“CLIMATE - SMART AGRICULTURE : MAKING AGRICULTURE SMART TO COMBAT CLIMATE CHANGE”

-: Speaker :-SONDARVA YAGNESH M.

Department of Agril. Extension BACA,

Anand Agricultural University Anand - 388110Gujarat, India

ASEMINAR

ON

1

Content

1. Introduction 2. CSA concept 3. CSA approaches 4. Roles of institutions 5. Capacity Development 6. CSA Policy and Programmes in

India 7. Research review 8. Conclusion

2

Introduction

  Change is nature’s law, it is inevitable, and if it is by the virtue of nature is

welcome.

Agriculture is also prone to the climate change which directly and indirectly affecting the farming practices and crop yields.

Farmers face many problems due to climate change.

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4

FOOD SECURITY

“Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary

needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.”

-World Food Summit, 1996

Source: FAO, 20124

(Source: Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook, FAO -2013) 5

What is Climate Change?Climate change refers to the variation in the Earth's global climate or in regional climates over time.

UNFCCC defines climate change as “a change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.”

6

Why the Climate change?

Natural Causes

2. Volcanoes

1. Continental drift

4. Ocean currents

3. The earth's tilt

Man made Causes

1. The Industrial pollution

2. The burning of fossil fuels

3. Deforestation

4. Agriculture

Climate change

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HISTORY OF CSA

2009: Term Climate-Smart Agricultural development 2010: 1st Global Conference on Food Security, Agriculture and Climate Change

in The Hague - the concept of CSA was presented. 2012: At the 2nd Global Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam: Climate-Smart

Agriculture Sourcebook advanced the CSA concept intending to benefit primarily smallholder farmers and vulnerable people in developing countries.

2013: 3rd Global Conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, discussions began on a climate smart agriculture alliance.

2014: Climate Summit in New York, the Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture Action plan was presented.

There have been three Climate-Smart 88Agricultural Global Science Conferences: Wageningen, Netherlands, Oct 24-26 2011 Davis, CA March 20-22 2013 A third in LeCorum Montpellier France, March 16-18. 2015

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An integrated approach to developing technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve sustainable agricultural development for food security under climate change.

It integrates the three dimensions of sustainable development (economic, social and environmental) by jointly addressing food security and climate challenges.

CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes, which are unfamiliar to farmers.

What is also new is the fact that the multiple challenges faced by agriculture and food systems are addressed simultaneously and holistically, which helps avoid counterproductive policies, legislation or financing.

CSA CONCEPT

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Objectives of CSA

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Overview of CSA

Addresses the complex interrelated challenges of food security, development and climate change, and identifies integrated options that create synergies and reduce trade-offs

Recognizes that these options will be shaped by specific country contexts and capacities as well as socio- economic and environmental situations

Assesses the interactions between sectors and the needs of different stakeholders

Identifies barriers to adoption (esp. for farmers), and provides appropriate solutions in terms of policies, strategies, actions and incentives

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Seeks to create enabling environments through a better alignment of policies, investments and institutions

Strives to achieve multiple objectives with the understanding that priorities need to be set and collective decisions made on different benefits and trade-offs

Prioritizes the strengthening of livelihoods (esp. those of smallholders) by improving access to services, knowledge, resources (including genetic resources), financial products and markets

Addresses adaptation and builds resilience to shocks, especially those related to climate change

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Considers climate change mitigation as a potential secondary co-benefit, especially in low-income, agricultural-based populations

Seeks to identify opportunities to access climate-related financing and integrate it with traditional sources of agricultural investment finance

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CSA contributes to the achievement of sustainable development goals: economic, social and environmental.

Uses green economy’s need for more resource efficiency and resilience.

Sustainable intensification: focuses on availability dimension of food security (CSA covers also accessibility, utilization and stability)

CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE

Sustainable intensification

Green Economy

Sustainable development

Links to Previous Approaches

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So what’s new about it ?

