ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

nino ivaniaZe

pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis problema

vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.)

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

warmodgenili disertacia

axali qarTuli literaturis istoria

samecniero xelmZRvanelebi: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori iuza evgeniZe

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori manana kakabaZe

Tbilisi2009

avtoris stili daculia

2

sarCevi

Sesavali ......................................................................................................................................3Tavi Igmiris (`kai ymis~) ideali vaJa-fSavelas TvalTaxedviT ............................11Tavi IIpirovnebis sulieri transformaciis qristianuli motivebi poemebSi:`aluda qeTelauri~, `gogoTur da afSina~ da `eTeri~ ................................201. `aluda qeTelauri~A ...............................................................................................202. `gogoTur da afSina~ .............................................................................................343. `eTeri~ ............................................................................................................................42

Tavi IIIznesruli pirovnebis socialuri daniSnulebis sakiTxi poemebis:`stumar-maspinZlis~, `baxtrionis~ da `gvelis-mWamelis~ mixedviT ........521. `stumar-maspinZeli~ .................................................................................................522. `baxtrioni~ ....................................................................................................................663. `gvelis-mWameli~ .......................................................................................................87

Tavi IVrwmenisa da sindisis problema pirovnebis sulieri transformaciissakiTxTan mimarTebaSi .....................................................................................................1071. `kaci marTali~ ...........................................................................................................1072. `svindisi~......................................................................................................................117

Tavi Vbunebis gancdis sakiTxi pirovnebis sulieri transformaciisproblemasTan mimarTebaSi ..............................................................................................1271. pirovnebisa da samyaros cnobieri arsis urTierTdamokidebulebissakiTxi..................................................................................................................................1272. mTa _ pirovnuli zecnobierebis saxe-simbolo poema `mTaTaerTobis~ mixedviT ........................................................................................................135

daskvna .....................................................................................................................................142literatura ..........................................................................................................................151

3

`nuTu adamianis suls ki ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli~

vaJa

`jer ars Tquenda meored SobaÁ~

ioane 3.7

Sesavali

vaJa-fSavela, rogorc mwerali da moazrovne, is fenomenia, romelsac

ZaluZs yvelaze gamZle da Rrma azri yvelaze didi gulubryvilobiT

gamoxatos wyaros rakrakSi, ias sicocxleSi; dagvajeros, ra saSinelebaa

uzarmazari lodebis dumili maSin, roca poets maTi ametyveleba surs,

raTa adamianebs, romlebsac erTmaneTis aRara swamT, adamianuri eniT

auwyon WeSmariti da araerTxel Tqmuli sityvebi. vaJas humanizmi

mravalgzis aRniSnula da es miuTiTebs imaze, rom misTvis adamiania

samyaros centrSi. adamiani, romlis yofis, zneobrivi ganviTarebis

winapirobas pirovnebebi qmnian. vaJas gmiri _ gmiria am sityvis

literaturuli da realuri mniSvnelobiT. gmiri socialurad faseuli

is pirovnebaa, romelsac `mTeli Tavisi sazogadoebaSi ganfenilobis

miuxedavad, srulad veravin da veraferi Secvlis, romlis danaklisi

aunazRaurebelia, araTu konkretuli sazogadoebis, aramed mTeli

samyaros mierac ki~ (93:36). vaJas gmirebis ganumeorebloba imdenad uryevi

WeSmaritebaa, rom maT mier gansaxierebul brZolis motivs maTi saxelis

mixedviTac asaTaureben: `zviadauris motivi~, `joyolas motivi~,

`gogoTuris motivi~ (43...).

gmirTa sulieri Sinaarsis xatvis xerxTan mimarTebaSi erTi aseTi

sakiTxi daisva samecniero literaturaSi: pirovnebis sulieri

transformaciis problema. am problemis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva mkvlevris

mier gamoiTqva sayuradRebo da angariSgasawevi mosazrebebi.

grigol robaqiZem, romelic maRal Sefasebas aZlevda vaJa-fSavelas

`gvelis-mWamels~, am poemis Sesaxeb erTi mniSvnelovani werili poetis

sicocxleSive – 1911 wels gamoaqveyna. pirvelad swored aq iyo

gaanalizebuli poemis gmiris _ mindias Sinagani samyaro. gr. robaqiZe

4

werda, rom `mindia gardaiqmna srulebiT, Seicvala suliTa da sxeuliT~.

misi azriT, gmirma gardaqmna sakuTari pirovnebis sulieri

gaTavisuflebiT, samyaros Tavisufali, Sinagani arsis wvdomiT moaxerxa.

es aris `wvdoma sxvisa~, `sxvad qceva~, rac religiis `Semoqmedi

daniSnulebaa~ (103:25-28).

grigol kiknaZis TvalsazrisiT, gvelismWameli mindias `gardaqmnis~

mizezi intuiciis gamaxvilebaa. mkvlevari miuTiTebs, rom `adamianis

gadasxvaferebis~ magaliTebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs saRvTo werili da

`wmidaTa cxovrebani~ (43:149).

akaki gawerelia 1961 wels statiaSi `qarTuli poeziis dideba~ vaJa-

fSavelas gmirebis sulier gardaqmnas kaTarzisis cnebas ukavSirebda.

mkvlevris TqmiT, isini `gaivlian Rrma zneobrivi krizisis mijnas,

erTgvar kaTarziss~. vaJas gmirebi misi azriT, `zneobrivad axalSobilni

arian~ (19:139-140).

akaki baqraZe sayuradRebo narkvevSi `vaJas mrwamsi~ (15:187-210)

vrclad saubrobs vaJa-fSavelas poemebis gmirebis gardaqmnis _

feriscvalebis Sesaxeb. igi am gardaqmnis sawyis etapebze amaxvilebs

yuradRebas. a. baqraZe ara mxolod gmirTa sulier metamorfozaze,

aramed maTi tragikuli sikvdilis Semdeg TviT sazogadoebis Sinagan

mSvinvier ganwmendaze saubrobs.

pirovnebis Sinagani transformaciis problema miTosuri planiT

gaazrebulia Tamaz Cxenkelis wignSi `tragikuli niRbebi~. mkvlevris

dakvirvebiT, afSinas, aluda qeTelauris, luxumis gvelis, joyola-aRaza-

zviadauris, da bolos, gvelismWameli mindias `feriscvalebis~ miTosuri

modeli `zesknel-qvesknelis saufloSi arsTa gardacvaleba-ganaxlebas

gulisxmobs~ (78:184).

zurab kiknaZe werilSi `baxtrionis dasasruli~, vaJa-fSavelas

humanizmis udides gamovlinebad `baxtrionSi~ gvelis _ satanis keTilad

gardasaxvas miiCnevs. misi azriT, es aris `esqatologiuri legenda~

(48:120).

darejan xergiani narkvevSi `zeaRsvla aluda qeTelauris mixedviT~

(87:140-145), aluda qeTelauris pirovnul transformacias qristianul

motivs _ zneobrivi ganwmendis gzas ukavSirebs.

5

qristianuli sinanulis motivia vaJa-fSavelas gmirebis sulieri

transformaciis stimuli Tamar SarabiZis wignSi (72... ). am motivis

kvalobazea avtoris mier ganxiluli aluda qeTelaurisa da afSinas

gardaqmna.

problemis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis am arasruli

mimoxilvidan Cans, rom qarTul literaturul kritikaSi vaJa-fSavelas

SemoqmedebaSi pirovnebis gardaqmna, metamorfoza calkeul filosofiur

Teoriebze dayrdnobiT aris warmodgenili da am TvalsazrisiT, mxolod

ramodenime poemaa yuradRebis centrSi moqceuli.

naSromis mizania, vaJa-fSavelas epikur TxzulebaTa Seswavlis

safuZvelze warmoaCinos pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis problema

misi socialur-fsiqologiuri da zneobriv-esTetikuri Sinaarsis

mixedviT; daaxasiaTos vaJas gmirebis sulSi mimdinare procesebi da

TvalsaCino gaxados maTi sulieri gamorCeva, amaRleba, am procesis

Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba; aseve, gamokveTos is mxatvruli saSualebebi,

riTac mwerali genialurad axerxebs sakuTari Tvalsazrisis

warmodgenas.

vfiqroT, Cveni amocana moiTxovs pirovnebis xasiaTis socialuri

daniSnulebis kvlevis gaTvaliswinebas literaturis istoriis uwyvet

procesSi.

pirovnebis xasiaTis Camoyalibeba tragediis, rogorc literaturuli

gvaris ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda. Tumca, misi preistoria

gvamcnobs, rom tragediis gmiramde msoflio xalxTa pirvelyofil

folklorSi arsebobda e.w. kulturuli gmiris saxe (101:114-132). mis

Sesaxeb gadmocemebi win uswrebs rogorc miTis, aseve mxatvruli epikuri

Semoqmedebis ganviTarebas. Tumca, es warmodgenebi ukve Seicavs

xelovnebis, religiis, sazogadoebisa da bunebis Semswavlel

mecnierebaTa Canasaxs. kulturuli gmirebi _ e.w. demiurgebi, adamianis

gemovnebisa da moralis pirveli aRmzrdelebi arian. yoveli axali

Cveulebis Camoyalibebis, axali samuSao Tu sabrZolo iaraRis

warmoSobis da ganviTarebis sxva winapirobebis paralelurad maT Sesaxeb

axali legendebi iqmneba da rogorc wesi, axali monapovari am gmirTa

saxelebs miewereba.

6

gmiris saxis am pirvandel warmodgenebSi tragikulis gancda jer

kidev ar arsebobs. maTi yoveli nabiji sazogadoebis mier kanonad da

dogmad aRiqmeba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom faqtobrivad, maT SemoaqvT es

kanonebi. es imiT aris gamarTlebuli, rom am periodis gmirebi

`cxovrobdnen~ da `moqmedebdnen~ samyaroSi wesrigis damyarebis epoqaSi.

moRvaweobis Semdeg kulturuli gmiri mSvidad gauCinardeba dedamiwidan

(umravles SemTxvevaSi, romelime astralur sxeulad gadaiqceva).

kulturuli gmiri umaRles safexurs promeTes saxeSi aRwevs, radgan

misi gmiroba WeSmaritad humanuria da tragikulis Canasaxsac Seicavs.

samwuxarod, am eposis uZvelesi saxe Cvenamde moRweuli ar aris.

Tavisi ganviTarebis maRal safexurze kulturul gmirze legenda

SeiZleba gadaizardos religiur miTSi (Tuki mas sakralur-religiuri

datvirTva mieniWeba), an sazRapro eposSi (101:114-132).

rogorc cnobilia, tragediis warmoSoba gmiris sakralizebul saxes

ukavSirdeba. dionises sakulto dResaswaulebze msxverplis danawevreba

da misi Wama, xolo Semdeg misTvis diTirambebis miZRvna, dionises

sikvdilsa da kvlav aRdgomas ganasaxovnebs. miTosuri transformacia

swored am aqts ukavSirdeba. mokluli da Semdeg aRmdgari RmerTi iqca

tragediis simbolod. amitomac `tragedia adasturebs daRupuli,

amaRlebuli xasiaTis ukvdavebas~ (93:24). tragediis gmiris socialuri

xasiaTi da mniSvneloba TandaTan ikveTeboda. antikur epoqaSive igi

rogorc miTosur, aseve sazRapro eposis gavlenas ganicdida. gmiri jer

kidev ar gamoyofda cnobierad Tavis Tavs sazogadoebisagan. antikuri

gmiri dabadebidanve gmiria, magram mTavari is aris, rom es yvelasTvis

cnobilia, amitom TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis brZola ar uwevs. igi

gamorCeulia gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebis an bedis wyalobiT

(`davlaTiania~ _ amas Cven vnaxavT vaJasTanac). gmiri mudmiv brZolasa da

moqmedebaSia, magram ibrZvis mxolod im idealebisa Tu moTxovnebis

dasakmayofileblad, romlebic formaciis mocemul etapze aris

Rirebuli. antikuri gmiri moqmedebs mxolod bedis (moiras) farglebSi.

aseTia elinuri samyaros kosmiuri struqtura: TviT umaRlesi RvTaebac,

bedis sazRvrebSia Caketili. zevsi, romelmac bedis gadawyvetilebiT

7

moipova mamis – kronosis `taxti~, (iseve, rogorc, kronosma – uranosis),

TviTonac Zalauflebis amgvarad dakargvis SiSSia.

aseTi struqturidan Tavis daRweva adamians Tavisi sulieri

ganviTarebis adreul xanaSi ar SeeZlo, Tumca, survili hqonda: xSirad

gmiri bedis sazRvrebsac ebrZvis (an gaurbis), magram mxolod imitom,

raTa erTxel kidev daarwmunos sazogadoeba, rom winaswargansazRvruli

gardauvalia. amis dasadastureblad oidiposis magaliTic kmara.

antikuri gmiri SeiZleba daisajos RmerTebisgan (esec

winaswargansazRvruli bediT) qedmaRlobis gamo. amis magaliTia ukve

miTad qceuli promeTes gmiroba.

miTosuri samyaro dRemde rCeba literaturaSi saxe-ideaTa

gansaxierebis formad.

grigol robaqiZe werda: `miTosi kosmiuri ambavia. Kkosmiuri da ara

`istoriuli~. sallustiusi egeb gagegonoT: Zveli romaeli avtori –

exeba ra attisis miToss, Eeubneba mkiTxvels: `es ar yofila, xolo aris

yovelTvis~. ai, zedmiwevnili formula miTosisa. uxsovar droSi,

sallustiusis dabadebamde qarTveli deda mouTxrobda Svils: `iyo da

ara iyo ra, iyo erTi mzeTunaxavi~, xedavT, qarTvel dedas miTosi

sallustiusamde gaugonia, swored `qarTul genias~…... Tuki `saganis~

qceva `simbolod~ Zalian Znelia, kidev ufro Znelia `ambavis vlineba

miTosad~ (66:54).

Qqristianulma msoflxedvam gmiris axali ideali Seqmna. qristianul

samyaroSi cxovreba adamianisaTvis TviTSemecnebis erTgvar skolas

warmoadgens (89:152-165). am religiis umaRlesi mizani zrdasruli

adamiania, romelic ukve mxatvruli dakvirvebis obieqti ki ara, arCevanisa

da moqmedebis subieqtia.

Tu antikuri tragediis mizezi bedisweris gardauvaloba an

RmerTebis nebaa, romlebic SurisZiebis samarTliT sjian, qristiani

gmiris tragedias misive qmedebebi ganapirobebs. `Tu oidiposi sikeTes

Tesavs da simarTlisTvis iRwvis, amaoa, radgan bedisweram sastikad

gaswira igi, magram risTvis _ ar arsebobs es kiTxva antikuri epoqis

TvalsazrisSi, maRal RmerTTa bedisweris samarTlis mimarT~ (38:30).

8

qristiani gmiri, romelmac Tavisufali arCevani ganaxorciela, svams

am kiTxvas da pasuxsac eZebs. aseT gmirTa Soris pirvelni agiografiis

personaJebi arian. maTi gza gamocdaa, maradiuli sicocxlisTvis

Rvawlia. borotebasTan brZola, romelic arcerTi antikuri gmiris

mizans ar warmoadgens, agiografiisa da zogadad, qristianuli

eposisaTvis mTavari motivia. qristianul tragediaSi aucileblad unda

iyos uaryofiTi gmiri, romelic am borotebas ganasaxierebs. boroteba

sxivmoklebuli sikeTea da mis gasanaTeblad agiografiis gmirebi

sulieri ZalmosilebiT ibrZvian. maTTvis `golgoTa~ gardauvalia da

misken yovelTvis sakuTari nebiT miemarTebian. TviTSewirvis procesi ki

imdenad gasxivosnebulia maradiuli naTlisaken mimaval gzaze fiqriT da

gansjiT, rom TviT am procesis heroikulobis gancdas aWarbebs. amitom

tragediis formebi agiografiam ver mogvca, Tumca, `wminda mxedarTa~

Tvisebebi rainduli eposis gmirebma imemkvidres.

qarTul sinamdvileSi rainduli instituti `kai ymis~ saxeliTaa

cnobili. kai yma, raindi _ es aris ufro metad zneobrivi principebiT

dadaRuli pirovneba, vidre antikuri gmiri. Tumca, Sua saukuneebis

raindTa Tavgadasavlebi TiTqmis sqemebiviT hgavs erTmaneTs (rogorc

agiografiis wmindanebisa). isini erToblivad qmnian zogad raindul,

zneobriv ideals, xolo individualuri nakleb axasiaTebT.

rainduli eposis qristianuli ideebiT nasazrdoebma literaturam

mogvca gmirTa xasiaTebis Seqmnis im epoqis wina etapi, rogoricaa

aRorZineba. `Seqspiris gmirebs ar SeuZliaT arsebuliT dakmayofileba...

gmiri mudmiv moqmedebasa da gardaqmnaSia da misi sulieri cxovrebis

yoveli axali etapi, araTu winas tolfasia, aramed sruliad ganaxlebul

adamianSi miedineba~ (93:60-61). Seqspiris gmirebis buneba winaaRmdegobrivi

xasiaTiTac gamoirCeva. winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis mizezi maTi

arasakmarisi sikeTea. agiografiis gmirebi arasrulfasovnebis patara

naperwkals sakuTar TavSi stoikuri cxovrebis wesiT aRmofxvrian da

maT Semdgom cxovrebas sociumisaTvis magaliTis mimcemi funqcia rCeba.

rainduli eposis gmirebi TiTqmis aseTive stoikuri wesiT cxovroben da

maTi Zalebi ukve gareSe borotebis dasaTrgunad aris mimarTuli.

