. 7653 0.3 5.23.32 5.23.49 17 0.01765 Car

98. 7871 0.3 5.23.51 5.24.08 43 0.00698 Car

99. 7657 0.3 5.24.02 5.24.19 17 0.01765 Car

100 9116 0.3 5.24.12 5.24.30 18 0.01667 Car

ANALYSIS

Time taken = Point A – Point B

= 5.02.41- 5.02.26

= 15 s

Speed = distancetime

= 0.3km15 s

= 0.02 km/hr

DISCUSSION

The data is obtained during laboratory session. Data of 100 numbers of cars need to be taken to determine the speed between distances given. The speed is obtained by compute the time taken of cars pass two checkpoint. The distance between two checkpoints is 0.3km. The data from table is analyzed and it shows that the highest speed obtained is 0.02km/h and the lowest speed obtained is 0.00967 km/h.

During the analyzation, it seen like there is something error occurred became the pattern of the result obtained. As we discussed, there is several error that affect the result which is systematic error. Tools such as stopwatch will disrupt the data if not take simultaneously. Both at checkpoint A and B must start simultaneously to obtain accurate result. Furthermore, others error is parallax error. The distance measured might be affect the data even minor. There also the data was not taken precisely. It need to be measured when the car passed the line (checkpoint).

CONCLUSION

As conclusion, our group has successfully achieved the objective of the experiment which is to determine the speed of vehicles travel between two points by using manual calculation. We have learned identify the pattern of the running speed between two points at a particular location. Next, we have analyzed the data and we have sorted the data acquired in a suitable format which is simple and clean. The highest speed for our running speed study is 0.02km/h while the lowest is 0.00967km/h. This shows that the road have a diversity of vehicle speeds. All in all, this experiment has given us the opportunity to reproduce data similar to the theory that has been taught in class.

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

1. Website: Civilengineeringlaboratory.blogspot.my Title: Spot Speed Study.Author's name: Syarifah Anom

SAFETY AND HEALTH

Student must arrive at each session in time with proper dress code such as lab coat and safety shoes. No slipper are allowed.

Student should read the instruction carefully and follow the laboratory procedures. Don’t touch anything that you are not completely unfamiliar with.

When using the equipment or run the experiment you must take the equipment and use wisely and carefully. You also must return the equipment properly.

Student are not allowed to enter the laboratory without permission from the lecturers or the technician. Working alone in laboratory are strictly forbidden.