Harmonization and

synchronization of practices and

policies

Avoiding contradictory and conflicting policies

by internally managing trade-

offs and synergies

Approach to guide the needed changes

of agricultural systems to address food security and

climate change

Not a new agricultural system or a set of practices

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Supporting Institutions

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CSA APPROACHES

Landscapes management Water managementSoils management Energy management Genetic resources management

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Crops Livestock

Fisheries Forestry

CSA requires coordination across agricultural sector

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Producing and sharing technical knowledge

Providing financial services, credit and access to markets

Supporting the co-ordination of collaborative action

Institutions that produce and share information and help people translate this information into knowledge.

These institutions include organizations and institutional arrangements providing credit, insurance, social safety nets, payments or rewards for

environmental services.

Institutional arrangements are needed to facilitate co-ordination across organizations and sectors (e.g. through networks and knowledge-sharing platforms).

Roles of institution

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WEATHER INFORMATION Current weather forecasts Seasonal forecasts Longer-term climate trends

AVAILABLE OPTIONS INFORMATION Climate smart technologies Climate smart practices

SERVICES TO FARMERS

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FARMER

EXTENSION ORGANIZATIONS

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

FARMER / COMMUNITY BASED

ORGANIZATIONS

MINISTRIES/DEPARTMENTS/AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT

INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS

NGOs

RESEARCH ORGANIZATIOS

INPUT DEALERS

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CSA IN INDIA

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V- KVK SMS Advisory Community Radio

Weather Information Hiring Agricultural Implements

New initiatives in KVK

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•To enhance resilience of Indian agriculture (including crops, livestock and fisheries) to climatic variability and climate change •To demonstrate site specific technology packages on farmers’ fields to cope with current climatic variability •To enhance the capacity of scientists, farmers and other stakeholders in climate resilient agricultural research and awareness of impacts

Project Components • Strategic Research • Technology Demonstrations • Capacity Building • Sponsored / Competitive

research grants

Program areas •Rainfed crop production systems •Irrigated crop production systems •Horticultural production systems •Soil, water and nutrient management •Monitoring of GHGs •Resource use efficiency in agriculture •Improved machinery for adaptation and mitigation •Livestock and Dairy sector •Fisheries including Aquaculture

National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)

Objectives

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Implementationframework

Plan of Work

PRAICAR

FGDNRM Div.

Extn. Div.

Baseline

CRIDA ATARIAction plan

KVK Interventions

Impact & up-scalingNICRAvillage

ZMC for Monitoring& Third party

evaluation

Village level Climate Risk Management Committee

(VCRMC)(10-20 villagers)

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100 Districts selected forTechnology Demonstration

National Innovation on Climate Resilient Agriculture

N

Cold waveCold wave & DroughtCold wave, Drought & FrostCycloneCyclone & FloodDroughtDrought & Cold wave Drought & Flood Drought & Heat wave Drought & Salinity FloodFlood & Cyclone Flood & Salinity FrostFrost & Cold waveHeat wave & Cold waveHeavy rainfall High temperature Salinity & Water logging Scanty rainfall & Salinity Water stressWater stress, Soil erosion & Soil acidity28

Village Climate Risk Management Committee

Comprises of 12-20 members, represent the community• Elected President, Secretary and Treasurer• Manages the custom hiring centre for farm machinery• Under takes repair, maintenance of equipment• Mobilizes fellow farmers for capacity building programs• Collectively decide the implementation of interventions & pass appropriate resolutions• Operates bank account, deposits include hiring charges and farmers share towards critical inputs like seed, breeds & other inputs

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Small Farm Mechanization through Custom Hiring Centres

• Facilitates timely sowing operations in narrow windows of moisture availability• Precision planting, good germination and better crop stand• Access to small & marginal farmers of costly machinery• Crop residue recycling• Water saving, in situ moisture conservation• Increase in crop productivity• Labor saving• Multiple operations e.g. planter & rotavator

Most Popular Implements in CHCs• Zero till drill• Drum seeder• Rotavator• Happy seeder• Ridge & furrow planter• Multi crop planter• Multi crop thresher• Power tiller 30