9

humanizmis epoqaSi es stoikuri cxovrebis wesi ukve moyirWebulia.

samyaroSi dagrovili arasrulfasovnebis daZlevis problemam axali

gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebi moiTxova. Seqspiris tragediaSi TviT

adamians `moaqvs~ sakuTari TavisTvis ubedureba da Semdgom misive

dasaZlevad araadamianuri Zalisxmeva sWirdeba. gmiri, marTalia,

fizikurad nadgurdeba, magram keTili qmedebebiT gamoisyidis danaSauls

da sabolood misi bunebis saTnoebiT aRsavse nawili izeimebs. aseTia

Seqspiris hamleti.

romantizmma bedTan da sinamdvilesTan mebrZoli gmiris axali

Zalebi gamoamzeura. gmiris xasiaTi vlindeba brZolaSi. amiT

literaturuli personaJi emsgavseba yoveli droisa da mimarTulebis

gareT mdgom zRapris personaJs: `gmiri unda aCendes Tavs dro-Jamis

mdinarebaSi, acxadebdes Tavis Sinagan bunebas. dafaruli unda

cxaddebodes gzaSi, faTerakebSi, SexvedrebSi, gadamwyvet wamebSi,

dabrkolebebSi unda cnaurdebodes gmiris Tvisebebi~ (46:252). xolo

zRapris gmirisagan romantikuli epoqis tragediis gmiri Tavisi bediT

gansxvavdeba.

realistur literaturaSi mkveTrad gamovlinda gmiris socialuri

mniSvneloba. amasTanave, igi erovnuli StrixebiTac daitvirTa.

imave XIX-XX saukuneebis literaturaSi warmoiSva da ganviTarda

erTi mxriv, dekadenturi sulis gamomxatveli, nicSesa da misi

mimdevrebis mier Seqmnili individualisturi sulis tragedia da meores

mxriv, dostoevskis adamianuri rwmenisaken Semobrunebuli gmirebis

tragedia. tragikuli gmiris socialuri funqcia da misi xasiaTis

ganviTareba dekadentizmis swored imgvar daZlevas moiTxovda, rogorc

dostoevskis TxzulebebSia warmodgenili.

ai, zogadad tragikuli gmiris xasiaTis ganviTarebis gza. Tu

davukvirdebiT, antikuri mwerlobidan XIX saukunemde gmiris

Camoyalibeba sazogadoebidan misi, rogorc individualuri Tvisebebis

mqone adamianis gamorCeviT aRiniSna, ramac sabolood ganumeorebeli

pirovneba mogvca. tragedia ki sazogadoebrivad Rirebuli, ganumeorebeli

pirovnebis daRupvaSi aisaxa. gmiris tragediis mizezs hegeli `tragikul

brals~ uwodebs, rac mis mier Cadenil qmedebebSi mdgomareobs. am

10

qmedebaTa motivacia ki literaturis istoriis manZilze garemo

pirobebidan nel-nela gadainacvlebs pirovnebis SigniT. amdenad, mxolod

mis garegnul aqtiur ZalebSi ki ar gamoixateba da mimdinareobs

qmnadobis procesi, aramed sulierSic.

qarTuli literaturuli azrovneba dasawyisidanve qristianuli

kulturis monapovariTa da xalxuri zepirsityvierebiT sazrdoobda.

dasavlur da aRmosavlur kulturaTa mijnaze ganviTarebulma qarTulma

mwerlobam, marTalia, aRmosavluri eposis mdidari formebic SeiZina,

magram qristianuli esTetika yovelTvis warmmarTvel funqcias

asrulebda.

genialurma qarTvelma mweralma vaJa-fSavelam uZlieres mxatvrul

saxeebSi warmoaCina bumberazi pirovnebebi, `romlebic cnobierad

gamoyofen Tavis Tavs garemosagan, raTa axleburad, mkveTri SerCeviT

daukavSirdnen mas~ (43:66). vaJas Semoqmed suls yvela is Tviseba

axasiaTebs, romelsac literatura epoqebis ganmavlobaSi amuSavebda _

pirvelqmnili gulubryviloba, miTosuri `ambis vlineba~ da qristianuli

morali. `Tanamedrove qarTvel poetebs Soris vaJa-fSavela yvelaze

idumali da amave dros, yvelaze TviTmyofadi movlenaa. igi yovelgvari

literaturuli skolebis da mimarTulebebis gareSe dgas~, _ werda mis

Sesaxeb gr. robaqiZe (103:43) da amave dros, SeniSnavda vaJas SemoqmedebaSi

gansakuTrebuli STambeWdaobiT moZalebul miTosurs.

11

Tavi Igmiris (`kai ymis~) ideali vaJa-fSavelas TvalTaxedviT

`ver maawoneb karg Yymasa,

rac ar ujdeba WkvaSia~

gmirebs, romelTac vaJa-fSavela xatavs, marTlac axasiaTebT miTiuri

STambeWdaoba. qarTveli mwerlis Semoqmedeba jer kidev mis

Tanamedroveebs _ misi geniis pirvel Semfaseblebs gautolebiaT xalxis

`miTebiTa da TqmulebebiT uSualod STagonebuli~ didi poetebisTvis,

mxedruli idealis Tayvaniscemis, diadi suraTebis xatvisa da mis

TxzulebebSi warmosaxuli samyaros momnusxveli uSualobis gamo.**

tician tabiZe sagangebod aRniSnavda im gasaocar movlenas, rom `sxva

mwerlobaSi da literaturis istoriaSi aseTi mwerlebi ibadebian

mwerlobis dawyebisTanave. es aris xalxis kosmogonia~. misi azriT,

aseTebi arian homerosi da virgiliusi (66:149).

vaJa-fSavelam dekadenturi ideebis epoqaSi SeZlo, uSualo poeturi

intuiciiT wvdomoda aqtualur filosofiur sakiTxebs da yovelgvari

`izm~-ebisgan damoukideblad Seeqmna jansaRi eTikur-esTetikuri

Rirebulebebis mxatvruli samyaro. am SemTxvevaSi is sazrdoobda swored

Tavisi xalxis jansaRi fesvebidan, misi miTebidan da legendebidan.

erTi sayuradRebo Tviseba, riTac vaJa-fSavelas gmirebi miTiur

STabeWdilebas axdenen, sagangebod aRniSnul maT `davlaTianobaSi~

vlindeba. `davlaTi~ fSaur dialeqtSi gavrcelebuli terminia. es igive

RvTaebrivi niSania, romelsac sxvadasxva saxecvlilebiT yvela xalxis

miTosSi SexvdebiT. am niSniT gamorCeuli gmiris Tvisebebi imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom mis Sesaxeb gadmocemebSi zogjer moTxrobilia gmiris

saswaulebrivi dabadebis ambavi, anda araCveulebrivi Zalis qona,

romelic Tandayolilia, an Semdgom, zebunebrivi Zalebisganaa SeZenili.

miTosuri gmiri am gansakuTrebulobis demonstracias mTeli sicocxlis

manZilze axdens an saocari fizikuri ZaliT, an e.w. `Samanuri~

xelovnebiT.

**t. tabiZe, d. kasraZe da sxv. qarTveli mwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb, gv. 149;298-303.

12

gansakuTrebul niSans, Zalas floben vaJas gmirebic:

`aluda qeTelauri, kacia davlaTiani,

safixvnos TavSi dajdebis,

sityva maudis gziani~.

aluda Satilis Temis sayvareli ymaa, es Tundac imaSi Cans, rom

safixvnos TavSi svamen da mis `gzian~ rCevas yurs ugdeben.

qisti joyolac Temis sayvareli gmiria, sanam mas ar gadaudgeba. misi

gansakuTrebuloba im `axirebebSic~ Cans, rasac moZmeebi konfliqtur

situaciaSi axseneben. Tanamemamuleebis mier poemis dasasrulisken

aRniSnulia, rom joyolam swored gansakuTrebuli niSnis wyalobiT

ajoba mTel Tems:

`martoka mtris jars dauxvda,

swored davlaTiT dagvria~.

qistebi, Tumca braziT, magram mainc aRiareben, rom erTi pirovneba _

joyola ufro metia, vidre mTeli Temi.

mindias davlaTi misi `sibrZnea,~ ufro sworad ki, is unari, riTac es

`saunje~ SeiZina.

`baxtrionis~ gmirebic saocari ZaliT arian dajildoebulebi. es

Zalaa rwmena da misiT ganpirobebuli gambedaoba. sanaTa, kviria, lela,

luxumi _ maTi brZola samSoblosTvis sxvadasxvagvaria. sanaTa udidesi

moTminebiT aris aRsavse, kviria da lela _ TviTSewirvis surviliT.

mxolod luxumi ibrZvis, erTi SexedviT, xmalamoRebuli, magram misi

brZola (`cda~ _ fSaur dialeqtSi) da davlaTi ufro laSqrisaTvis

brZnuli da saWiro drouli rCevis micemaSi gamoixateba. yoveli maTganis

`Zalis~ sawindari ki rwmenaa.

`kaci marTalis~ davlaTi marTali guliT soflisTvis zrunvis

unaria. Tumca, igi sofelSi cotas Tu miaCnia `Wkvianad~, magram mainc

misi simarTlis madliT suldgmuloben.

sayuradReboa, rom vaJas gmirebis davlaTi ufro zneobriv sferoSi

mJRavndeba. es pirovnebebi Tavisi TemisTvis srulyofili moralis

gansaxovnebebi arian (sanam zogierTi maTgani Tems ar gadaudgeba).

am TvisebiT isini scildebian zogad miTiur personaJebs, romelTa

saswaulebrivi gansakuTrebuloba xSirad fizikuri monacemebiT gamo-

13

ixateba da mas ara mxolod keTili miznebisaTvis, aramed sakuTari

ambiciebis dasakmayofilebladac, an ubralod, demonstrirebisTvis

iyeneben.

vaJas gmirebis davlaTi ufro metad fSauri legenda-gadmocemebis

gmirTa gamorCeulobas waagavs. `davlaTis~ cneba aq `dovlaTis~ _

materialuri simdidrisagan swored sulieri simdidris niSniT

gansxvavdeba. igi `jvris boZebulia ymisaTvis imis pasuxad, rasac

`samsaxuris wayenebiT~ anu msxverplis Sewirvisas iTxovs~ (49:210).

aRsaniSnavia, rom vaJas swamda gansakuTrebuli niSnis

Tandayolilobisa. patara luka razikaSvilis dabadebisas, Turme misi

Tvalebamde CamoSvebuli Tmebi axloblebs gamorCeulobis erTgvar

niSnad miuCneviaT. `am Tmianobam Tavis Tavze warmodgena ganmidida, raRac

araCveulebriv adamianad momaCvena Cemi Tavi da damisaxa araCveulebrivi

momavali~ – igonebs poeti (28:57).

Tumca, Semdeg davlaTis gamoxatulebis fizikuri niSani vaJas

cnobierebaSi sulierma samyarom – Semoqmedebis niWma Secvala. Semoqmedis

niWi vaJasTan RvTisgan boZebul madlad aRiqmeba. misi dakargva –

sicocxlis madlisgan dacarielebad, did sircxvilad:

`Congurs simebi damiwyda,

vqceulvar mkvdarze mkvdarada.

ubedurad vgrZnob Tavis Tavs,

aRara vRirvar Calada.

.................................................................

momxedos kidev ufalma

iqneb ar Sercxves WaRara.~

`davlaTis~ fenomenis gamorkvevisas mkvlevari zurab kiknaZe vaJas

erT leqss moixseniebs: `martooba~ (`aRar mewvia arwivi~), sadac misi

azriT, swored davlaTis bunebaze xalxuri warmodgenaa gamomJRavnebuli

(49:228-229). am leqsis nawyvets aqve gTavazobT:

`modi, arwivo, sada xar?

SoriTve gicnob xmazeda

Sens mosvlas rogorc ki vigrZnob

gamovicvlebi wamzeda;

14

myis vtoveb dedamiwasa,

gadavsaxldebi cazeda~.

arwivi miTologiaSic da qristianul saxismetyvelebaSic

popularuli simboloa. igi, zogadad, haerisa da miwis stiqias

miekuTvneba.

dante arwivs `RmerTis frinvels~ uwodebda, igi sulis simaRlisa

da zecisadmi aRvlenili locvis simboloc iyo. bibliaSi arwivi RvTis

didebasa da yovlisSemZleobas ganasaxierebs, Sua saukuneebidan ki _

naTlisRebasa da mkvdreTiT aRdgomas (2:24)...

arwivi gansakuTrebiT popularuli frinveli iyo mTaSi. vaJas zemoT

moyvanil leqsSi arwivis simbolo swored zeciur swrafvas gamoxatavs _

aseTia vaJas davlaTi. Semoqmedi genia maRla eweva poets _ mTis arwivs.

aseTive zeaRsvlis precedents qmnian vaJas gmirTa zneobrivi

Tvisebebic. aRsaniSnavia, rom fSauri warmodgeniT, davlaTi Tavs ver

iCens mSvidobiani cxovrebisas, `gansxvavebiT bibliuri iosebisa,

romelsac Tavisi egvipteli batonis saxlSi yvelaferSi xeli hqonda

momarTuli~ (49:228).

vaJas gmirebis namdvili davlaTic swored maSin vlindeba, roca

isini brZolasa da moqmedebaze gadadian (aq ar igulisxmeba

maincadamainc fizikuri Zalisxmeva). Tumca, bibliuri iosebis msgavsad, es

gansakuTrebuloba Sinaganad yovelTvis aris maTSi, magram mxolod

konkretuli situaciebis wyalobiT xdeba misi gamoaSkaraveba. sabolood

isini swored am zneobrivi principebis fonze gamoeyofian da

upirispirdebian sazogadoebas, romelSic cxovroben. es gamocalkeveba da

dapirispireba ar niSnavs maT gandgomas, gaampartavnebas, rac miTosuri

gmirebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. fSavSi amgvar movlenas

(gaampartavnebas) gmiris `gabudayebas~ eZaxian.

`es mTiuluri dialeqturi sityvaa da ase ganimarteba eTnografebis

mier: ... `Temi ikveTda iseT wevrs sazogadoebisas, romelic qonebis

dagrovebisaken iswrafvoda da Temisgan gamocalkevebas cdilobda. Temi

amas gabudayebas eZaxda da gabudayebuls imiT sjida, rom srul

izolaciaSi aqcevda~ (49:212).

15

qonebis dagroveba Tavdapirveli mizezia, Semdgomdroindeli

gandidebisa da qedmaRlobis mizeziT gabudayebaa. aseTebi arian amirani

(igive promeTe), fSaur miTosSi _ TorRva. amirani socialurad yvelaze

Rirebuli miTiuri gmiria, amasTan _ yvelaze qedmaRalic.

miTosSi gmirTa gabudayeba _ gaampartavneba gardauvali, aqedan

gamomdinare, tragikuli movlena iyo. amgvari gaampartavnebisas xati

davlaTs ukan arTmevda gmirs.

vaJa-fSavela erT-erT werilSi _ `fSavelebis amaod morwmunebani~,

gvixsnis davlaTis dakargvis mizezs: `madlians, dovlaTians kacs avi

suli, eSmaki emtereba, scdilobs Seacdinos, RmerTs gadauyenos... bevri

madliani kaci saaqaosac iRupeba. ukuRmarTad midis imisi saqme. es

moxdeba imisgan, rom cotac aris da wascdeba raSime da RmerTi am cotas

codvas, madlianis kacisagan didad iwyens~ (34:67).

Cveni azriT, davlaTis cnebis amgvar gansazRvrebaSi misi SedarebiT

gviandeli _ qristianuli msoflxedvis gavleniT Secvlili niSnebia

gamokveTili. davlaTi aq swored madlTan aris gaigivebuli da ara

mxolod `gabudayebis~, aramed nebismieri arazneobrivi saqcielis

SemTxvevaSi Sordeba adamians, rogorc RvTis wyalobis niSani. xolo

arazneobrivi saqcieli eSmakis karnaxiT Cadenil saqcielad aRiqmeba.

vaJa-fSavelas `gvelis-mWamelSi~ davinaxavT, rom misi mindia erTi

SexedviT, swored `cotac aris da wascdeba raSime~. Tumca, es `cota

wacdena~ RvTis wyromiT mTavrdeba.

vaJa-fSavelas gmirebs davlaTi ar `gaabudayebs~. gavixsenoT, rom

vaJas sayvareli miTosuri gmiria amirani. rogorc aRvniSneT, miTosuri

Txzulebis mixedviT, gmirebs Soris yvelaze qedmaRali, kunTmagari,

Tumca faseuli pirovneba. amiranis saxe msWvalavs mis leqsebs:

„amiranTan“, „sizmari amiranisa“, poemebs: „daCagruli mestvire“, „mTaTa

erToba“, moTxrobebs: „klde mtirali“, „amiranis xmali“ da sxva. Tu am

Txzulebebs Tvals gadavavlebT, aRmoCndeba, rom vaJa-fSavelas amiranis

saxe garkveulwilad modificirebulia. a. losevi werda, rom

promeTeosis, rogorc msoflio simbolos analizi uRrmesad gvarwmunebs,

rom aucilebelia simbolikis socialur-istoriul aspeqtSi ganxilva. am

erT msoflio istoriuli mniSvnelobis simboloze dakvirveba

16

gviCvenebs, Tu rogor icvleba es simbolo erTi avtoridan meoremde

(97:291). vaJas SemoqmedebaSi SeiniSneba Sevseba am personaJis

dasaxelebuli Tvisebebisa. amiranis pirovnebaSi vaJa aerTianebs

zneobrivi simaRlisa da fizikuri Zlierebis niSnebs (28:237). zneobrivi

simaRle, Seupovroba-gamZleobis motivis saxiT ikveTeba zemoT

dasaxelebul TxzulebebSi (iqve). popularuli miTosuri personaJis

saxis amgvari gansazRvreba XIX saukunis qarTuli literaturuli

azrovnebis nayofia. amirani am saukunis araerTi qarTveli mwerlisa Tu

poetisaTvis da Semdeg – mTeli qarTveli xalxisTvis iqca

Tavisuflebadakarguli, magram gautexeli qarTuli sulis simbolod.

vaJa-fSavela swored am XIX saukunis Svilia. is, rogorc mTeli XIX

saukunis saqarTvelo, savsea amiranis xelaxla mosvlis rwmeniT:

`unda vucadoT amirans,

gamouSvebden minamde,

magram sada da rodisa?

misvla gaWirda Sinamde~.

(`mTaTa erToba~)

vaJas axali amirani ufro metad zneobriobis principiT dadaRuli

pirovnebaa, vidre misi antikuri winamorbedi. poemaSi `mTaTa erToba~

amirani mTebsac mouwodebs maRali moralisa da eTikisaken: mSromeli

kacis garjis pativiscemisa da zogadad, adamianis sicocxlis

dafasebisaken. is xalxisTvis Tavdadebulia, `rogorc SvilisTvis

mSobeli~.

vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis araerTi mkvlevari

aRniSnavda, rom TviT poetis pirovnulma Tvisebebma iCina amiranis

gansaxierebaSi Tavi da misi poeturi sityvis stiqiad iqca. `igi ise

grZnobda Tavs, rogorc samSoblos rwmunebuli mebuke, rogorc

ganwiruli raindi, rogorc cecxlismfrqveveli amirani~ _ wers daviT

kasraZe (66:301). sxvagan ki mwerali aRniSnavs: `Tumca ubedureba is aris,

rom mgosani uZlevel Zalas grZnobs mklavSi, SeuZlian titanebs

brZolad mouxmos, magram ra hqnas, rom misi bedi amiranisas daemsgavsa~...

da aq mohyavs vaJas cnobili leqsi, sadac dev-gmiri xmals ver miswvdenia

da xmali dev-gmirs, raTa saqmes amsaxuron erTmaneTi (iqve:304).