In XII Plan period, the vision is to develop at least 50 CSVs by 2016-17.These villages should act as hubs for upscaling climate smart practices under NMSA.Vision is to have all these villages fully comply with climate resilience practices like:

1. Utilization of complete surface water harvesting potential

2. Mandatory ground water recharge structures

3. Fertilizer use only based on soil testing

4. Nitrogen application based on better products

5. Use of energy efficient pumps for water lifting

6. No burning of crop residues; mandatory greening of waste lands with tree cover

7. Green and brown manuring to the extent feasible

8. Water saving paddy cultivation practices (direct seeding, AWD etc.)

9. Mandatory vaccination of livestock for seasonal diseases

10. Livestock feeding, housing and manure management that emit least methane

11. All farmers to have access to agro advisories through mobiles

12. Appropriate weather insurance packages identified

Towards Developing Climate Smart villages

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Climate-Smart Village Programme Participatory approach of promoting CSA

• Strategy• Integrated farmer participatory approach

• Builds on local knowledge and plans

• Precision agronomy principles

• Use of modern ICT tools

• Capacity strengthening and technology targeting

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1800

1300

800

300

-2002010 2012 2014 2016

Num

ber

of

Clim

ate

Smar

t Vi

llage

s

End of2016

Climate Smart Villages In India

Source: Pramod aggrawal (2015), CIMMYT-CCAFS

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Key Interventions in a Climate-Smart Village

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 1. To undertake a capacity gap analysis in the climate smart technologies and practices. To establish the existing capacity on CSA technologies and practices at the national and county

levels

2. To develop training materials to support the capacity development gaps identified. To facilitate participatory stakeholder engagement workshops to develop and test training

materials

3.To strengthen institutional and community capacity and partnership to deliver climate services and products.

To retrain and re-orient the rural agricultural advisory services in selected counties to deliver on CSA technologies and practices

1. Enhance meteorological service capacity to downscale weather and climate information for agriculture

2. Build capacity to collect and use agro-meteorological data to inform decision making by end-users

3. Package climate information into user friendly formats and disseminate to end users4. Support CS Agricultural demonstration centres in the counties5. Coordination and integration of the various climate change units6. Set up national and county platforms for innovation funds for CSA

To develop and strengthen capacity to support CSA technologies and practices

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To disseminate information on CSA technologies and practices.

To develop a communication strategy To coordinate and promote a network of CSA communities to facilitate

information and knowledge sharing and exchange To use of traditional media with innovative media for information

dissemination, Like employing ICT, print media,, drama, song, dance, etc.

To develop, re-package and disseminate knowledge products and services to promote CSA technologies and practices.

To downscale weather and climate information To strengthen collection and utilization of agro-meteorological data to inform

CSA To re-package climate information into user friendly formats To promote private-public partnerships in developing climate products and

services. To use these products to support and equip the Climate Change Resource Centre  

To generate and disseminate knowledge and information to support CSA

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National Solar Mission

National Mission for Enhanced

Energy Efficiency

National Mission on Sustainable

Habitat

National Water

Mission

National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture

National Mission for Sustaining

the Himalayan Ecosystem

National Mission for a Green India

National Mission on

Strategic Knowledge for Climate

Change

National Action Plan on Climate Change

(NAPCC)

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To make agriculture productive, sustainable, remunerative and climate resilient;

To adopt comprehensive soil health management practices based on soil fertility status;

To optimize utilization of water resources through efficient water management;

To conserve on-farm resources through appropriate resource conservation technologies;

To develop capacity of farmers & stakeholders in the domain of climate change adaptation and mitigation measures;

To pilot models in select blocks by mainstreaming rainfed technologies and leveraging resources ;

To establish an effective inter and intra Departmental/Ministerial co-ordination for accomplishing key deliverables of NMSA

NMSA Objectives

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Newly launched CSA related schemes in India

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CSA IN GUJART

SOLAR CO-OPERATIVE

SAUNI YOJANA

SOIL HEALTH CARD SCHEME41

BUILDING SYNERGIES

International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), New Delhi;

ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute (ATARI), Ludhiana, Punjab

Haryana State Department of Agriculture (DOA) developed guidelines for mainstreaming the Climate-Smart Village (CSV) Programme through Local Adaptation Plan of Action (LAPA) in India.

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Source: Aryal et al. (2015), CIMMYT-CCAFS

Linkages among NAPCC, SAPCC, LAPA and Climate Smart Villages (CSVs)

4243

Name of Project 

Agency 

Focus Area 

Climate Change Adaptation in RuralAreas of India (CCA‐RAI)

 

GiZ, MOEFCC 

Implementation in 4 states ‐ MP, Rajasthan, TN, and WB. Supported SAPCC in 18 states

Climate Smart villages 

CGIAR‐CCAFS 

Haryana, Bihar, Punjab andMaharashtra – 1000 villages

Climate Change Adaptation (in semi‐arid regions)

Watershed Organisation Trust (WOTR)

Maharashtra, MP, Rajasthan, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, Jharkhand

Programme on Sustainable Agriculture, Livestock , water resource

management and others

BAIF Development Research Foundation

Multiple states across country

Small Holder Agriculture & Climate Change and Natural Resource

Management

Oxfam (India) through numerous grassroots NGOs

 

Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand

 

Toolkit to enable local governments to develop climate resilience

ICLEI Three cities: Shimla, Bhubaneswar and Mysore.

strategies and plans of action Adapting to Climate Change in

Urbanising Watersheds (ACCUWa)

ATREE 

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu 

Adaptation through collaborations and NGOs

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1. Water conservation and water harvesting.2. Drought proofing including afforestation and tree plantation .3. Irrigation canals.4. Provision of irrigation facility to land owned by SC, ST/beneficiaries under

IAY.5. Renovation of traditional water bodies.6. Land development .7. Flood control and protection works including drainage in water logged areas.8. Rural connectivity to provide all weather access.9. Agriculture related works10.Livestock related works 11. Fisheries related works12.Works in coastal areas13.Rural drinking water related works14.Rural sanitation related works15.Any other work notified by the GOI

MGNREGA INTERVENTION FOR CSA

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Research Review

46

Figure : 1 Distribution of farmers according to their

knowledge level about climate change

Himachal Pradesh Sarkar and Padaria (2015)

n=100

19

19

32

21

9

Very lowLowMediumHighVery high

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Table 1 : Distribution of farmers according to major coping mechanism adopted by them to mitigate the impact of climate change

Sr. No. Coping mechanism Small

FarmersMedium Farmers

Large Farmers Total Farmers

A. Technological mitigation

1 Change in cropping pattern 60.00 40.00 26.67 42.22

2 Mixed/inter cropping 93.33 76.67 56.67 75.56

3 Cultivating tree crops 0.00 10.00 76.67 28.89

4 Soil organic matter enhancement 46.67 46.67 16.67 36.67

5 Drought resistant crops 13.33 43.33 20.00 25.56

6 Mixed farming system 93.33 76.67 43.33 71.11 B. Socio-economic factors 7 Reduced consumption expenditure 60.00 50.00 0.00 36.67 8 Shifting to other profession 80.00 50.00 20.00 50.00 9 Borrowing 86.67 50.00 10.00 48.89

10 Crop insurance 6.67 16.67 10.00 11.11 11 Selling of land and livestock 26.67 6.67 3.33 12.22 12 No response 6.67 23.33 23.33 17.78

Karnataka

n=250

48 Asha et al. (2012)

48

Adapted measures Yes (%) No (%) Don’t know (%)

1 Intercropping 92 08 00

2 Rain water harvesting 29 70 01

3 Mulching 95 05 00

4 Zero tillage 00 12 88

5 Improved varieties 52 40 08

6 ITK knowledge to control disease, insects and pests

95 05 00

7 Use of insurance 00 25 75

8 Agroforestry 69 29 02

9 Crop rotation 37 52 11

Table 2 : Distribution of farmers according to coping and adaptive strategies adopted by them to combat impact of climate change

Shukla et al. (2015)Sikkim

n= 300

49

Sr. No.