17

vaJa-fSavelas da ilia WavWavaZes erTi sagonebeli aqvT: ers

yovelTvis unda `RviZli sityva~ uTxran. sxvanairad SeuZlebelia misi

ndobis damsaxureba da mere _ misi esTetikuri gemovnebis aRzrda. vaJa-

fSavelas poeturi sityva arasodes gamosula saaSkaraoze eris gulis,

wiaRis gavlis gareSe. is `brZolad mouxmobs titanebs~, romelTac

amiraniseuli gautexeli da Seupovari xasiaTi dahyvebaT: aludas,

zviadaurs, joyolas, kvirias, lelas, luxums...

amiranis sicocxlis azri maTi sicocxlis azria:

`rad minda uqmi sicocxle,

mouxmarebi Zal-Rone?~

(`mTaTa erToba~)

marTalia, erTgvari `axirebis~ gamo isini izolaciaSi eqcevian

(rogorc amirani), magram arasodes Tems ar ganudgebian. piriqiT, isini

yovelTvis misTvis zrunaven. aseTebi arian: aluda, mindia, joyola,

baxtrionis gmirebi, kaci marTali...

amgvarad moqcevis winapirobas swored maTi maRalzneobrivi

Rirebulebebi warmoadgens.

am SemTxvevaSi isini ufro metad hgvanan ara miTiur gmirebs, aramed

zRapris personaJebs, romlebic ara mxolod miTiuri legendebis, aramed

Semdgomdroindeli, qristianuli legendis gmirebis _ raindebis

Tvisebebis gavlenas ganicdian. swored es aris imis mizezi, rom maTi

mizani mxolod borotebis Zlevaa. zneobrioba, romelic nebis

Tavisuflebis principiT aris nasazrdoebi, ufro metad eZleva adamians

qristianuli mwerlobis im etapze, romelsac rainduli eposi gamoxatavs.

marTalia, raindoba Sua saukuneebSi warmoiSva, magram raindobis ideali

zedroulia. es aris, rogorc hegeli uwodebs, `usasrulo Sinagani

subieqturobis principi~ (94:265). am principiT moqmedebs raindi _ mxedari,

romelsac sakuTari Tavi samarTlianobisTvis brZolaSi miaqvs

msxverplad, romlisTvisac sami ram aris mTavari _ Rirseba, siyvaruli

da rwmena (94:265). Rirseba misTvis saxelia, romelsac sikeTisTvis

brZolaSi moipovebs, siyvaruli _ misi srulyofis, sagmiro saqmeebisTvis

aucilebeli stimulia, rwmeniTa da erTgulebiT gamsWvalulia im saqmis

mimarT, romelsac emsaxureba: es iqneba rainduli ordeni (Tu aseTs igi

18

ekuTvnis), samSoblo, Tu mefe-patroni. rwmena da erTguleba am

SemTxvevaSi erTi da igivea. `yoveli sakraluri niSani da simbolo aris

imavdroulad miniSneba, romelic iTxovs rwmenas, rogorc ndobas da

amave dros _ erTgulebas (89:124). mas znemaRal adamianad Tvlian. misi

ideali ukvdavia. amitom, zogadad, am ideals suliT raindobac SeiZleba

vuwodoT (90:258-259).

qarTul sinamdvileSi raindis Sesatyvisad `yma~ ixmareboda. vaJa-

fSavelam, rogorc WeSmaritma patriotma kosmopolitma, mSobeli xalxis

wiaRSi moZebna sayrdeni. mwerlis Semoqmedebis rainduli sulis Sesaxeb

saintereso mosazrebebi jer kidev misma Tanamedroveebma gamoTqves.

mwerali Salva amirejibi mas `erovnul mqadagebels~ uwodebda:

`qarTveli xalxis dakarguli xasiaTi man armoaCina. Tavisi tipebi man

Semosa sigmiriT, radganac politikuri da sazogadoebrivi silaCris

dros esec saWiro iyo. da qarTulma zne-Cveulebam, qarTulma msofl-

mxedvelobam qarTulma patriotizmma CaCqanSi daiwyo siaruli~ (66:314).

daviT kasraZe werda, rom `vaJas mxatvruli suli mxedrul ideals

eTayvaneboda, amitom aris, rom ver naxavT mis poemebSi bwkarsac, sadac

yoveli sityva brZolis quraSi ar iyos gamowrTobili~ (iqve.302), misi

gmirebis fici ki `namdvili rainduli ficia~ (iqve.300).

am raindul fics, romelsac sruliad Seesabameba Rirsebis,

siyvarulisa da rwmenis ideali, fSav-xevsureTSi Tav-CaCqniani gmirebi

debdnen. iq `kai ymis~ instituti arsebobda. vaJas TvalTaxedviT, gmiris

ideali fSauri poeziis gamoxatulebiT raindul ideals Seesatyviseba.

`gmiri erTsa da imave dros, sisxlis mqcevelic aris da wmindanic~ (34:86)

_ wers igi. sisxlis mqceveli gmiri mtris TvalSia, TanamemamuleTaTvis

ki znemaRalia da mtris sisxlsac maRali idealebisTvis aqcevs. am

brZolaSi igi moipovebs saxels _ `gmirma iseTis saqmisaTvis unda

moiklas Tavi, rom hRirdes sikvdilad da saxelad~ (34:85) _ es misi

Rirsebis damadasturebelia. igi Temis erTgulia: `gmiri imdenad Tavis

TavisTvis ara cocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisaTvis,

magram am samsaxurisTvis saxelis meti araferi hrCeba~(34:87). dabolos,

tragikuli gmiris idealis Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi

aRniSnulia, rom `koncefcia `tragikuli bralis~ Sesaxeb sruliad

19

ususuri Cans TviTSewirvis heroikul tragediasTan SedarebiT~ (93:71).

vaJac ambobs: `diaR, gmiri msxverplia soflisa: sxvas aZRobs, TviTon

mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis mebrZoli TviTon sikvdils eZleva pirSi~

(34:87). mis poemaTa gmirebi swored aseTebi arian. maTTvis qveynis,

sazogadoebis samsaxuri pirvel adgilze dgas da ara konkretulad

viRac sxvisi `sicocxlisaTvis~ da `gaZRobisaTvis~ zrunaven mxolod,

aramed saqveyno, zogad adamianur ideaTa sicocxlisaTvis da misi

kanonzomieri ganviTarebisaTvis. vinaidan, rogorc amboben, `humanizmi _

idea kacTmoyvareobisa da raindoba erTi istoriuli xis totebia~(22:173).

vaJas gmirebis brZola anu `cda~, fSaur dialeqtSi, rogorc

aRvniSneT,S maincadamainc fizikur Zalisxmevas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed

pirvel rigSi _ suliers. amitom hqvia suliT raindobis ideali. `vaJa-

fSavela xevsurul farikaobas ki ar hqadagebda, warsulisaken ki ar

iwvevda xalxs, aramed hqadagebda erovnul me-Si TviTCafiqrebas da

Caxedvas xalxis sulis aRsazrdelaT,~ _ werda 1915 wels vaJas Sesaxeb

Salva amirejibi (66:315). misi gmirebi swored am principiT cxovrebas

sTavazoben ara mxolod sakuTar ers, aramed mTel kacobriobas. maTi

qceva zedrouli rainduli sulis gamoxatvaa da didad gansxvavdebian

konkretuli Sua saukuneebis raindisagan, romelic mainc mocemuli

sazogadoebis gemovnebas akmayofilebs, anu sCadis im saqmeebs, romelsac

misgan moelian da xasiaTis TvisebaTa moulodneli gamovleniT arasodes

akvirvebs garSemomyofT. Tuki am TvalsazrisiT gadavxedavT vaJas gmirTa

galereas, sruliad sawinaaRmdegos SevniSnavT. pirvel rigSi,

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom vaJas epikur nawarmoebebSi mocemulia gmirTa

ara mTliani cxovrebis istoria (`kaci marTalis~ garda), aramed mxolod

garkveuli periodi, momenti, saidanac mwvaved viTardeba maTi tragikuli

bedi. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi viciT mxolod, rom isini `kai ymebi~, Temis

rCeulebi arian da, rig SemTxvevebSi, raime `davlaTiT~ dajildoebulni.

A

20

Tavi IIpirovnebis sulieri transformaciis qristianuli motivebi poemebSi:

`aluda qeTelauri~, `gogoTur da afSina~ da `eTeri~

`maS, ideqiT da nuRar SeudgebiT monobis uRels~

pavle. galatelTa. 5.1.

1. `aluda qeTelauri~A

`rada? risTvis?~ aluda qeTelauri poemaSi axalwverulvaSdamSvene-

buli Wabuki ki ara, daRvinebuli vaJkacia. vaJa mas xevsur `axaluxlebs~

upirispirebs, romlebic `guls aTrevineben gonebas~ da vaJkacs ver

cnoben `mis vaJkacuris rjuliTa~. nawarmoebis dasawyisSi aRniSnulia,

rom aludas WabukobaSi ara mxolod zneobrivad gadamuSavebuli, `karg

ymuri~ adaTebiT ucxovria, aramed sazogadoebaSi miRebul im Cvevebsac

mihyolia, romlebic aseTad ver CaiTvleba: `bevr qists maaWra marjvena, _

scada franguli fxiani~. magram vaJa nawarmoebs swored iqidan iwyebs,

roca aluda erTxel sxvagvarad moiqca da am sxvagvari saqcielis Cadena

gulisyurgaRrmavebul, dabrZenebul bunebasTan erTad, sxvagvarma

situaciamac ukarnaxa: Satilis Temis cxenebi qistebma waasxes. gudanis

jvris saukeTeso yma _ aluda iaraRasxmuli daedevna maT. erTi qisti

gzaSive mokla. meoresTan orTabrZola gamarTa. es orTabrZola metad

dinamikuri, STambeWdavi suraTiTaa warmodgenili. gudanis jvrisa da

mahmadis ymebi Tumca, erTmaneTis rjulis avad xsenebaSi arian, magram

orives emCneva vaJkaci metoqis mowonebis faqti, rasac brZolis procesi

kidev ufro azartSi Seyavs. bolos aludas tyvia umtvrevs qists gulis

ficars, romelic sikvdilis winac `fers ara hkargavs mglisasa~.

vaJa vaJkaci mucalis sikvdil-sicocxlis brZolas ase

warmogvidgens:

`mucals ar swadis sikvdili,

fers ara hkargavs mglisasa,

mahglejs, daifevs wylulSia

mwvanes balaxsa mTisasa~.

21

`mglis feri kargi vaJkacis dasaxasiaTeblad gamosayenebeli

Sesityvebaa fSaur poeziaSi~ (86:374).

es kargi vaJkaci sicocxles – mTis mwvane balaxs epotineba.

mglisferdadebuli da wylulSi balaxCafenili mucali samudamod

daaCnda aludas mexsierebas. TviT mucalmac Seicno masSi Rirseuli

mowinaaRmdege da daafasa, rogorc vaJkaci. amis damadasturebelia mis

mier aludasTvis Tofis gadagdeba da mimarTva: `_ exla Sen iyos,

rjulZaRlo, xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa!~ aluda misTvis mainc

`rjulZaRlia~, Tumca es xels ar uSlis misi vaJkacobis pativiscemaSi.

pirispir mebrZolTa mier urTierTmowonebiT, urTierTpativiscemiT

ganmsWvalvis motivi cnobilia literaturaSi. igi rainduli eposidan

iRebs saTaves, sadac araerTi magaliTia imisa, rogor xdebian erTmaneTs

Serkinebuli vaJkacebi Semdeg Zmadnaficebi. qarTul saraindo eposSi _

`amirandarejanianSic~, gvaqvs amis nimuSebi. umaRles mwvervals es

tradicia `vefxistyaosanSi~ aRwevs (`Semomxedna, movewone~). raindoba

yovelgvari nacionalurobisa da religiuri diferenciaciis gareSe

mdgomia, magram saqme isaa, rom `aluda qeTelaurSi~ qisti mucali ara

mxolod `sxva rjulis~ ymaa, aramed momxvduri, samSoblos mteri.

gmirisTvis ki piradi mteri ise saZulveli araa, rogorc qveynisa. misi

gmiroba mxolod uazro sisxlis qcevaSi ar gamoixateba. `marto is

rodia mosawonari, rom gmiri ibrZvis, _ `sisxli gadasdis mklavzeda~, _

ara. Cven ufro imas unda mivaqcioT yuradReba, risTvis da visTvis

ibrZvis igi?~ (34:53) aluda TemisTvis ibrZvis. mucali pirispir Sebmamde

misTvis erTi mosisxle momxvdurTagania, romelsac warbSeuxrelad

mouRebs bolos. mxolod misi vaJkacobis xilvis Semdeg eufleba aludas

mowonebisa da sibralulis grZnoba. sibraluli ki imdenad didia, rom

cremlsac daaRvrevinebs, Tofsac da sxva saWurvelsac TavTiT daudebs

da ise daitirebs.

micvalebuli vaJkacis datireba mamakacisagan miRebuli yofila

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi: rogorc xevsureTSi, aseve fSavSi. xevsureTSi

qalebi tirian zariT, xolo mamakacebi Tumca cremls ar hRvrian,

`qviTineben da Tvalebzed qudebs ifareben~ (34:50). fSavSic

micvalebulTan misuli `joxebze dabjenili kacebi~ `qviTineben

22

dedakacebTan erTad~. aluda qeTelauri atirda `rogorc qalio~ _ wers

vaJa. misi tirili fSav-xevsurTa adaTobriv normas ki ar gamoxatavs ukve,

aramed im Sinagan emocias, romelic rogorc kacis, aseve qalis _ zogad

adamianis grZnobebis gamovlenaa. amgvari emociis mozRvaveba da cremliT

dacla ucxo ar aris rainduli sulisaTvis da qristianuli bunebis

gamoxatulebaa. mxolod qristianulma raindobam icis amgvari Sebraleba.

Tu antikuri Zlevamosili gmirebisaTvis ucxo iyo `cremliani

sibraluli~, romelic gagebuli iqneboda ara rogorc droebiTi efeqti,

aramed rogorc sulis mdgomareobis gamoxatuleba~ (89:60), rainduli

eposis gmirebi emociebis gamoxatvas ar eridebian, ar rcxveniaT. piriqiT,

es momentebi maTi sxivmosilebis, zeSTagonebis niSania. amis saukeTeso

magaliTebi rusTavelis personaJebi arian. `vefxistyaosnis~ raindebi:

tarieli, avTandili, fridoni da sxvebi, romlebic iseTive goliaTuri

fizikuri ZaliT dajildoebulni arian, rogorc antikuri eposis gmirebi,

xSirad tirian sulieri tkivilebis gamo. aludas sulSic amgvari

tkivili warmoSobs cremlebis nakads. imas, rom es sulieri tkivilia da

ara `droebiTi efeqti~, gmiris Semdegi qmedebebi adasturebs. aluda am

`uCveulo~ mdgomareobis Semdeg maSinve cvlis erT-erT sakuTar Cvevas. aq

aluda qeTelauri pirvelad ar Cadis imas, rac wesad hqonda mtris

mimarT da rasac daufiqreblad akeTebda misi damarcxebis Semdeg,

vinaidan gudanis jvris saymoSi ase iyo miRebuli _ aluda mucals

marjvenas ar Wris:

`marjvenas ar sWris mucalsa,

ityoda: `codva ario~.

es `codva ario~ _ Secodebis gamoxatva ki ar aris ukve, aramed aluda

marTlac codvad miiCnevs kai ymisTvis marjvenis moWras. es imas unda

niSnavdes, rom amgvari situacia, orTabrZola, misTvis ucxoa. jer ar

Sexvedria aludas mucalisTana Rirseuli mowinaaRmdege, da arc

sulTmobrZaobis aseTi STambeWdavi suraTi unaxavs... Torem rasac aqamde

albaT, uyoymanod Cadioda, is misTvis ase uecrad codvad ver iqceoda. am

SemTxvevaSi aludasTvis sulerTia, es vaJkaci misi piradi mteria, Tu

qveynisa. man qveynis winaSe vali moixada da axla ar surs, codviT

daimZimos Tavi imis gamo, rom erTi Zveli, misTvis arafrismTqmeli

23

CvevaTagani aasrulos. mowinaaRmdegisTvis xelis moWra, rogorc

cnobilia, ZvelTaganve miRebuli iyo mTaSi. mTielebs swamdaT, rom

mowinaaRmdegeni saiqioSi Sexvdebodnen erTmaneTs da amitom mters

marjvenas Wridnen, raTa iqac Tavad darCenodaT gamarjveba. Semdgom es

Cvevad iqca. aludas tragedia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis swored am

etapzea mocemuli. qeTelaurma am Cvevas (da ara samarTlebriv normas,

adaTs) mogvianebiT sruli ignorirebac gaukeTa, rogorc znesruli

adamianisTvis miuRebel saqciels da uazro crurwmenas. misi

kacTmoyvareoba imdenad didia, rom urjulo qists qristianiviT

cxonebulad axsenebs:

`_ vaJkaco, Cemgan moklulo,

RmerTma gacxonos mkvdario!

mklavzedac gebas marjvena,

Senzed alali ario,

Sen xel Sens gulzed damiwdes,

numc xarobs qavis kario,

kargi gyolia gamdeli,

RmerTm gidRegrZelos gvario! _~

TemSi dabrunebuli aluda kidev erTxel axsenebs qistis cxonebas,

roca Tanamemamuleebs orTabrZolis ambavs uyveba. pirvel gaocebas

swored maSin iwvevs gudanis jvris kai yma:

`_ras ambob? qistis cxoneba

ar dawerila rjulada.~

_ es aris Temis pasuxi pirovnuli Segnebis mqone adamianis qmedebaze.

samecniero literaturaSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom `aluda

qeTelaurSi~ pirovnebisa da Temis ki ara, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis

urTierTobis problemaa win wamoweuli, vinaidan yovel sazogadoebaSi

tragikulad warimarTeba im pirovnebis bedi, romelic miRebul wesebs,

kanonebs da Tundac Cvevebs ar emorCileba (43...).

gudanis jvars, bunebrivia, aludas garda, sxva rCeulebic hyavda,

romlebic aseve `kai ymis~ saxeliT sargeblobdnen. aseTebi, albaT im

`axaluxlebSic~ erivnen, romelTac `avad Sahxednes aludas~. magram sul

sxvaa aluda, igi suliT kai ymaa, suliT raindi. aluda qeTelauri

24

sxvebiviT miRebuli wesebiT, dogmebiT ki ar moqmedebs, aramed es

qmedebani mTeli misi Sinagani bunebis gamoxatulebaa. Tumca, Cven viciT,

rom aqamde isic asrulebda erT aseT Cvevas: `ramden sxva mahkal, Sens

qavze xeleb jRdesaviT hkidia~ _ axsenebs mas xevisberi. am SemTxvevaSi,

unda vigulisxmoT, rom igi arasodes CaRrmavebia, Cafiqrebia am qmedebis

arss da misi pirovnebac swored maSin gamovlinda, roca pirvelive

Sesaferis SemTxvevaSi dafiqrda: `rada? risTvis?~ vaJas TqmiT, `es

niSania adamianis keTilgonierebisa. swored amisTana fiqrebis bralia

kacobriobis winsvla~ (34:208). aludam Tavisi cxovrebis av-kargs saRi

TvaliT Sexeda da Seinana adre Cadenili arazneobrivi qmedebani. aludas

sinanulis grZnobaze metyvelebs poemis mTeli siRrmiseuli plani,

romelic im fiqrebiT iwyeba, SatilSi mobrunebuli aluda rom

SeuRonebia da `pirs daswolia nislebi~, Semdeg ki misi sizmriT

grZeldeba.