Particulars No. Per cent Rank

A. Personal constraints1 Small size fragmented land holdings 90 60 I2 Low literacy level 84 56 II3 Inadequate knowledge of how to cope or build resilience 68 45 III

4 Traditional belief /practice on the related farming practices 46 31 IV

B. Institutional constraints5 Poor extension service on climate risk management 108 72 I6 Poor access to information source 93 62 II7 Non availability of institutional credit 78 52 III

C. Technical constraints8 Non availability of drought tolerant variety (timely) 107 71 I

9 Lack of access to weather forecasting technology and poor reliability on it 99 66 II

10 Highly dependent on monsoon 96 64 III11 High cost of irrigation facilities 69 46 IV12 Difficulties in shifting to different cropping patterns in short duration of

time63 42 V

13 Lack of technical know how on climate change and its consequences and adaptation strategies

60 40 VI

Karnataka Kumar et al. (2013)

Table : 3 Distribution of farmers according to constraints faced by them in adoption to climate vulnerability

n=150

50

Preferences/expectations No. Per cent

Rank

Research To develop varieties that could tolerate drought 43 73.33 IIAppropriate and accurate forecasting / forewarning techniques 46 76.67 ITimely visits of the scientists/extension workers for rendering timely advisory on the agronomic practices

38 63.33 IV

To develop low cost inter cultivation implements suitable for dry lands 41 68.33 III

Formulation of contingency plans well in advance to cope with the crisis and creating awareness among farmers

36 60.00 V

Extension Voluntary organizations should take initiation to construct farm ponds and water harvesting structures

44 71.66 I

Awareness and guidance on relief programmes 26 43.33 IIITimely financial support from the Govt. bodies to face the crisis the losses

40 66.66 II

Utilizing mass media for dissemination of ameliorative measures to save the crop

23 38.33 IV

Praveena et al. (2014)Hyderabad

Table 4: Distribution of farmers according to preferences/expectations from research scientists and extension officers to overcome drought n=60

51

Figure 2 : Distribution of farmers according to their Levels of preference by scoring and bidding (WTP) for rice-growing technologies

RWM SRI LLL IS INM GM LCC DTV CD WA CI0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.54

3

1

2 2

3

2

1

3

4 44 4

1 1

2

4

2

1

3

2

3

Scoring Bidding

Level of technology

Pref

eren

ce le

vel s

corin

g/ b

iddi

ng

Taneja et al. (2014) Bihar

IGP = Indo-Gangetic Plain; WTP = willingness to pay; RWM = rainwater management; SRI = system of rice intensification; DSR = direct seeding; LLL = laser leveling; IS = irrigation scheduling; INM = integrated nutrient management; GM = green manure; LCC = leaf color chart; DTV = drought-tolerant variety; CD = crop diversification; WA = weather advisories; CI = crop insurance.

60

52

Figure 3 : Distribution of farmers according to Level of preference by scoring and bidding for wheat-growing technologies

ZT FIRB IS LLL INM LCC WA CI0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

3

1

2

4

2 2

4

2

4

1

4 4

3 3 3 3

Scoring Bidding

Level of technology

Leve

l of p

refe

renc

e sc

orin

g/bi

ddin

g

WTP = willingness to pay; ZT = zero tillage; FIRB = furrow-irrigated raised bed; IS = irrigation scheduling; LLL = laser leveling; INM = integrated nutrient management; LCC = leaf color chart; WA = weather advisories; CI = crop insurance.

Haryana Taneja et al. (2014)

60

53

53

25%

66%

29%

Low (< 16.20)Medium (16.20 to 19.30)High (>19.30)

Figure 4: Distribution of Extension functionaries according to awareness about climate change and its effect on agriculture

n=120

Anand Patel et al. (2013)54

67%

28%

33% Low (18 to 52)Medium (53-64)High (65-69)

Figure 5: Distribution of extension professionals according to their knowledge regarding impact of climate change in agriculture

n-=75

Ghanghs et al. (2015)Hisar 55

Table 5 : Distribution of Extension Agents’ according to their Sources of the Information on Climate Change

Informationsource

Very useful Useful Not useful Mean Rank

Boss 186 (64.8) 98 (34.1) 3 (1.0) 2.63 4

Clientele 144 (50.2) 139 (48.4) 4 (1.4) 2.49 7

Colleagues 136 (47.4) 147 (51.2) 4 (1.4) 2.46 8

Training 215 (74.9) 71 (24.7) 1 (0.3) 2.74 2

Research stations 191 (66.6) 91 (31.7) 5 (1.7) 2.63 4

Books and journals 134 (46.7) 142 (49.5) 11 (3.8) 2.43 10

Electronic media 223 (77.7) 60 (20.9) 4 (1.4) 2.76 1

Internet 165 (57.5) 104 (36.2) 18 (6.3) 2.51 6

Bulletins 140 (48.8) 134 (46.7) 13 (4.5) 2.44 9

Conference and seminar

191 (66.6) 91(31.7) 5 (1.7) 2.65 3

Ale et al. (2016)Nigeria

n=297

56

Table 6: Distribution of extension professionals according to their training needs

No. Title of the Course Mean score Rank1 Workshop on Promotion of Integrated Pest Management 1.29 VI

2 Workshop on Climate Change And Its Effect on Agriculture & Allied Fields

1.68 I

3 Workshop on Community Based Natural Resources Management 1.34 V

4 Workshop on Promotion of Organic Farming for Sustainable Agriculture

1.47 II

5 Workshop on Knowledge Management System And Web Designing for Agriculture & Allied Fields

1.45 III

6 Workshop on Value Addition And Post Harvest Management of Agricultural & Horticultural Crops (NHM)

1.41 V

7 Workshop on ICT Application In Agriculture & Allied Fields 1.27 VII

Patel at el. (2015)Anand

n = 100

57

Table 7: Distribution of beneficiaries according to impact of Agro Advisory Service in terms of their technical knowledge

Sr.No

Knowledgelevel

Before After % Change

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Low(0 - 9)

295 38 163 21 -17

2 Medium(10 - 18)

403 52 465 60 8

3 High(19 - 28)

77 10 147 19 9

Total 775 100 775 100

Sushil et. al (2015)Raipur

n=775

58

Table 8: Distribution of beneficiaries according to impact of Agro Advisory Service in terms of their adoption of recommended practices

SrNo.

Adoption level

Before After % Change

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

1 Low(0 – 8)

263 34 70 9 -25

2 Medium(9 - 16)

364 47 473 61 14

3 High(17 - 24)

147 19 232 30 11

Total 775 100 775 100

Raipur Sushil et. al (2015)

n=775

59

Mrs. S. Meenakshi Ammal Allikundam NICRA Village of Kovilpatti Centre 8 acres of landunder cotton cultivation. SVPR 2 variety was grown during Rabi 2014-15. series of AAS bulletins were issued which was followed as such by the farmer.

Success story of a farm woman

Higher profit obtained by Mrs. Meenakshi Ammal is attributed to: She followed all the AAS issued and carried out all farm operations in time. She avoided insecticide spraying two times due to rainfall forecast.

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Details of AAS issued to Meenakshi Ammal at Allikundam

Date Advisory given Reason behind the issue of AAS19-08-2014 Initiate sowing/ seed treatment Start of pre-monsoon rain06-09-2014 Gap fill on the 10th day For optimum plant stand in the field

20-09-2014 Thinning For optimum plant density in the field

08-10-2014 Avoid spraying of insecticides About rainfall 22 mm was expected15-10-2014 0.5 % urea and 1% KCl spray to

check nutrient deficiencySufficient moisture available due to rain

22-10-2014 Nipping of terminal buds To arrest vegetative growth04-11-2014 Foliar spray of TNAU Cotton Plus To mitigate mid season drought and

reduce flower and square shedding

19-11-2014 Spray to control Bacterial leafblight

Moist and humid conditions favorm leaf blight disease

26-11-2014 Imidacloprid 100 ml ha-1 or NSKE3% spray

To control leaf hopper infestation due to humid weather

31-01-2015 Harvesting during morning timeand proper storage

To harvest quality kapas to fetch higher price in market.