,,axla me vxarob ara imitom, rom danaRvliandiT, aramed imitom,

rom danaRvliandiT mosananieblad; rameTu danaRvliandiT RmerTis

gulisTvis~, _ ambobs pavle mociquli amgvari naRvelis Sesaxeb (pavle.

korinTelTa mimarT. 2.9.).

Sin dabrunebuli aludas gonebaSi ukve araTu `qvecnobierad

iZvrian~ (T. Cxenkeli) zneobrivi TviTgamorkvevisken warmarTuli azrebi,

aramed mis mier sruliad gacnobierebulia `sisxliani mterobis~

dausabamoba dedamiwaze. aluda xvdeba, rom mtrobis gulSi Cadeba,

erTxel `mowyurebac~ ki, kacs amgvari cxovrebis wesis miyolas aiZulebs.

gulSi Cabudebuli mtroba keraSi dagubebuli sisxliviTaa da Sig

mdgari adamiani Rvinodac sisxls `svams~ da puradac `ixmars~. yovel

diliT saydris magivrad xelCarTul brZolaSi mimavali iwers pirjvars.

sisxlis Zieba Tan sdevs misi cxovrebis ubednieres dReebs: qorwils,

col-qmrul sarecels, Svilis dabadebiT gamowveul sixaruls... da

bolos, `mterobis~ wyalobiT esalmeba sicocxles, vinaidan aseTia

amgvarad cxovrebis kanonzomiereba:

`Sen rom sxva mahkla, Senc mogkvlen,

mkvlels ar SaarCens gvaria~.

25

aludas aRar swyuria `mteroba~. TemSi misuli `kai yma~ sinanulis

mwvervalze dgas, aRelvebulia da cdilobs amis mizezi

Tanamemamuleebsac auxsnas. aludam aRiara maT winaSe mucalis vaJkacoba

da is Sebraleba, rac qistis sicocxlis siyvarulma gamoiwvia:

`ver gavimete mucali

marjvenis mosaWrelada,

guli gamiwyra, ara hqna,

rac saqnelia Znelada:

`dae, daakldes saxelsa

me girCevnivar mrCevlada.~

man sakuTari saxeli _ is, rac uZvirfasesia kai ymisaTvis _ vaJkacis

aRiarebis samsxverploze miitana. egoizmis, sakuTari `mes~

gandidebisaTvis aluda qeTelauris gulSi adgili ar rCeba. `sulis

Tavisa Tavisagan gandgomiT moixveWeba siyvaruli~ _ ambobs isaak asuri

(62:243). aluda qeTelaurSi swored sinanuliT mogvrili siyvarulis

grZnoba iRviZebs mucalis mimarT, romelic qristes mcnebis Sinaarss

Sedgens _ `Seiyvare mteri Seni, viTarca moyvasi Seni.~ amitomac aris

`danaRvlianebuli~ RmerTis _ siyvarulis gulisTvis.

TvistomebTan pirvelive gasaubrebis dros SeimCneva, Tu ramdenad

maRla dgas aluda qeTelauri maTze. Tanamemamuleni masSi raindul

suls ki ara, mSiSara meomars dainaxaven da CaTvlian, rom qeTelauri

qistis Svils gamoeqca. amitomac ver moitana misi moWrili marjvena:

`mahkal, marjvena ar masWer,

ukven misdevdi ma rada?!~

maTTvis mTavari qavze dakruli mtris xelebia, romlebic maT

saxelze metyvelebs maSin, rodesac aludam saxeli kacTmoyvareobis

grZnobas anacvala. aluda qeTelauris pirovnuli aRorZineba grZeldeba.

misi cxovrebis yoveli dRe cxadad warmoaCens mas, rogorc gansxvavebul

pirovnebas. aluda TvistomTa TvalSi ucbad icvleba, xolo pirovnulad

viTardeba sinanulis Sedegad: amJRavnebs im Tvisebebs, romlebic masSi

Tavidanve uciloblad ido da srulad mxolod im situaciam

gamoavlina, romelic vaJas sakvanZo sakiTxad aqvs aRebuli. vaJa-fSavela

`axal-axali ambebis gadmocemas ki ar etaneba, aramed cdilobs,

26

gaaRrmavos ukve warmoSobili sulieri mdgomareoba~ (77:100). aludas

sulieri mdgomareoba sruli siRrmiseuli planiTa da simZafriT

warmoCndeba aludas sizmarSi. T. Cxenkelis azriT, poemis dasawyisSive

mucalisTvis cxonebis miniWebiT `ukve mocemulia poemis mTavari gmiris

Sinagani ganviTarebis mTeli suraTi~, xolo, rodesac mkvlevari am

procesis siRrmiseulad ganviTarebaze saubrobs aq gmiris feriscvalebas

miTosuri tranformaciis safuZvelze xsnis, romelic dionises kultis

orgiastur msaxurebaSia TavCenili. misi azriT, es miTosuri

transformaciis gza mocemulia aludas sizmarSi (77:113-124).

sizmari. bunebrivad, sizmari orgvari arsebobs: dRis fiqris

gamgrZelebeli sizmrebi, romelTac Cayolil sizmrebs eZaxian. maTi arsi

imaSia, rom ukve momxdaris mixedviT, ZilSi adamiani am moxdaris sqemebs

qmnis. aris e.w. intuiciuri sizmari, romlis drosac adamiani, isev da

isev momxdaris gamo, intuiciurad grZnobs mis SesaZlo gagrZelebas an

dasasruls. arsebobs absurduli sizmrebic.

literaturaSi sizmars xSirad damoukidebeli mxatvruli

nawarmoebis saxe aqvs da adamianis Sinagan, sulier samyaros gvixsnis.

aluda qeTelauri sizmarSi kvlav salaSqrod _ sisxlis saqcevad

emzadeba da swored am dros ecxadeba mucali _ natyviarSi brZamis lega

safeviT, rogorc orTabrZolis bolo momentidan axsovs. igi xanjlis

tars Caudebs xelSi xevsurs da exveweba _ momkalio:

`Tqven dagrCes wuTisofeli,

me ki wavide qveyniTa,

daZexiT, xevsurT Svilebo,

laSqrobiT, xmlebis qneviTa.~

`vaJas poemebSi mtruli tomebisa da sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi

ise ganixilaven urTierTs, rogorc erTmaneTis sisxlisa da xorcis

`mWamelni~, raki maTTvis mteri diaboluri anu devuri sawyisis

ganmasaxierebeli iyo~ _ wers T. Cxenkeli (77:118).

Cven vfiqrobT, poemaSi moyvanili sazogadoeba formaciis ufro

maRal etapze mdgomia, vidre erTmaneTis `xorcis mWamelni~. kacis xorcis

Wama SurisZiebasTan gaigivebuli imitomaa, rom maT araeTikur

mniSvnelobebs Soris tolobis niSani daisvas. mucalis gamocxadebac am

27

faqtTanaa dakavSirebuli. lega safevi _ sicocxlis siyvarulis

simbolo, kidev erTxel axsenebs aludas, rom ar unda `kac klas~. rac

Seexeba mtris, rogorc devis moazrebas, amasac simboluri datvirTva

aqvs. igi ara mxolod vaJasTan gvxvdeba. `TviT `SuSanikis wamebaSi~

naxsenebia miTosuri personaJebi _ devebi. SuSaniki eubneba varsqens _

mamaSenma keTili xalxi Semoikriba, Sen ki devebi daiaxloveo. SuSaniki

maTSi sparselebs gulisxmobs (56:43). ase rom, mtris devebisa da qajebis

saxiT moxsenieba am SemTxvevaSi wminda mxatvruli xerxia.

aluda qeTelauris sizmarSi swored salaSqrod mzadebas mohyveba

kanibaluri kacis xorcis Wama misgan:

`davje, jam vinam damidga,

kacis xorc iyo wvniani,

vsWamdi, mzaravda TumcaRa

kacis xel-fexi Zvliani.

`rasa vsCadio? _ vsjavrobdi, _

umsgavsi, SaCvenebuli!~

`Wameo, _ ramam miZaxa, _

nu hxdebi gaSterebuli!

kidev mimirTviT aludas

wven-xorci gacxelebuli!~

mimates kacis ulvaSiT

wven-xorci Sanelebuli.

sizmriT damtanjes, imiT var

gunebaaRelvebuli.~

T. Cxenkelis azriT, es epizodi, aseve dionisuri orgiazmiT

aRbeWdili yvela epizodiT, exmianeba leqss `devebis qorwili~. igi

`miTiur planSi dionisuri RmerTiTavsilobis Sesatyvisia... aludas

sizmarSi gamoxatulia ziarebis aqti... axal RmerTTan wilnayari an

ziarebulia qeTelauri da amitom veRara `cnobs~ ugono aludas

xevisberi~ (77:130).

miTosSi dionisuri kultis dResaswaulebTan dakavSirebuli kacis,

xolo Semdgom periodSi ukve cxovelis xorcTan ziareba da amiT

RmerTavsiloba iniciaciis tolfasi iyo. adamians swamda, rom amgvarad

28

RmerTebisTvis damaxasiaTebel ukvdavebas moipovebda, anu iseT Tvisebas,

romelic sinamdvileSi adamians ar axasiaTebda. igi ar Seicavda

pirovnebis TviTgamorkvevis, adamianis TviTCaRrmavebis motivs, radgan,

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sazogadoebrivi formaciis am etapze adamiani,

Tundac gmiri, sazogadoebis ganuyofeli nawili iyo da mxolod im

ideals emsaxureboda, rasac sazogadoeba misgan moiTxovda. aluda

qeTelauri ki mkveTrad gamoxatuli pirovnebaa. amas igi mucalTan

orTabrZolaSi amJRavnebs. xolo Semdeg, axal-axal situaciebSi Temis

wevrTa da TviT aludasTvis cnaurdeba misi pirovnebis namdvili Sina

arsi. WeSmariti gmiris yvelaze ostaturad xatvis xerxi literaturaSi

swored aseTia: `gmiri mkacrsa da gamudmebul brZolaSi xsnis Tavis

sakuTari bunebis bevr Tvisebebs da moipovebs ukvdavebas~ (93:128).

sulieri CaRrmavebis gziT am pirovnuli Zalebis, Tvisebebis gaxsnas

emsaxureba aluda qeTelauris sizmaric. `igi ar Seicavs arc

winaswarmetyvelebas da arc aludas winaTgrZnobas avlens~ (57:385),

aramed gmiris gancdebis emociur mxares aZlierebs, raTa sizmarma,

viTarca adamianis grZnobebis gamovlenis potenciurma wyarom,

mkiTxvelSi gmiris sulieri mdgomareobis Sesabamisi reaqcia gamoiwvios.

`vaJas gmirebi iSviaTad laparakoben sakuTar grZnobebze da afaseben maT.

gmiri umTavresad ixsneba moqmedebaSi, xSirad ki sizmris meoxebiT.

gmirebi gviTxroben imas, rac TiTqos maTgan damoukideblad xdeba _

sizmarSi nanaxs. vaJa ar ereva fiqrTa da gancdaTa mdinarebaSi da

asaxvis es araCveulebrivi obieqtebi miRweulia plastikuri xatis

meoxebiT~ (39:91). ase rom, am epizodSi warmosaxuli miTosuri samyaro

mxolod aludas gancdebis efeqturad daxatvisaTvis gamoyenebuli xerxia

da ara RvTaebrivi iniciacia. amgvarsave datvirTvas Seicavs `devebis

qorwilis~ msgavsi pasaJi:

`sampirad cecxli daenToT,

zed sami qvabi Sxioda,

stumrebis wina xonCebze

kacis Tav-fexi dioda.

ukvenas yureSiiTa

kvnesis xma gamodioda,

29

`Zmis xorci rogora vsWamo?~ –

yma vinme gamohkioda~.

es yma aluda qeTelauria, anda misnairi `davlaTiani~, romelmac

Tavis `lamaz Zmad~ aRiara qisti mucali da misi saxiT yvela vaJkacuri

sulis, sicocxlismoyvare adamiani. devebis saxe aq boroti Zalebis

simboluri gansaxierebaa.

yoveli sisxlis Ziebis mosurne adamiani vaJas azriT, boroti, devuri

bunebis matarebelia. aluda qeTelauri uaryofs am bunebas.

poemaSi `kopala~ analogiuri xilvaa warmodgenili:

`Sav-bnelT da uzarmazarTa

grgvinviT Camovlnes Walani,

kacisa sisxliT eRebaT

xel-fexi, piris balani...

Sreba guli da goneba,

Zma sisxlsa hsomda Zmisasa.

Zmas Zmebi Samaelevis,

sisxlsa eZebdis sxvisasa.

devT darbazobas rac mohrCa,

imaT laS-pirsa mglisasa,

cixes ageben devebi,

cixes kacebis Zvlisasa.~

aq ukve aSkaraa, rom Zmis sisxlis sma da xorcis Wama zogadad

kacis kvlasTan _ `sisxlian mterobasTan~ aris gaigivebuli da ara

iniciaciasTan.

sxva rom araferi, miTosur RmerTTan iniciaciis wyalobiT aluda

qeTelauri ver SeZlebda `qristianuli anu universaluri RmerTis~

(77:117) gancdas. qristianuli ziareba morwmunisaTvis sixarulia da ara

`mtanjveli~, `gunebaamaRelvebeli~ ram. aludas sizmriseuli gancdebi ki

sruliad Seesatyviseba im cnebas, romelsac ziarebis wina etapi _

sinanuli gamoxatavs. ioane oqropiri ambobs sinanulis Sesaxeb: ,,aramed

iyavn gonebai Seni yovladve mgloviare da Semusvril~ (3:134). es cneba

faqtobrivad, gulisxmobs adamianis mier Tavisi arsebobis manamdeli

wesis gadafasebas, rac sakmaod mtkivneuli da mtanjvelia. ,,pirveli saqme

30

sinanulisai aris dacadebai borotTagan da sinanuli maTTvis, romel

vqmeniT borotni, da meore _ simdable friadi~ (ioane oqropiri.

sinanulisaTvis) (3:77). rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aluda qeTelauri swored

egoizms ukuagdebs da simdables SeiZens, rodesac xels ar Wris mucals,

vinaidan misTvis sakuTari saxelis amgvari gaformeba araferia

WeSmariti, Rirsebis mqone adamianis, namdvili vaJkacis dafasebasTan

SedarebiT. amitom mindias mier mucalisaTvis marjvenis moWrasa da amiT

aludas `saxelis aRdgenis~ mcdelobas `avad morTul saqmes~ uwodebs.

mas araferSi sWirdeba qistis moWrili xeli:

`raad mindaris, ver mixmlobs,

ar gamodgeba farada;

mTaSi waviRo, ar miTibs,

arc margebs Tivis kavada,

waiRe, Tu gwam ufali,

nuRar maCveneb TvaliTa,

kai ymis marjvena ari,

guli mewveba braliTa.~

`kai ymis~ Sebraleba aludas gulSi gzas xsnis imis Segnebisaken,

rom maRalzneobrivi pirovnebisaTvis imgvari araeTikuri saqcieli,

rogoric mklavis moWraa, miuRebelia da sinanulis grZnoba ipyrobs, rac

sizmarSi cxaddeba. am sinanulis gziT igi `meored iSveba~, viTarca

yoveli monanie adamiani _ amaSi gamoixateba misi sulieri

transformacia.

`raad swyrebian xevsurni,

rada tyvrebian javriTa?!

mters movklav, kidev ar movsWri

marjvenas magaT jabriTa!~

_ aseTi axirebiT gamoxata aludam Tavisi pirovnuli principi Temis

winaSe. Tumca `jabri~ rom aq arafer SuaSia, amas frazis daboloebac

mowmobs: `vai egeTas samarTals, monaTluls codva-braliTa!~ am codva-

braliT Sewuxebuli aluda wardgeba swored xatobaze xevisberis winaSe

`fernacvali~. Temma aludas axireba, unda vigulisxmoT, rom albaT,

saerTod daiviwya, radgan fSavSi, sazogadod, miRebulia azri, rom

31

`gmiri xSirad Temsac auxirdeba... magram es xasiaTi gmirs unda miutevos

Temma, radgan gmiri omSi, brZolaSi gamosadegia, misTvis pativsacemi da

dasazogavi~ (34:85).

amboxi. Temma gmirs amgvar axirebad CauTvala is, rac sinamdvileSi

misi Rrma principebis gamoxatuleba iyo, swored amitom arc aludas

mier `codva-bralis~ xsenebas miaqcia yuradReba. Temi da xevisberi maSin

azvavda gmiris winaSe, roca igi `sarwmunoebriv sferoSi SeiWra~. ufro

sworad, sarwmunoebis im gaqvavebul dogmebSi, romelTa asrulebac wesad

aris da romelTa mniSvneloba mxolod WeSmariti pirovnebis suls

swvdeba. aludam xevisber berdias xatobaze qisti mucalisTvis Savi

kuratis dakvla sTxova. xevisberis gaocebas sazRvari ar hqonda:

`mamiT ar modis anderZi,

papiTa-d, papis-papiTa,

gonT modi, qristiani xar,

urjulovdebi magiTa.~

aludasTvis ki qristianoba zneobriv sferoSi vlindeba, da ara

Tundac mama-papiT miRebul, misTvis gaugebari kanonis morCilebaSi.

magram aq mis `axirebas~ yurs aRar mouyrueben da misi principebis

gagebasac ar ecdebian. aluda, rogorc tragikuli pirovneba,

martodmarto da gaucxoebuli aRmoCndeba Temisgan. pirovneba, romelmac

dasZlia Sinagani konfliqti, gare samyarosTan konfliqtSi aRmoCndeba.

radgan Sinagan gaTavisuflebas im qmedebebisken mihyavs, romlebic

sxvebisTvis gaugebaria. sazogadoebisaTvis aludas bolo moqmedeba

`axireba~ ki ar aris, mxolod, aramed amboxi. n. berdiaevi wers: `amboxis

Tema bunebrivi gagrZelebaa Tavisuflebis Temisa, radgan amboxi aris

Tavisuflebisken swrafva~ (91:65). oRond amboxi gamarTlebulia mxolod

maRali faseulobebis, maRali azrisaTvis.