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Comparison of BC ratio analysis between Meenakshi Ammal AAS and non-AAS farmers in rainfed cotton

Input details AAS Farmer Non-AAS FarmerField preparation cost (` ha-1) 1500 1500

Seed cost (` ha-1) 1900 1900

Seed treatment (` ha-1) 650 50

Fertilizer cost (` ha-1) 4850 7300

Labour cost (Weeding, Nipping, sprayingof fertilizers and pesticides) (` ha-1)

4750 4500

Cost of plant protection (` ha-1) 9500 14000

Harvesting (Transport and picking) 7500 5500

Cost of cultivation (` ha-1) 30650 34750

Kapas yield (q ha-1) 25.5 21.25

Price of cotton (` q-1) 2800 2800

Total income (` ha-1) 70,700 59,500

Net profit (` ha-1) 40,050 24,750

Benefit cost ratio 2.30 1.71

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CASE STUDY

63

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Organization(s) Involved:• Centre for Development Informatics (CDI) • International Development Research Centre (IDRC)   • University of Manchester, UK • Timeframe 2007 – 2011 Location/Region:• Adi tribal community, Siang river valley and foothills of the Eastern Himalayas, Arunachal Pradesh

State, North-East India  Condition: • Smallholders and practice slash-and-burn cultivation for subsistence, and production is low.• 40 % of the population live below the poverty line.• The environmental conditions are hard: mountainous terrain, regular natural catastrophes and

irregular rainfall during the wet season.   Primary Objective:• To provide better information about climate-smart agriculture in order to raise awareness and adoption

of practices that are sustainable. • The aim of such practices is to increase productivity, resilience, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions

and enhance food security and development. Expected Results:• The adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices by the beneficiaries is the main expected result.  

eArik : Using ICTs to Facilitate "Climate Smart Agriculture" among Tribal Farmers of North East India

(Saravanan, R. 2011. http://www.niccd.org)64

65

65

Results To Date:• 44 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on rice • 92 % of farmers implemented climate-smart practices on mandarin • 42 % of farmers reported increased production of rice • 29 % of farmers reported increased production of mandarin • 55 % of farmers moved from slash-and-burn to settled cultivation • Increase of income  

Success Factors:• It is estimated that the e-Arik approach is 3.6 times cheaper than a conventional

agricultural extension system and that farmers can access information 16 times faster.• each farmer is saving – on average – Rs.2,400 (US$53) per year in fuel costs due to

journeys to the agricultural extension office that would previously have had to be made, but which can now be foregone. (Saravanan 2008a).

Critical success factors :• Use of trusted local intermediaries between experts and farmers• Appropriate use of a wide variety of ICTs• Multi-stakeholder partnership  

Scale-Up Potential:• A scale-up phase of the project is planned with further government funding. • The goal is to replicate the project in the other seven north-east states of India. • There, a greater emphasis will be on the use of mobile phones.  66

Conclusions

75

CSA brings together practices, policies and institutions that are not necessarily new but are used in the context of climatic changes which is prime requirement in arena of climate change.

Farmers possessed low level of knowledge regarding climate change, and they adopted traditional methods to mitigate the impact of climate change. Small land holdings, poor extension services and non availability of stress tolerant verities were the major problems faced by the farmers in adoption to climate change.

Extension functionaries were having medium level awareness about impact of climate change on agriculture. They used electronic media, training and conferences and seminars as major sources of information for climate change. They needs training on climate change related aspects.

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