Tanxvdeba Tu ara qristianoba amboxis Temas? `qristianad yofna ar

niSnavs monad yofnas... Cemi amboxi aris amboxi sulisa da amboxi

pirovnebisa da ara xorcisa da koleqtivisa~ (iqve).

aludas pirovnuli amboxis umaRlesi gamoxatulebaa xatobis scena.

igi bolomde swored xatobis scenaSi amJRavnebs sakuTar Tavs

sazogadoebis winaSe. amitom es scena emsgavseba saxarebiseuli

32

feriscvalebis aqts. rogorc qristem gaacxada Tavisi RvTaebrivi buneba

mociqulTa winaSe, swored imgvarad gamoamzeura aludam Tavis WeSmariti

adamianuri buneba TanamemamuleTa Tvalwin. es WeSmariti adamianuri

buneba sxvebisaTvis jer kidev dafarulia. isini `miwieri kacebi~ arian.

aluda `Sinagani kacia~, ara mxolod xorcieli, aramed sulieri

mowifulobis asaks miRweuli (netari avgustine. WeSmariti

sarwmunoebisaTvis) (62:59-60). Tanamemamuleebma ver SeZles maT winaSe

mdgomi WeSmariti pirovnebis, maTi mxsneli da maTi msxverpli gmiris

gmirad Secnoba. igi moRalated CaTvales, roca xevisberis sastiki uaris

Semdeg TviTon scada `mounaTlavi gmirisTvis~ mozveris damwyalobeba.

risxviT anTebulma xevisberma Temidan mokveTa aluda qeTelauri da

namdvili golgoTa _ moyvasTagan moSoreba miusaja:

`mokveTil iyos, sxva qveynis

ca-Rrublis Sanamzirebi:

wadiT, umtvrieT Sav-bnelsa

saxlisa, cixis karebi.

cecxli mieciT saZnovars, _

casa swvdebodes alebi,

saTemod gamoirekeT

cxvari, Zroxa da xarebi.

Satils col-Svili utireT,

gudans _ SinSni da qalebi;

hrisxavdes Cveni batoni,

ar aris Sasabralebi!~

mSobliuri kuTxis gareSe cxovreba aludasTvis didi tragediaa,

radgan misi rainduli Cvevebi _ Rirseba, siyvaruli da rwmena

(erTguleba) swored masTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi qveynisa da xalxis

mowinaaRmdege ki ar xdeba, cdilobs, guliT nawvdomi WeSmariteba

daamkvidros xalxSi, gaqvavebuli adaTebis sawinaaRmdegod. amaSia

humanuri msoflmxedvelobiT ganmsWvaluli gmiris da, maT Soris, aludas

bunebis arsi. aseTi gmiri mxsnelia sazogadoebisa, romelic mis rCevas

mihyveba, rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba, radgan igi pirovnebamde ver

maRldeba. amaSi mdgomareobs pirovnebis `tragikuli brali~. swored

33

amitom igi amasTanave, `msxverplia soflisa~. aluda qeTelauric

msxverplad ewireba Tavis principebs da im gmirTa Soris dgeba,

`romlebic scildebian Tems, viTarca yvelaze keTili mtrebi mTels

msoflioSi~ (43:78):

`erTxel maunda aludas,

erTxel mobrunva Tavisa:

mSvidobiT, sajixveebo,

gamaxarnelno Tvalisa!

mSvidobiT Cemo sax-karo,

gulSi amSlelo bralisa!

mSvidobiT, Cveno batono,

ymaTad mimcemo Zalisa!~

pirovnebis sulieri transformacia `aluda qeTelaurSi~ pirovnebis

namdvili Sinaarsis gamomzeurebas, zneobrivi srulyofisaken swrafvas

gamoxatavs, rac im procesis tolfasia, romelsac qristianul

anTropologiaSi pirovnebis TandaTanobiTi aRorZineba ewodeba. aluda

zeaRmavali gmiria. misi sizmari TviTSemecnebis procesis metaforuli

gamoxatulebaa. `es aris didi sulieri SeZrwunebis xati~ (39:34).

`SeZrwuneba xSirad ufro nayofieria, vidre naRveli, vinaidan mas

naRvelisgan gankurneba ZaluZs~ (91:53). gankurnebis Semdeg mikvleuli

mTavari WeSmariteba ki humanuri mcnebaa _ `giyvardes mteri Seni~...

amgvari azrovneba aluda qeTelauris pirovnuli Tavisuflebis umaRlesi

gamoxatulebaa _ `SeicnobT WeSmaritebas da WeSmariteba

gagaTavisuflebT Tqven~ (ioane. 8. 32). aqedan iwyeba TviTamaRleba. xolo

amboxi amaRlebuli adamianis mier mikvleuli WeSmaritebis sociumSi

damkvidrebis survils gamoxatavs.

34

2. `gogoTur da afSina~

`aluda qeTelaurTan~ SedarebiT gansxvavebulad aris warmodgenili

sulieri transformaciis Tema poemaSi `gogoTur da afSina.~ aluda

nawarmoebis dasawyisSive is pirovnebaa, romlis cxovrebac sikeTisken

aris mimarTuli. samSoblos _ Temis samsaxuri umaRlesi sikeTea. aluda

mxolod zneobriv srulyofas, pirovnebis maRal ganviTarebas aRwevs.

`gogoTur da afSinaSi~ ki aseTi pirovneba gogoTuria, romelic

araviTar sulier gardaqmnas ar ganicdis. igi TviT aris stimuli sxvisi

_ afSinas metamorfozisa.

es poema `aluda qeTelaurze~ erTi wliT adre _ 1887 wels dauweria

vaJa-fSavelas. Tu Semoqmedebis qronologias SevudgebodiT, pirovnebis

sulieri ganviTarebis mizezTa Zieba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi

SeiZleba aqedanac dagvewyo. Tumca, vinaidan, zemoT moyvanil TxzulebaSi

am ganviTarebis ufro Rrma plania warmodgenili, msjelobis warmarTvis

sawyisad es poema amovirCieT.

vaJas sxva poemebis ganxilvisas Cven araerTxel davinaxavT, rom erTi

pirovnebis cnobieri cxovrebis dasawyiss xSirad araTu zogadi

situaciebi, aramed am situaciebSi monawile sxva konkretuli

pirovnebebis qcevebi gansazRvraven. kritikul leteraturaSi aRniSnulia,

rom `aluda qeTelaurSic~ mowinaaRmdegis vaJkacobis dafaseba mucalis

saqcieliT iwyeba _ mis mier aludasTvis Tofis `gadagdebiT~ (52:26).

afSina, aludasgan gansxvavebiT, srul Semobrunebas ganicdis borotebis

gzidan sikeTis gzisaken.

poemisaTvis vaJas gamouyenebia Tqmuleba gogoTurze: `es poema

sakuTarma incidentma damawerina, gogoTurad vguobdi Tavis Tavs.

hxedavT, saqme sadamdis midis. mxolod saxeSi myvanda is gogoTuri,

romelic marTla scxovrobda am mecxramete saukuneSi, iyo

mcxovrebeli sofel yofCisa. rogorc poemaSia moxseniebuli, iyo

Zalian Ronieri, mZlavri da mSromeli adamiani. imisi motanili btyeli

sipi qva dResac gdia kopalis samlocvelosTan da or kacs gauWirdeba

asawevad~ _ wers vaJa (34:323). sxva werilSi (`kritika b. ip. varTagavasi~)

35

ki gvimxels: `Cems jeilobaSi mec bevrjel vejajgurebodi am

gogoTuris motanils qvas da vcdilobdi gogoTurze meti Rone

gamomeCinao~ (34:367). ase Zlier surda, Turme, vaJas am vaJkacTan Tavis

gatoleba. `Tumca, ra piradma gancdam, ra SemTxvevam~ daawerina

`gogoTur da afSina,~ mwerali mainc bolomde ar gvimxels _ `eg Cemi

saidumloebaa da saflavSi Tan Caviyolebo~ (iqve. 368).

naTqvami gvafiqrebinebs, rom vaJas poema sakuTar pirovnebaze

dakvirvebazea agebuli. gogoTuric da afSinac misi `piradi gancdis~

nayofia.

Tqmulebis mixedviT, gogoTurs ori avazaki xevsuri Seupyria erTad

da Semdeg Seubralebia. `es orive erT kacad gardavqmeno~ _ wers vaJa

(iqve. 367). am ambavSi, cotad Tu bevrad, ukve iyo is arsi, rac mis poemas

daedo safuZvlad. `sasjeli danaSaulisaTvis namdvili gogoTurisa, rac

man daado xevsurebs, Taviseburia, damafiqrebeli da Semarcxveneli,

gamasworebeli, sinanulis aRmZravi _ vfiqrobT, amgvari sasjelis Semdeg

qurdma aRar unda gabedos qurdoba. gogoTuri xevsurebs ara scems, Tumc

esec SeuZlian, radgan xevsurebi imis xelSi arian, arca hlanZRavs,

mxolod eubneba, Tqven, qurdebo, Rirsi xarT, rogorc sxvis oflis

mWamelni, sxvis qonebis mimTvisebelni, ZaRlis salafavs sWamdeTo. am

saSualebam dabada CemSi afSinas sinanuli, loginad Cavardna, xevisberad

Sedgoma da samudamod qurdobaze xelis aReba~ (iqve. 367-368).

vaJas Tavidanve ambis im momentze gaumaxvilebia yuradReba, ramac

SeiZleba adamianSi sinanulis grZnoba gamoiwvios.

poemis mTavari gmirebi _ gogoTuric da afSinac meomrebi arian.

gansxvaveba isaa, rom gogoTurs mxolod mterTan brZoliT,

samSoblosadmi TavdadebiT mouxveWavs saxeli. fSavSi aravis axsovs

misgan usamarTloba, moZmis Cagvra. Tu omi ar aris, gogoTuri Sromobs.

misi fiqriT `xmlis qnevas madli maSin aqv, roca xmals hxedav mtrisasa~.

erTi sityviT, gogoTuri is kacia, vinc TviT `amSvenebs iaraRs.~

bloeli afSina `scarcvavs rjulian-urjulos, marjved momxmare

farisa~. misi iaraRi ki `simrudis gzaze navalia~. is Tavisuflebis

mteria. amiT gansxvavdeba misi vaJkacoba da saxeli vaJas sxva gmirTa

saxelTagan.

36

vaJas azriT, `Tavisuflebis mteria is adamiani, visac ar uyvars

Tavisi Tavi. Tavmoyvareoba ornairia: briyvuli da gonivruli.

briyvuli, roca adamiani martodmarto Tavis Tavze zrunavs. mxolod

fiqrobs mas: `me virgo da sxva wyalma zidoso. me mqondes ufleba

sxva Seuracxvyo, da sxvas ki ara hqondes neba, pasuxi momTxovos.

marto mqondes neba vcarcvo da meores ki moespos saSualeba Tavis

dacvisa. sxvis ufleba, adamianoba Selaxos dausjelad,

xelSeubruneblad. amisTana adamiani msgavsia mxecisa, igive mxecia da

misi Tavmoyvareoba aris mxecuri. mgelic ase fiqrobs, oRond TviTon

gaZRes da imis Wiris nacvali iyos aTasi suli cxvari da aTiaTasi.

araferia mglis fiqriT es codva, es danaSauli~ (34:416). aseTi

briyvuli TavmoyvareobiT, mgluri bunebiT gautarebia afSinas

axalgazrduli cxovreba.

misi bunebis dadebiTi, keTilTvisebiani mxare mimalulia. igi poemis

erT sakvanZo situaciaSi ixsneba. afSina gaZarcvas moundomebs

gogoTursac, romelic jer Tavis Sebralebas Seecdeba, _ `oRomc

iaraRT nu amyri, ra vqna, gagiwev ymobasa~. xevsuri Seubralebelia. igi

mxolod maSin Secbeba, da sulierad Seiryeva, roca gogoTuri Tavis

namdvil saxes gamoamJRavnebs da Sekonils, damcirebuls etyvis: `_

CaCqani, rkinis perangi Senzed arami aria~. rogorc Cans, es sityvebi

Rrmad CaeWeda afSinas gonebaSi. gogoTuris mizanic es aris: afSinas

gajavreba. Torem misi `simrudis gzaze navali iaraRi~ sulac ar unda.

samagierod, afSinas igi sicocxles urCevnia. rac unda iyos, iaraRi

mamakacis Rirsebis iseTive gamomxatveli atributia, rogoric qalisTvis

_ mandili. afSinas Tavi vaJkaci hgonia. `mebrZoli adamianebi iaraRs

eferebodnen. Zvirfasi samkaulebiT rTavdnen, mowiwebiT eamborebodnen,

rogorc wminda rames da mis SesanarCuneblad sicocxlesac ar

iSurebdnen. pirovnebis, kerZod, mamakacis urTierToba iaraRTan, es mTeli

zneobrivi instituti iyo~ (52:24). afSinas iaraRi zneobrivad ar

mouxmaria, magram misdami pativiscemis tradicia mainc Rrmad aris masSi

gamjdari. Tumca `Taurmovlena~ (gr. robaqiZe ase uwodebs raime

tradiciis wyaros, saTaves), daviwyebulia. gogoTuri mis gamowvevas

cdilobs.

37

roca afSina gogoTurs patiebas Txovs, vaJa aRniSnavs:

`_ Tan dneba, lurjad, Savada,

gulSi borotis kbeniTa.~

_ albaT, imis miniSneba unda poets, rom afSinas buneba mTlianad

boroti ki ar aris, aramed boroti, `mgluri~ instiqti `kbens~. rogorc

fsalmunebSia gamoTqmuli, adamianis yvelaze saSiSi mteri myofobs mis

SigniT. esaa vnebebi da swored maTi daTrgunviT iwyeba adamianis

ganaxlebisa da sulieri zrdis procesi: `lomsa da unass fexs daadgam,

lomis bokvers da urCxuls gaqelav~ (fsalm. 91.13). aq cxovelTa

saxelebiT moxseniebulia adamianis negatiuri Tvisebebi. fiziognomikis

(mecniereba fizikuri monacemebis mixedviT adamianis bunebis gansazRvris

Sesaxeb) azriT, adamianma cxoveluri samyaros nairsaxeobidan unda

airCios misTvis Sesabamisi da bunebrivi saxe, raTa amgvar sarkeSi

dainaxos sakuTari zne-Cveulebebi. saRvTismetyvelo moralis mixedviT,

adamiani unda ganixilavdes sikeTisa da borotebis cxovelur

heraldikas, raTa Seicnos misTvis sasurveli zne da Tavisufali nebis

aqtiT ganagdos erTi saxeoba am heraldikisa da meoriT Seimosos (89:167).

vaJa-fSavela keTilisa da borotis igavur heraldikas araerTxel

ganixilavs:

`erTi mgelia kacT Soris,

meore uwevs cxvrobasa~.

(`mTaTa erToba~)

`mgels sakmao Zala aqvs cxvrebTan sabrZolvelad, – Zala,

rasakvirvelia, fizikuri... cxvrebis Zliereba ki erTaderTi zneobrivi

Zalaa...~ (34:410).

afSinas aRmoaCnda is `erTaderTi zneobrivi Zala~, romlis

wyalobiTac man Cadenil qmedebebs kritikuli TvaliT Sexeda da dainaxa

sakuTari mgluri buneba, `lomi da unasi~, rac misTvis arasasurveli,

miuRebeli aRmoCnda. aseT SemTxvevaSi man swori arCevani gaakeTa _

gadawyvita, sakuTari zneobrivi aRzrdis Semdgomi etapi maTi

daTrgunvisaTvis mieZRvna. amitom ar ecema igi sulierad, ymobasa da

Sebralebas ki ar gamoiTxovs gogoTurisgan _ fic-vercxlis Wamas

sTavazobs:

38

`miZme da momec abjari,

Tu ara, bevrad mirCevnav,

ro gulSi damce xanjari.~

gogoTuri mwared gakicxavs da Semdeg abjars ubrunebs. afSina eubneba:

`modi gakoco gogoTur,

sikeTisaTvis SublCia.~

vaJkacebi afSinas RviniT dailocebian da erTmaneTs avi saqmisa da avi

wadilisgan siSores usurveben, Zmadac gaificebian. sikeTe,

romlisTvisac afSina gogoTurs madls swiravs, unda vigulisxmoT, rom

mxolod imaSi ar gamoixateba, daubruna Tu ara iaraRi man bloel

vaJkacs. is aRarasodes gamouyenebia afSinas. gogoTurma raindobis

namdvili sikeTe aCvena mas da ganumarta:

`Tu mainc giyvars xmlis qneva,

qrolva, qorebul teveba,

me sam gamamyev, gaCveno

mteri saJletad veeba...~

gogoTuris TqmiT, gmiroba isaa, roca martos aTasi mteri gcems da

mainc ar drkebi, xmals xelidan ar uSveb, gagitydeba? _ sxva xmals

iSovi da vaJkacobiT, simamaciT sZlev mopirispires. aseTi yma

`pirofliania~, `mglisferia~, Rirsia welze xmlis da Tavze qudis

tarebis. gogoTuri pirdapir eubneba afSinas, rom sxva oms is ar cnobs,

sxva SemTxvevaSi xmlis qneva mxolod diacis Ciqilas axuravs vaJkacs.

mindodaurs ki aqamde mxolod aseTi brZola unaxavs, mxolod beCavTa,

omunaxavTa, `diacT nalaxis mxvetavTa~ mklavi daujabnia da ara namdvili

meomris. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, misi Zarcva-gleja amden xans ar

gastanda.

gogoTuris vaJkacobam afSinas gulSi naTeli wertili ipova da

adamianuri cxovrebisken ubiZga. swored amgvari pirovnebebis xelSia

sazogadoebisTvis dakarguli wevrebis srulfasovnebis aRdgena. vaJa-

fSavelas azriT, `mglad qceuls adamians~ ar SeiZleba mgeliviT

movepyroT. `imis gawrTvna, Cven, _ adamianTa xelT ari, Cven unda

movuspoT mas saSualeba, davuketoT bilikebi mgluri instiqtebis,

survilebis sanavardo da morCa misi mgloba~ (34:416-417).

39

afSina pirvelad moxvda situaciaSi, romelic Tavisi aqamdeli

arsebobis cxovelur wesze, aqedan gamomdinare, briyvul, ususur

Tavmoyvareobaze miuTiTebda. marTals eubneba gogoTuri: `ar Sagxvedria

Savfera, mklav-msxvili, rkinis mkvnetavio~. afSina gogoTurTan Sexvedris

Semdeg xvdeba, Tu ra aris WeSmariti raindoba. amitom marTalia, misgan

iaraRs ibrunebs, magram Sin misuli ucnaur gadawyvetilebas iRebs.

afSina ibarebs:

`aha, waixven abjarni,

cxens nu dauyri Tivasa;

vinc xval pirvelad moides,

yvela es miec imasa;

Cem cxenic imasa hyvandes

fass ar vsTxov, arca qirasa~.

`uiaraRod xevsuri (iseve, rogorc zogadad, mTieli kaci)

warmoudgenelia, rogorc uwylod Tevzi~ (34:285). magram afSina veRar

`xevsurobs~:

`me karCi veRar gamoval,

Zmad unda vyvande jinasa;

Wiri Samyria uwamlo,

kacs, xevsurT badals, winasa~.

xevsuroba misTvis vaJkacobis tolfasi cnebaa. misi vaJkacoba ki

damcrobilia. amitom iaraRis magivrad dards unda `dauZmobildes~. rac

Seexeba iaraRis gasxvisebas, rogorc cnobilia, misi Cuqeba adamianis

mimarT pativiscemad iTvleboda. afSina `fass~ ar iTxovs, Cuqnis. Tumca,

misTvis sul erTia, vis Cauvardeba xelSi saWurveli. gavixsenoT `aluda

qeTelaurSi~ mucali: sulTmobrZav vaJkacs ar aviwydeba, rom misi iaraRi

uRirsis xelSi ar unda Cavardes. igi aludas gadaugdebs iaraRs da

etyvis: `xels ar Cavardes sxvisasa!~ am sityvebiT mucali sakuTari

iaraRis Rirsebis dacvas moiTxovs Rirseuli vaJkacis _ aludas mier.

afSina ambobs: `vinc xval pirvelad moides, yvela es miec imasa~ _ es

sityvebi ioli saTqmeli ar unda iyos mTieli kacisTvis. aseTi bedi

arguna man `simrudis gzaze naval~ saWurvels. afSinas eyo imdeni

simdable, rom mimxvdariyo _ is, rac mas vaJkacoba egona, Turme,

40

sabralo, ususuri xalxis Cagvra iyo. es mas Seuracxyofs, viTarca

vaJkacs. rodesac afSina xvdeba, Tu ra aris WeSmariti raindoba, Tavs

iaraRis tarebis Rirsad aRar Tvlis. iaraRs _ rac uZvirfasesia

vaJkacisaTvis da mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli, igive ganaCens

gamoutans, rasac sakuTar Tavs:

`mala da veRar damala

afSinam wyluli gulisa,

ar eTqva, aRar SaeZlo

vaJkacs mobrunva sulisa.

cxeni, abjarni sxvas miscna,

gaxda erTguli rjulisa.~

afSina xevsurTa xevisberi _ xalxis mrCeveli gaxda. erTi SexedviT,

gasakviria, adamianis sapirispiro polusisaken amgvari Semobruneba.

xevisberi uwmindesi pirovnebaa mTaSi, RvTis rCeulicaa. nuTu marTla

iqca afSinas mowodebad Rrma sulieri cxovreba _ asketoba?

am kiTxvaze pasuxs Txzulebis bolo strofi gvaZlevs:

`aboben: qviTini modis

Ram-Ram blos-TaviT kacisa:

`vah, mkvdaro vaJkacobao,

cocxlad damarxvav Tavisa!~

aq kidev erTxel gvaxsendeba ioane RvTismetyvelis sityvebi: `aramed

iyavn gonebai Tqueni yovladve mgloviare da Semusvril~. gogoTurTan

Sexvedram afSinas sulSi yinuli daZra da sinanulisTvis Seamzada.

sinanulma rom marTlac daisadgura mis gulSi, aSkaraa. marTalia,

Tavdapirvelad loginad Cavarda, `sulis mobrunva~ aRar SeeZlo, magram

mainc jiutad gaswia win _ nebelobis aRzdisaken, raTa sakuTari

pirovnuli aqtivoba SesaZlebeli gaexada. nebelobis aRzrdis ideali is

aris, rom pirovnebam nebismieri qcevis warmarTva ise SeZlos, rom

imasTan dakavSirebiT, rac SeiZleba naklebi nebelobis gancdebi hqondes.

afSina sakuTar naRvels swamlobs, raTa am (nebelobis) gancdisagan

gaTavisufldes. naRveli qristianuli anTropologiis ganmartebiT

`sulieri simSralis~ damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. Tu amgvari mtkivneuli

mdgomareoba didxans grZeldeba, is SeiZleba aRiqmebodes, rogorc

41

erTgvari gansacdeli, romelic adamians sulier sicocxlesa da

sasowarkveTilebas _ sulier sikvdils Sua ayenebs (99:70).

afSinas magaliTi mowmobs, rom gza pirovnuli aRorZinebisaken,

nebelobis gancdis daTrgunvisaken arc ise iolia. vaJas gmiri

sasowarkveTilebas ar emorCileba. xevisberis funqciis zidva gamudmebul

locvasa da sulier sifxizles moiTxovs. afSinam es gza airCia _

sifxizlis gza. `sasowarkveTili da sulier daxsnilobas micemuli nu

etyvi Sens Tavs: mZime codvebSi Cavvardi, amdeni xnis codvili cxovrebiT

boroti Cvevebi SeviZine, isini TiTqmis bunebriv Tvisebebad meqcnen,

amitom CemTvis ukve SeuZlebelia sinanuli~ _ ganmartavs makari didi

amgvari fsiqologiuri mdgomareobidan Tavis daxsnis gzas (60:396).

mindodaurobis daZleva Znelia, uamrav survilze uaris Tqmas

gulisxmobs. afSina ara mxolod borot Cvevebze ambobs uars, aramed

yvela amqveyniur siamovnebaze. is xels iRebs raindobaze swored maSin,

roca SeuZlia, marTlac gaxdes raindi. igi Tavs isjis am cxovrebisgan

gandgomiT. İisaak asuri ambobs: `netar ars kaci, romelman uwyis Tavisi

uZlureba, rameTu es codna yovelive keTilis dasabamad Seeqmneba~ (62:24).

es sikeTea afSinas simdable. igi jer kidev ganwmendis gzazea Semdgari,

sulieri simSvide da wonasworoba jer ar moupovebia. amis

damadasturebelia misi Ram-RamobiT qviTinic.

42

3. eTeri

pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis dros adamianis `sulis

dramatuli gancda~ vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebiTi interesis umTavres

motivs wamoadgens. is yovel ambavSi, Tqmulebasa da legendaSi eZebs

amgvar dramatul gancdebs.

oriod werilSi vaJa-fSavelam erTgvari ganmarteba mogvca imisa, Tu

ra konkretulma pirovnulma mizezebma ganapiroba misi daintereseba ama

Tu im TemiT (`kritika b-n ip. varTagavasi~, `fiqrebi `vefxistyaosnis~

Sesaxeb~). sainteresoa, rom xalxuri sityvierebis TviT is nimuSebi,

romlebic vaJam gamoiyena, dramatizms, rogorc aseTs, ar Seicaven, radgan

`drama – esaa poezia `obieqtur-subieqturisa~ (28:341).

poema `eTeri~ xalxuri sityvierebis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili

nimuSis Targzea agebuli. vaJa-fSavelas am poemis STamagonebeli mizezis

Sesaxeb araferi aqvs naTqvami. faqtia, rom xalxuri `eTerianis~ Tema

siyvarulis cnobili samkuTxedia. vaJas, garda imisa, rom am samkuTxedSi

ori figuris – mosiyvarule qal-vaJis grZnoba ufro maRal rangSi hyavs

ayvanili (abesalomi, igive goderZi, aq bolomde inaxavs eTeris mimarT

dadebul fics), mesame, antagonisti gmiris – Seres (xalxur eposSi _

murmani) sulier-dramatuli gancdebiT interesdeba. Tu xalxur eposSi

murmani sikvdilis Semdegac ar anebebs Tavs mijnurebs saflavebs Soris

amosuli eklis saxiT (cnobili Sesityveba `murmanis ekalic~ xazs usvams

xalxuri eposis am personaJisTvis damaxasiaTebel mavnebel Tvisebas),

vaJa-fSavelas personaJi Sere bolomde ar kargavs adamianur bunebas. am

poemaSi vaJa-fSavelam kidev erTxel dasva adamianis sikeTisaken swrafvis

moTxovnilebisadmi ndobis aucileblobis sakiTxi.

Tumca, mivyveT poemis dramatul kolizias. Seres sulieri drama

literaturasa da folklorSi cnobili motivis – demonur ZalasTan

garigebis fonze viTardeba. es motivi cnobilia, rogorc zRaprisTvis,

aseve miTosisTvis. literaturaSi misi yvelaze saintereso konfiguracia

`fausturi paradigmaa~ (41...). vaJasTvis am garigebis nayofis sikeTis

samsaxurSi Cayeneba SeuZlebelia. demonuri Zalisgan miRebul niWs Tu

saCuqars mxolod daRupvamde mihyavs adamiani. am mxriv vaJa-fSavela

43

qarTul folklorul wyaroebsa da literaturul tradiciebs mihyveba,

sadac devi da qaji mxolod boroti sawyisis maCvenebelia.

`qarTul folklorsa da literaturaSi ar arsebobs mefistofeluri

orsaxovneba, rogorc borotisa da keTilis `erTianoba erTSi~, ramac

Tavisebuli saxe misca fausturis qarTul paradigmebs. aq devi an qaji

mxolod borotebas ganasaxierebs. mas ufro ebrZvian, vidre iyeneben...~

(41:126) da Tu iyeneben, TviTonac amgvari (boroti) saqmis Tanaziarni

xdebian.

poemaSi sasiyvarulo samkuTxedis dramatuli ganviTareba Seres

gulSi `Ralatiani~ azris CabudebiT iwyeba:

`gareT ar imCnevs, gulSi ki

mefis Ralati hyioda.~

adamianis sulis gonieri nawili ioane damaskelis anTropologiis

mixedviT `ganiyofeba Sinagan (warmoTqmul) sityvad da garegan

(warmoTqmul) sityvad. Sinagani sityva warmoadgens gonebaSi mimdinare

raRac moZraobas, romelic aranairad ar gamoixateba metyvelebiT~ (62:301).

Sinagan sityvas garegan sityvaze aranaklebi mniSvneloba eniWeba

adamianis sulis moZraobis mimarTulebis TvalsazrisiT. radgan

Sinaganic `warmoTqmulia~, mas rezonansic moyveba. Tavisufali nebis

arCevani xom swored Sinagani sityvis safuZvelze xorcieldeba. `suli

cvalebas eqvemdebareba swored am Tavisufali nebis mizeziT, rogorc es

saerTod aris damaxasiaTebeli yoveli qmnili arsebisaTvis~ (ioane

damaskeli), (iqve. 288).

Seres gulSi boroti Zalisken warmmarTveli sityva – Ralati

`yivis~, iseve, rogorc afSina, gulSi `borotis kbeniT~ itanjeba. Sere

afSinasgan gansxvavebiT ver Zlevs am damRupvel Zalas, romelic

Sinaganad cdilobs mis mokvdinebas:

`gulSi Caujda Seresa

eSmaki Ralatiani;

Sehxvda uwamlo Wirada,

qali mklav-kalaTiani.~

personaJis `sulis cvaleba~, transformacia swored aqedan iwyeba.

poemis yoveli Semdgomi suraTi dacemuli adamianis Sinagani dramatuli

44

gancdebiT aRsavse cxovrebas warmogvidgens. gmiris sulieri cxovrebis

Semdgomi Tavgadasavali poemaSi miTiur-zRaprul planSi ganviTarebuli

koliziebiT grZeldeba. boroti Zala am planSi swored zRaprul-

miTosuri personaJebiT: kudiani bebriT, devebisa da qajebis saxiT aris

warmodgenili. TviT ambis Txrobac am dros zRaprul kiloze

grZeldeba:

`cra zRvasa, cxra mTas iqiTa,

udaburs adgils, mTiansa

scxovrobda erTi beberi

gamoqvabulsa kldiansa.~

`mkiTxveli TiTqos SeumCnevlad, TavisiT Sedis xalxis

fantastikur samyaroSi. is TiTqos uSualod, cocxlad xedavs ara marto

am kudians, `avis mTesvels~ bebers, aramed mTlianad xalxis mier

Seqmnils irealur qveyanas, romelic mkiTxvelisTvisac, rogorc

xalxisTvis, realurze Zlieri da eWvmiutaneli xdeba~ (36:629).

Tumca, fantastikuri suraTi ise agrZelebs realurs, rom aSkarad

SeimCneva miTosuri sinamdvilis Semotanis pirobiTobaze miniSneba.

miTosis funqcia realobasTan mimarTebaSi mJRavndeba. `cxra mTasa da

cxra zRvas iqiT~ momxdar epizodsa da Seres realur ganwyobas Soris

aSkara fsiqologiuri kavSiria. grZneuli beberi swored im avi fiqrebis

zRaprul-miTosuri saxe-ideaa, arqetipia, romlebic gmirs mklav-

kalaTiani qalis danaxvisas mosdis gonebaSi:

`gurgen mefisa veziro

guldakodilo Sereo,

raRas meZaxi SoriTa,

aq, CemTan, Cameereo.

adrev gagige wadili,

ori kviraa gelio.

ras Camamymui goriTa,

rogorc mSiera mgelio?!~

cxenze amxedrebul, odesRac mefis vezirobiT naqeb Seres gulis

damkodavi, zianis mimcemi fiqri gaxdomia vezirad da codvaTa xevSi

miaqanebs. welSi `orad moxrili~, `saxaTabalo ZafebiT~ SemboWveli

45

grZneulis saxiT am xevidan mas sakuTari adamianuri Rirsebis

damcrobili saxe Sehyurebs:

`suyvela imaSi budobs:

angareba da Suria;

erTxel ar ityvis, sxvas vargo,

mudam sxvis vneba swyuria;

codvebiT ver Saedreba

qristes gamcemia uria.~

angarebisa da Suris, sxvisi vnebis msurveli grZneulis saxe

sazareli StrixebiTaa warmodgenili poemaSi. `vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi

portretirebisadmi midrekileba ar igrZnoba. miT ufro sayuradReboa,

rom poemaSi `eTeri~ mocemulia grZneuli bebris sakmaod zusti da

reliefuri portreti~ (59:386):

`Tvalebi cecxlisa usxda,

kbilebi hqonda minisa,

caliers Zvlebze zed ekra

tyavad furceli rkinisa;

fexebi hqonda kacisa,

xelebad brjRlebi cicisa,

da, Tmis magivrad sulZaRlsa,

mokle fafari kvicisa.~

es garegnuli aRwera srulad Seefereba mis sulier Tvisebebs.

borotebis imgvari saxis warmodgeniT, rogorc folklorisa da

miTosisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, `xdeba ideis, arsis sqemis `gacocxleba~,

xorcSesxma, anu ideis personifikacia. maSasadame, miTosuri saxis zusti

portretireba unda aixsnas ideis personifikaciis surviliT, zogadis,

arsis personificirebis mizniT~ (iqve, 387).

borot fiqrebTan wilnayari Sere sabolood emoneba xorciel

survilebs:

`Cems suls Sen mogcem, ar mrcxvenis

me imis monebisao.~

xorcdamonebuli adamianis gancdebis eqpresiul suraTs qmnis Seres

mdgomareoba:

46

`eklebze mZinavs, ro vwvebi,

veRar visveneb, veRara:

puri gvelia, ro viReb,

yels ver vacileb, veRara.

.....................................................

da sulic asulebuli

sasules amameCara!..~

davukvirdeT, risgan Sedgeba `wamali~, romelsac grZneulTan

garigebuli Sere sakuTari xorcis galaRebisTvis iRebs:

`fetvs mogcem, devTa naTessa,

mosulsa devTa Walada;

is urwyavs sisxlsa kacTasa,

devTagan naxmars wyalada;

Sigve dedis rZe urevav

qajTi, macilTi kvalada.

Sigvea ferfli im sulTa,

Cven romelic gvxvda wilada,

vinc Tavis meufesTana

gamoCnda ganawbilada;

Sigve lafia iudis,

qristes gamcemis sulisa

da anafxeki sasyidlad

mis miRebulis fulisa.~

Seres gayidul suls memkvidreobiT ergo kacobriobis umZimesi

codvebi: kacis mkvlelTa, ufalTan gawbilebulTa da iudas codva.

`qristes gamcemi uria~ poemaSi ramdenjermea moxseniebuli. Seres codvac

iudas codvis msgavsia. ufliswulis mimarT Cadenili Ralati sikeTis

Ralatia. mefis Ze – goderZi vaJas TxzulebaSi zneobrivi adamianis,

srulyofili moralis gansaxierebaa. Seresgan gansxvavebiT, is arasodes

Ralatobs sityvas. eTeris mimarT misi siyvaruli uRrmesi sulierebiT

gajerebuli rainduli bunebis gamovlinebaa. imis miuxedavad, rom eTeris

fizikuri silamaze Tvals miefara, goderZim `qali aravis dauTmo~.

misgan gansxvavebiT, Seres ar unda eTeris `marto daxruli Zvlebi~.

47

`mklav-kalaTiani~ qalis mimarT mis grZnobas xorcieli vneba udevs

safuZvlad, amitom Tmobs suls da eTerTan xorcieli bednierebis xuTi

wlisTvis iseve arad agdebs jojoxeTis bWes, rogorc iuda – ocdaaTi

vercxlisTvis:

`suli geyofaT, avsulno,

leSs raRas mietanebiT?

cota xans kidev damiTmeT,

mere daWeriT danebiT,

Tund kupris cecxlSi CamagdeT,

daZexiT Cemis wvalebiT.~

aq Sere miTiur personaJebs – devebs mimarTavs, romlebic rogorc

ukve avRniSneT, borotis sawyisis gansaxierebaa. `devTa mejlisSi~ is

eSmakTan garigebis – sulis gayidvis Semdeg xvdeba. `uRrans ufskruls~

gamarTuli maTi Rreobis suraTi `aluda qeTelauris~, `kopalas~,

`devebis qorwilis~ xilviTi Cvenebebis, pasaJis analogia:

`devTa xelT epyraT pir-didi

WurWlebi kokebiviTa,

Rvinis magivrad sisxls svamden

devebi sworobazeda.

saca visTvisme moeswroT

xevSi, an gorobazeda,

............................................................

sisxli, nawuri kacebis,

WurWlebSi edgaT Rvinoda,

mejlisSi sisxliT Tvreboden,

sisxls svamden mosalxinoda.~

`devebis qorwilSi~, iseve, rogorc `aluda qeTelaurSi~, yma uars

ambobs kacis – Zmis sisxlis smaze, xorcis Wamaze, rac pirovnuli

cnobieri cxovrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWebiT aixsneba. xolo Sere,

romelic rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, borotebis arsTan wilnayarobiT yvela

codvasTan wilnayari xdeba, amgvar arCevans ver akeTebs. xorcieli

tkbobis arCevaniT is uars ambobs pirovnul Tavisuflebaze. qajTa, devTa

48

da WinkaTa Rreoba – mejlisi adamianis xorcieli bunebis zeimisa da

sulis damcrobis gansaxierebaa. Sere maTTan daZmobilebulia:

`mosZaxden: `Zmao Sereo,

rodis-Ra gnaxoT TvaliTa?!~

`mejlisis~ adgilsamyofeli is uRrani ufskrulia, sadac Serem

sakuTari `svindis-namZinarevi~ adamianuri Rirseba moisrola. Seres

sulieri transformacia aluda qeTelauris, afSinas sulieri

transformaciis sapirispiro procesia.

sindiss qristianul anTropologiaSi wminda mamebi adamianis

msajulad, misi nebis keTilisaken warmmarTvelad moixsenieben. amgvari

msajulis Zili sulis Zilia.

ufskrulis mejlisSi Casvla da amosvla poemaSi calke (X) TaviT

aris gamoyofili. samSobloSi ufskrulidan Sere ise brundeba, rogorc

`ucxoeTs~ namyofi, natanji mgzavri. sulgayidulis mZime xvedri man

mSobel miwasTan moaxloebisTanave igrZno. xorcis mejliss imdenad

daucarielebia, gauucxovebia misi suli, rom samSobloze mosul mterTan

SebrZolebac aRar SeuZlia. Tumca, wuxs, yoymanobs, magram amaod:

`Sere ucqerda xSiris tyiT

nacnobebs mwuxarebiTa

da isvelebda kalTebsa

momsqdaris mduRarebiTa.

undoda jarSi gareva,

guli uSlida tiali,

im gayidulis sulisa

gamoTxovebis wkrtiali.~

Sere uwin, albaT kargi meomaric iyo, Torem `jarSi gareva~

azradac ver mouvidoda. sakuTari `mes~ gandidebis msurvels, xorciel

sitkboebas ayolils, meomruli Rirsebac SemoeZarcva. eSmakTan garigebis

Semdeg, pirvelsave Sesaferis situaciaSi, gamoCnda pirovnebis siZabune.

borotebasTan garigebuli adamiani mkvdaria yoveli keTili saqmisTvis,

miT umetes iseTi amaRlebuli gancdisTvis, rogoric patriotuli

gancdaa. Seres suli `ucxoeTSia~ darCenili, `Sin~ misvla gasWirvebia.

`Sin misvla~ vaJasTan cnobieri cxovrebisken mobrunebis aRmniSvneli

49

metaforaa. poemaSi `mTaTa erToba~ Sesityveba `misvla gaWirda Sinamde~

eris cnobieri, erTiani sxeulis dabrunebis mtanjvel molodins

gamoxatavs.**

Seres ambavi imiTac gansxvavdeba xalxuri `eTerianis~ variantisgan,

rom man verc xorcieli wadili aisrula. SeiZleba iTqvas, es aris kidec

vaJa-fSavelas `eTeris~ da xalxuri `eTerianis~ erTi mTavari gansxvaveba.

egoisturi, qvecnobieri swrafviT, Sere sulsac kargavs da amqveyniur

siamovnebasac. amgvarad `gaveranebuls~ Seres srulad Seesabameba vaJa-

fSavelas leqsis `kai ymis~ striqonebi:

`dahkargavT saaqaosa,

verc saiqios rCebiTa.~

saaqaos dakargvaSi poeti adamianis mier socialuri daniSnulebis,

xalxisa da sikeTis samsaxuris ugulvebelyofas gulisxmobs. Sere

swored aseTi adamiania, `Tavis jams Cascqers~.

xorcieli cxovreba mas ufskrulisaken miaqanebs da am gzaze

kargavs adamianis gamakeTilSobilebel Tvisebebs: samSoblos siyvaruls,

mefe-patronis erTgulebas (rac raindis upirvelesi Cvevaa) da sakuTari

Tavis rwmenas. vaJa-fSavela uaRresad qristianuli moraliT gansjis

gmiris Secdenas. am mxriv, misi ganwyoba sruliad Seesatyviseba

romantikosTa skolis qristianuli literaturiT nasazrdoeb sevdis

motivebs. Seres, rwmenadakarguls, SeeZlo eTqva am codvis gamomwvevi

mizezisaTvis:

`hoi, aRmSfoTo, mipasuxe, nu imalebi,

ratom gacudda Zali Seni momjadoebi.~

(n. baraTaSvili, `sulo boroto~) (12:590)

eTerisa da goderZis sikvdilis Semdeg poemis bolo, saepilogo

TavSi asaxulia `sicocxle-gaarmebuli~ yofa. am yofis ambavi

SemkiTxvelis – poetisa da ambis mTqmelis dialogiT aris gadmocemuli.

mTqmelis uCveulo naambobi Seres qcevas eSmakeuli fiqrebisagan

Sewuxebul kacad warmogvidgens:

`xan lekviviTa wkavwkavebs,

** gv. 16

50

ZaRliviT xmarobs enasa.

xan buisaviT gahkivlebs

sawyalad, beCavurada;

im drosve gadaiqceva

axla mCxavana turada;

xan miTam moWkviandeba,

tye-tyis pirT dadis stviriTa;~

meores mxriv, aq CamoTvlili cxoveluri heraldika aSkarad

migvaniSnebs gmiris sulSi mimdinare procesze. Seres adamianuri bunebis

erTianoba Tavisufali nebis arasworad warmarTvis gamo darRveulia.

`gonebadanakveTeb~ adamians namdvilad ar ZaluZs arsebis gamTlianeba.

sxvadasxva cxoveluri saxelebi sxvadasxva adamianuri vnebis saxe-ideebia.

Tumca, `arCevanis Tavisufleba codviT dacemul adamianSic ar

nadgurdeba~ (makari megvipteli) (99:88). Seres zemoT aRwerili qceva

gulisxmobs nebelobis gancdas. yvelaze did codvilsac ZaluZs swori

arCevanis saSualebiT pirovnuli Rirsebis aRdgena _ meored Soba. vaJa-

fSavelas – humanist poets ar ZaluZs gmiris am rwmenis gareSe datoveba:

`marto tura-mglobs, eg aris,

marto sibilwis mqnelia?~

_ ekiTxeba poeti ambis mTqmels.

`_ erT wels udabnos wavida,

sulis mogebas hlamobda,

berebTan erTad marxulobs,

imaTTan erTad galobda,

miT Serem ver daisvena,

mainc iseve wvalobda.~

_ pasuxobs mTqmeli. simdabliT, marxviTa da galobiT, keTili saqmiT,

SeiZleba `sulis mogeba~. Seres ara mxolod marxva da locva dauwyia,

aramed `glaxakobs~, amqveyniuri dideba daTmo:

`man veziroba uarhyo,

daaqvs titveli fexebi

da xmas ar iRebs, ros TavSi

ufaCuneben glexebi.~

51

es simdablis gzaa, Tumca ramdenadac didia codva, miT ufro didi

Sromaa saWiro dacemuli Rirsebis, RvTis mimaluli xatis aRsadgenad.

Sere Tvalis dasaTxrelad amzadebs danas – Tavs isjis tanjvis

momatebiT. albaT gagvaxsendeba antikuri tragediis TvalebdaTxrili

oidiposi, magram Cadenamde man arc ki uwyis sakuTari codvis Sesaxeb.

misi tragedia bedis tragediaa. Sere axali drois tragediis gmiria. misi

tragedia sulis tragediaa. is pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT asrulebs

qristianuli moralis miTiTebas: `Tu gacdunebs Seni marjvena Tvali,

amoiTxare da gadaagde, vinaidan umjobesia SenTvis, rom erTi asoTagani

dageRupos, vidre mTeli Seni sxeuli geenaSi Cavardes~ (maTe 5.29). Seres

es geena moagona grZneulTa amao `saswaulma~ da sasjelsac TviT

ganuwesebs sakuTar Tavs.

sulieri simSvidis mopoveba arc ise advilia. vaJa gmirs gza-

gasayarze tovebs, Tumca, keTili sawyisis ukvdaveba misTvis ukve

aRiarebuli WeSmaritebaa.

52

Tavi IIIznesruli pirovnebis socialuri daniSnulebis sakiTxi poemebis:

`stumar-maspinZlis~, `baxtrionis~ da`gvelis-mWamelis~ mixedviT

`nayofiT icnobT maT~

maTe. 7. 20

1. `stumar-maspinZeli~

zneobriv, humanur pirovnebaTa tragedias sazogadoebasTan

SepirispirebaSi vaJa-fSavela kidev erTxel Seexo poemaSi `stumar-

maspinZeli~, romelic mogvianebiT, 1893 wels gamoqveynda. aRsaniSnavia,

rom Tavdapirvel variantebSi misi saTauri iyo `zviadauri~, radgan

ambavi, romelic poetma brwyinvale nawarmoebSi gamoiyena, mxolod

zviadauris gmirobis ambavs Seicavda (34:363-364). vaJas Canafiqri ki, ara

mxolod rainduli sulis imgvari gamomJRavneba iyo, rogoric zviadauris

saxeSia, aramed iseTi humanurobisac, romelsac joyola da misi meuRle

_ aRaza gviCveneben da vaJas SemoqmedebaSi araCveulebriv, TviTmyofad

saxeebs qmnian. `joyola, aRaza da am ukanasknelis glova zviadaurisa,

agreTve galaSqreba xevsurebisa zviadauris neStis gadmosasveneblad da

sxva, yvela es avtoris braliao,~ _ werda vaJa ipolite varTagavas

kritikis pasuxad erT-erT werilSi (iqve.364).

dedamiwaze humanur tradiciaTa erT-erTi uZvelesi saxe stumar-

maspinZlobis tradiciaa. vaJa stumar-maspinZlis urTierTobaSi swored im

sakvanZo situacias poulobs, romelic yvelaze efeqturad xsnis poemis

personaJ-gmirTa xasiaTs da warmoaCens maT konfliqts sazogadoebasTan,

rasac, Tavis mxriv, am formaciaSi miRebul adaTTa Sorisve arsebuli

winaaRmdegobani ganapirobebs.

`kai ymebi~ _ joyola da zviadauri. poema `stumar-maspinZeli~ ori

`kai ymis~ SexvedriT iwyeba. orive urTierTsimpatiiT imsWvaleba. joyola

zviadauris xevsurobas ierze cnobs da uyoymanod patiJebs ojaxSi, xolo

saxlSi gacnobis Semdeg masTan Zmad Seficvasac fiqrobs:

`ivaxSmes, Tavis stumari

maspinZels moswons guliTa.

53

`kargi vaJkaci etyoba~, _

ficulobs Tavis rjuliTa:

`es erTi cnoba, xval Zmoba,

erTad SevTvisdeT suliTa~...

mahmadiani joyola qristian zviadaurTan `suliT SeTvisebas~ apirebs. es

aris is rainduli suli, romlis arsic uaRresad humanuria da, aqedan

gamomdinare, Tavisi bunebiT _ qristianuli.

vaJas personaJebis _ joyolasa da aRazas xasiaTi, rogorc Semdgom

vnaxavT, imgvarad warimarTeba, kidev erTxel adasturebs tertulianes

azrs, rom `adamianis suli (anima) Tavisi bunebiT qristiania~ (46:63).

mkvlevari akaki baqraZe aRniSnavs: `joyolasa da aRazas

feriscvaleba iwyeba maSin, roca sofelma stumar-maspinZlobis wminda

kanoni daarRvia da zviadauri dasasjelad waiyvana~ (15:187). Cven kidev

erTxel gavimeorebT, rom am poemaSi, iseve rogorc `aluda qeTelaurSi~,

`gogoTur da afSinaSi~, gmirTa cxovrebis mxolod erTi, sakvanZo

monakveTia mocemuli. amitom, am SemTxvevaSic unda gvaxsovdes, rom vaJas

pirovnebebSi Tavidanve mocemulia is wanamZRvarebi, romelic cxovrebis

mxolod erT, garkveul etapze xdeba sacnauri yvelasaTvis. `garegnulad

rac unda mSvidobianad mimdinareobdes aseTi adamianis cxovreba,

Sinaganad masSi yovelTvisaa raRac mebrZoli~ (С. Л. Рубинштейн) (41:66).

joyola rom arc ise iSviaTad amJRavnebda `axirebul~ bunebas, es im

frazidanac Cans, romelsac nawarmoebis bolos, mokluli joyolas

mimarT amboben qistebi: `exlac masxarad agvigdo, winad xom bevjer

agvria~. e.i. joyola yovelTvis sxvebisgan gamorCeuli, sakuTari

principebis mqone pirovneba yofila, magram amgvar winaaRmdegobas mainc

ar moeloda SurisZiebiT anTebuli Temi. pirovneba winaRudga qistebs.

magram is, visac joyola ar Seepua, sinamdvileSi samarTliani Temi ki ar

iyo, aramed brbo, romelsac erTaderTi mizani amoZravebda _ sisxli

swyuroda. literaturul kritikaSi dRes sadavo sakiTxs aRar

warmoadgens, rom joyola Temis adaTebs Soris Tanmxvedr situaciaSi

urTierTdapirispirebis msxverpli gaxda (43:66). `or simarTles Soris

moqceuli pirovnebis bedi yovelTvis tragikulad mTavrdeba~ (15:93).

gaigo Tu ara joyolam zviadauris mosisxleobis ambavi, `pirs sinanuli

54

waeso~, radgan mixvda, rom misi stumari marTalia, kargi vaJkacia, magram

maTi Zmobis ideam, rac sul cota xnis win aSkara realobad miaCnda,

irealur sferoSi gadainacvla. Tumca, wuTiTac ar dafiqrebula imaze,

Caegdo Tu ara stumari aboboqrebul TanamemamuleTa xelSi. igi

WeSmariti raindia da raindulad icavs stumar-maspinZlobis wess.

amasTan, Seuracxyofili da gakvirvebulic aris Temis qceviT.

gakvirvebulia imitom, rom Temi Tavissave adaTs _ stumris moyvrulad

daxvedris wess arRvevs da Seuracxyofilia, rogorc am wesis

aRmsrulebeli maspinZeli. igi adaTisa da sakuTari `kacobis qelvas~ ar

apatiebs Tems:

`roca gascdeba Cems ojaxs,

iq moepyariT avada.

vis gauyidav stumari?

qisteTs sad Tqmula ambada?

ra davaSave iseTi,

rom momixvediT karada?

Tvis rjuli dagviwyebiaT,

mitom iqceviT mcdarada;~

sxva admianisTvis am SemTxvevaSi iqneb arCevanis SesaZleblobis

sakiTxic mdgariyo _ mimxroboda Tems, Tu daecva stumari. joyolas

saubarSi ki Cans, rom igi is pirovnebaa, vinc sakuTar principebs arCevans

arasodes sTavazobs. man icis, rom rainduli adaTis mixedviT `stumris

mosisxle mters, maspinZlis mezobelic, Tundac Zmac rom iyos, ar

SeuZlia, stumars xma gasces; Tu vinme gakadnierda, maSin TviTon

maspineli gascems pasuxs stumris modaves, sisxlis daqcevasac ar

daerideba~ (34:48). vaJa am raindul adaTs xevsurebis magaliTze aRwers,

Tumca qisti joyolac ambobs:

`Cems sjulsa vficav, sisxls davRvri,

gananebT briyvuls qcevasa,

gananebT, Tumca Zmani xarT,

Cemis kacobis qelvasa!~

am situaciis tragizmi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom orive mxare

kanonieria _ pirovnebac da Temic, magram WeSmariteba joyolas mxaresaa,

55

vinaidan igi yoveli kanonisa da adaTis gareSe, yoveli sazogadoebrivi

formaciis gareT dgas da mas pirovnebis sworad warmarTuli

Tavisufali neba gamoxatavs. aqve mJRavndeba joyolas rainduli sulis

erTi Tvisebac _ uiaraRo meomris xelSeuxebloba. igi gulmosuli

eubneba momxvdur Tvistomebs: `uiaraRos awvalebT, guli rasa hgrZnobs

Tavada?~ joyolas ZaliT wahgvares stumari da mis mier mokluli qistis

_ darlas saflavs daakles.

joyola ganwiruli aRmoCnda sakuTari Temisagan: qistebs moRalate

hgoniaT:

`moaqvT da cocxals madeben

saflavis qvasa gulzeda,~

_ Civis vaJkaci, Tumca es araTu samagieros migebis survils aRuZravs,

aramed borotebis wil sikeTiT, TavganwirviT pasuxobs sazogadoebis

saqciels.

`sabraloa mxolod mravalTaTvis Tavdadebuli adamiani,

sxvebisTvis keTilis momqmedi, mSveleli da TviTon ki moklebuli

Svelas moyvasTagan. ar axalia da Zveli es movlena mxolod iq, sadac

bnela, _ regvens, briyvs sazogadoebaSi... sxvis rgebaze damdgari adamiani,

briyvs sazogadoebaSi, mudam zaralSia, igi zvarakia tarigad Sewiruli~

(34:190). joyola zvarakia, qistebis briyvul sazogadoebaSi. vaJas azriT,

gmiri aseTic unda iyos.

didi mistikosi mwerali grigol palama ambobs: `SesaZloa

adamianebs SeSurdeT Seni, avyia Worebis qselSi gagaban, aTasgvari oinic

mogiwyon, ar Sedrke, ganze gadeqi da yvelasaTvis keTilismyofelma

kvlav Seni sakeTebeli akeTe~ (63:433).

joyola WeSmariti raindia. misTvis ucxoa wvrilmani fusfusi,

Worebis ayola. misi pirovneba kldesaviT mtkicea. veraviTari gareSe

azri ver Seryvnis masSi qveynis siyvaruls da mis kacur sakeTebels _ am

siyvarulis samsaxuris Cvevas. igi, Tumca, ganze gamdgari, `martoka midis

cal mxares~ xevsurebTan saomrad, magram mainc `Tavdadebulia cdazeda~.

aRaza. stumar-maspinZlobis rainduli adaTis sadiaco saqme aRazam

aRasrula. qmris stumari man daitira. igi iseve moxibluli da

pativiscemiT ganmsWvalulia zviadauris mimarT, rogorc joyola.

56

saerTod, aRazas gamoCenisTanave poemaSi Cans, rom col-qmari erTsul da

erTxorc arian. zviadauris mimarT aRazas grZnobaSi literaturis

kritikosebi SeniSnaven qisti qalis qaluri grZnobiT ganmsWvalvas. Cven

ar uarvyofT, rom amis damadasturebeli frazebi marTlac aris

nawarmoebSi, magram am SemTxvevaSi, gansaxilvel problemasTan

dakavSirebiT, mTavaria ara is, Tu humanur grZnobaTa ra momentebs

warmoaCens vaJa ama Tu im gmiris saxis, xasiaTis meti efeqtisTvis,

aramed, Tavad faqti humanuri grZnobis arsebobisa. ai, rogor iqceva da

ras ganicdis aRaza:

`bevri itira Cumada,

Tumca drodadro krTeboda,

zviadauris sikvdili

TvalebSi elandeboda.

stiroda, magram tirili

ar iyo, exaTreboda:

erT mxriv xaTri aqvs Temisa,

meoriT _ RmerTi aSinebs,

qisteTis mtrisa mozares

Tavs risxvas gadmoadinebs.

es fiqri gonebisaa,

guli Tavisas Svreboda,

kacis kacurad sikvdili

gulidan ara hqreboda~.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom aRazas saqcieli berZeni tragikosis _

sofokles mier gansaxierebuli antigones saqcielis eqvivalentia (43:40-

43). antigone saxelmwifos mmarTvelis winaaRmdeg amgvar saqciels

RviZli Zmis gamo Cadis, aRaza ki ara ubralod ucxo tomis kacis,

`urjulos~, aramed mosisxles gamo. amitom aRazas `RmerTic aSinebs~.

misi RmerTisTvis ucxoa mcneba: `Seiyvare mteri Seni~ (iseve, rogorc

antikuri gmirisTvis). es gonebiT icis aRazam, magram `guli Tavisas

Svreboda~. igi swored guliT wvdeba WeSmaritebas da Tavisi saqcieliT

qisteTsa da Tems ki ar Ralatobs, aramed adamianis mimarT humanuri

sibralulis grZnobiT imsWvaleba da kanibaluri msxverplSewirvis

57

winaaRmdeg gamodis. amasve akeTebs qisti mucalis mimarT aluda

qeTelauri _ gulaCvilebuli daitirebs moklul vaJkacs. es mowmobs,

rom vaJasTvis, da saerTod, literaturuli simarTlisTvis, mTavaria

ara is, Tu ra formalur kavSirSia esa Tu is gmiri qristianobasTan,

aramed is, Tu rogor moqmedebs igi. aludaca da aRazac

maRalzneobrivi, qristianuli sulis gamomxatveli principebiT

moqmedeben. maTi guli gamsWvalulia cocxali arsebis mimarT

sibraluliT da misi vaJkacobis mimarT pativiscemiT. qristianuli

asketizmis mixedviT `guli~ adamianuri arsebobis safuZvels,

qvelmoqmedebiTi monacemebis, inteleqtisa da nebis centrs warmoadgens.

es is sawyisia, saidanac gamomdinareobs da brundeba mTeli sulieri

cxovreba. wm. makari megviptelis swavlebis mixedviT, guli

`simarTlisa da sicruis muSa salaroa. iq mdebareobs madlis

saganZuri~ (99:152).

aRaza wvdeba am madlis saganZurs, romelic mis gonebasac ubrunebs

sijansaRes. isaak asuris sityviT: `TviT gonebis cxovreba warmoadgens

gulis saqmes~ (99:153). gulis siwminde ubrunebs gonebas jansaRi Wvretis

unars, rac cnobierad cxovrebis dasawyisia.

gulis, cnobierebisa da gonebis urTierTdamokidebuleba

araCveulebrivad aris asaxuli `vefxistyaosnis~ ramdenime striqonSi:

`guli, cnoba da goneba erTmaneTzeda hkidian:

ra guli wava, igica wavlen da misken midian;

ugulo kaci kaci ver kacobs, kacTagan ganakidian.~

gulia adamianis adamianad yofnis safuZvelTa safuZveli, misi

arsebis erTianadqmnis mizezic da sababic.

adamianis sibralulisa da Rirsebis SegnebiT aRazas pirovnebaSi

gaRviZebuli madli mTel mis arsebas erTianqmnis da WeSmariti

cxovrebisaken mimarTavs. am cxovrebas Seadgens cneba: `Seiyvare mteri

Seni~.

poemaSi STambeWdavadaa gamoxatuli misi nebis yoymani. nebelobis

gancda yvelganaa, sadac gadawyvetilebis gamotana Zneldeba. aRazas

eCveneba, rom sasaflaodan micvalebulebi unamusobas mosZaxian da

wyevlian. qisteTis buneba: `tandawkepilni dekani, balaxni, qvani, qviSani~

58

_ win eRobebian. sakuTari sxeulis nawilebic ki eurCebian: `yurebs

gaudis Jivili~, fexebi ar emorCileba, mainc garbis, `samduravs eubnebian

aRazas giSris Tmanica~. yoymani TandaTan neldeba, xolo mRelvareba

mxolod maSin cxreba, roca guliT nawvdomis WeSmaritebas qmari _

joyola udasturebs: `itire? madli giqnia~...

vaJa igonebs, rom `stumar-maspinZelSi~ im adgilma, roca qmari,

joyola, hkiTxavs cols, aRazas, `namtiralevi rada xaro~, amis gamo

col-qmris baasma mTeli ori Tve SemaCera. nametnavad im adgilma

gamoiwvia CemSi sulieri ryeva Tu ra pasuxi unda mieca joyolas

colisTvis, rogor Sehxvedriyo aRazas sityvebs, roca igi eubneboda

zviadaurze: `cremlebi Semiwiria im Seni megobrisTvisao~ (34:365).

am epizods vaxtng goguaZe ganixilavs, rogorc joyolas rainduli

qcevis erT-erT TvalsaCino magaliTs: `aRazasadmi mimarTuli pasuxi ar

aris pasuxi qmrisa, aramed kacisa, romelsac ZaluZs Tavis kerZo

arsebobas ukan daaxevinos da amaRldes yofiT realobaze~ (24:174).

vaJam ori Tve swored imisTvis ifiqra, rom joyolas colisTvis

monoliTuri pirovnebis Sesaferi pasuxi ar daeyovnebina. misi

Tavisufali buneba arCevanisganac Tavisufalia da amitom bunebrivad

miemarTeba sikeTisken _ madlisken.

`madlismqmneli~ buneba rainduli suliT gamsWvalul adamians

SeiZleba hqondes. am bunebas sakuTar TavSi vaJas gmirebi im viTarebaTa

wyalobiT pouloben, romelSic eqcevian. sazogadoebis winaSe

fernacvali gmirebi Tumca, tragikulad iRupebian, magram madls ki

toveben miwaze, adamianebTan. `tragizmi xom mxolod iqaa, sadac arsebobs

pirovnebis sazogadoebaSi gangrZobis, individis sazogadoebaSi

gansxeulebis SesaZlebloba~ (93:36). pirovnebis cxovreba da gmiroba rom

sazogadoebisTvis socialurad Rirebulia, amis dadasturebaa `stumar-

maspinZlis~ dasasruli _ fernacvali gmirebis _ daRupuli joyolas,

aRazasa da zviadauris xilviTi Cveneba kldis Tavze.

`stumar-maspinZlis~ dasasruli. `adamianis fiqrisa erTi saqeburi

Tviseba _ movlenaTa mizezis Ziebaa~, _ ambobs vaJa (34:208). Mmisi

adamianebi movlenaTa mizezebs xSirad sizmriseuli Tu xilviseuli

59

CvenebebiTac wvdebian. Aamgvari poeturi suraTebi vaJas TxzulebebSi

arcTu iSviaTad mTavar ideaze migvaniSneben.

sazogadoeba, romelic sul cota xnis win koleqtivis fsiqikisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli uxeSi Sablonuri qceviT daupirispirda pirovnul

TviTSegnebas, yovel RamiT erTi scenis mxilveli xdeba: kldis Tavze

gardacvlil stumar-maspinZelTa aCrdilebi ikribebian da mwuxare, magram

mSvidi saxiT aRasruleben `Sinagani subieqturobis principiT~

nasazrdoeb madlian adaTs. Tumca, cota xanSi qistebis Tvals nisli

efareba da xilvac wamierad wydeba:

`daefareba sanaxavs

wera-mwerelis weriTa,

zed awevs jadosaviTa,

ar daimtvreva kveriTa,

verc Seulocavs mlocavi,

arc aixdeba xeliTa.~

xilva adamianis daZabuli fiqris nayofia. sizmrisagan gansxvavebiT,

igi zecnobieris sferos ufro ganekuTvneba. aCrdilebi rom umizezod

ar Cndebian adamianur warmosaxvaSi, da miTumetes, literaturaSi, amas

msoflio literaturis uamravi magaliTi adasturebs.

am TvalsazrisiT, saintereso da mravalferovania didi ingliseli

dramaturgis _ Seqspiris Semoqmedeba, sadac xilvebi xSirad Txzulebis

mTavar ideaze migvaniSneben. literaturaTmcodneobaSi gamoTqmulia azri,

rom Seqspiris `hamletis~ eqspoziciaSi `hamletis mamis aCrdilis

gamoCena sxva araferia, Tu ara hamletis sulSi momwifebuli

undoblobis Cveneba garkveuli dramaturgiuli xerxiT~ (70:159).DaCrdilis

mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebani sruliad emTxveva daniis princis eWvebsa

da fiqrTa mdinarebas. princs megobrebic TanaugrZnoben. amitom aris,

rom swored hamleti da misi Tanamoazreebi xedaven aCrdils,

gansxvavebiT dedoflisagan, romelic `SeZrwunebuli Sehyurebs fiqrebSi

wasul ufliswuls~ (70:159).

`makbetSi~ banqos aCrdilis gamoCena makbetis gaRviZebul sindisze

migvaniSnebs. Seqspiri cdilobs am xilvebiT adamianis sulis moZraoba

60

gviCvenos. Bbanqos mxolod makbeti xedavs _ mxolod man icis sakuTari

danaSaulis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad, sindisis aCrdilic mas awuxebs.

Mmxatvruli struqturis amgvari momentebi mkiTxvels sulac ar

aiZulebs, fantastikuri xilva zebunebriv realobad irwmunos. Ees aris

Semoqmedis xerxi, romliTac mas SeuZlia, erTi SexedviT realurad

daujerebeli suraTiT ufro damajereblad warmogvidginos mxatvruli

sinamdvile. `stumar-maspinZlis~ finalSic qistebis xilva erTgvari

poeturi xerxia, romelSic Cans sazogadoebis cnobierebis mibruneba

Cadenili qmedebebisken.

poemis XIV TaviT amoiwura realuri kanonzomierebis Semcveli

ambavi. specialur literaturaSi marTebulad aris aRniSnuli, rom

`stumar-maspinZelSi~ ori adaTis _ ori simarTlis Sepirispirebis fonze

Sinagan xmas damorCilebul pirovnebaTa tragediaa asaxuli (43:66).

joyolam da aRazam, romelTa humanuri buneba garegan cxovrebiseul

dabrkolebebze Zlieri aRmoCnda, ver SeZles idealis realur yofaSi

damkvidreba. Mmagram, `maRali idealebi moiTxovs am idealTa

ganxorcielebas Tundac iluziuri formiT~ (59:382). poemis dasasruls,

kldis Tavs Seyrili gmirebi swored im ideas ganasaxiereben, romlis

miwaze ganuxorcieleblobis gamo joyolas jer kidev poemis

kulminaciur momentSi `pirs sinanuli waeso~ _ stumar-maspinZlobis

humanur ideals: kldis Tavze danTebul koconTan joyola zviadaurs

uxmobs, iqve aRazac modis da Zmobilebs maspinZlobs, jixvis mwvads

uwvavs...

`vaJkacobisas amboben,

erTurTis dandobisasa,

stumar-maspinZlis weszeda

cnobis da da-Zmobisasa.~

mTel scenas sevdiani, magram mSvidi elferi adevs. es poeturi

kanonzomierebaa. joyolas da zviadauris daaxlovebis survili

mkiTxvels nawarmoebis dasawyisSive uCndeba, xolo nawarmoebis finaluri

sceniT wre ikvreba _ joyolas survili `erTad SevzavneT suliTa~

irealur, idealur planSi xorcieldeba. Mmagram vaJam finaluri sceniT

ara mxolod mkiTxvelis molodini gaamarTla, aramed nawarmoebSi

61

warmodgenili sazogadoebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis procesic gviCvena.

sazogadoebas, romelic am gmirebis qmedebis mxilveli gaxda, aRar

ZaluZs ganviTarebis erT etapze SeCereba. `igi aucileblad icvleba,

Tumca garegnulad SeiZleba arc SeimCneodes~ (15:196). swored amitom aris

saWiro poeturi xilvis Semotana. `xdeba Sinagani mSvinvieri ganwmenda~

(15:196). am SemTxvevaSi rom marTlac asea, xilvis Tumca mwuxare, magram

mSvidi suraTi mowmobs. Sekruli wre transformaciis aqts ganasaxierebs,

romlis garegnuli plani imaSi gamoixateba, rom Temis wevrebisTvis

gamoaSkaravda stumar-maspinZlobis WeSmariti arsi, rac aqamde mxolod

rCeulTa _ joyolas, aRazasa da zviadauris bunebis Tviseba iyo.

`qarTuli stumarTmoyvareoba stumarTan megobrobis, an stumris

miRebis survils ki ar gamoxatavs mxolod, aramed stumris, viTarca

moyvasis siyvarulsac gulisxmobs. maSasadame, qarTul

stumarTmoyvareobaSi imTaviTve aris ukve mocemuli meti safuZveli

qvelmoqmedebiTi damokidebulebisaTvis~ (26:357). Aaqedan gamomdinare, is

Tavisi arsiT rainduli bunebis matarebelia.

stumar-maspinZlobis amgvar wess uZvelesi literaturuli

tradiciebi aqvs. bibliur TxzulebebSi stumris saxiT ojaxSi TviT

ufals maspinZloben. amgvari Rirseuli maspinZlobiT gamoirCeva abraami

(dabadeba. 18. 2-8), iobi (iobi. 31. 31). TviT qriste mouwodebs adamianebs

stumris mimarT delikaturobisken (luka. 7. 44-46). swored amgvari

Sinaarsis gamo, Cvens mier ganxilul poemaSi, `irRveva stumar-

maspinZlobis adaTis eTnografiuli lokaluroba da am masalidan vaJas

mier SemoqmedebiTad amoziduli konkretuli qarTuli Tvisebebi

zogadsakacobrio Sinaarsis matarebel motivTa donemde adian~ (28:362).

simbolurad, metamorfoza mTaze, kldis Tavze xdeba. vaJasTvis mTa

wminda adgilia:

`mTas viyav, mwvervalze videq,

Tvalwin mefina qveyana,

gulze mesvena mze-mTvare,

vlaparakobdi RmerTTana.~

62

qristianuli xanis mwerlobaSi mTa aris wminda, anu `kvrivi~

(rogorc fSav-xevsureTSi ityvian) adgili, sadac mxolod uflis

rCeulebs SeuZliaT asvla~ (46:51).

klde simtkicis, gamZleobis, maradiulobis, Zlierebis, patiosnebis

simboloa. klde _ bibliuri metafora, simtkices gamoxatavs. is

gaTanabrebulia RvTis macocxlebel ZalasTan, romelic wyaros saxiT

modis kldidan moses kverTxis dartymisas. qriste iwodeba `saukuno

klded~, xolo Tavis usayvarles mociquls petres qristem uwoda es

saxeli (petre) im Tvisebis gamo, romelsac igi Semdgom gamoavlenda _

simtkicis (berZnulad `Petros~ _ klde) (105:330): `amitom yvelas, vinc

ismens am Cems sityvebs da asrulebs, maT vamsgavseb keTilgonier kacs,

romelmac saxli kldeze aiSena. movida wvima, gadmoskdnen mdinareebi,

amovardnen qarebi da ekveTTnen im saxls; is ki ar daeca, vinaidan

kldeze iyo dafuZnebuli~ (maTe. 7. 24-25).

stumar-maspinZlobis aqti am poemaSi swored iseTi mtkice

pirovnebebiT aris warmoCenili, rogorebic arian: joyola, aRaza,

zviadauri. amitom maTi, ase vTqvaT, Jesti, mxolod Jestad ki ar rCeba,

aramed mtkice, STambeWdav metaforad iqceva da ase warmosdgeba

qistebis Tvalwin.

Suasaukuneebis poetikaSi, rainduli kodeqsis damkvidrebis

periodSi, klde asocirdeboda cixesTan (cixe-koSkTan), romelic,

Cveulebriv, mTis Tavze Sendeboda. amitom rainduli kodeqsis mixedviT,

mTavari iyo kldis msgavsi simtkice da rwmena (105:455-456).N

nislis simbolika ki mwerlobaSi zogadad niSnavs `raime cvalebas,

gadaqcevas an zebunebriv Carevas~ (105:380).

`simbolur nisls~ miRma rogorc wesi, raRac konkretuli,

Tvisobrivi siaxle igulisxmeba. `Zvel aRTqmaSi~ nislis gamoCena

bibliur gamocxadebaTa momaswavebelia da sxvaTa Soris,

astrofizikosebis mtkicebiT, asea Tavad samyaroSic, sadac `pirveladi

materia~ swored kosmiuri nislis (mtvris) formiT arsebobs~ (2:7).

saxecvlili, manamde ucnobi arsiT stumar-maspinZlobis adaTis

xilvis unars sazogadoeba sinanulis Sedegad eufleba. sinanuli

warmoadgens transformaciis Sinagan plans. `es procesi bunebrivia,

63

radgan axali simarTle, romelic sazogadoebis cnobierebas cvlis,

pirovnebas moaqvs~ (15:196). Tumca, es progresis mxolod dasawyisia.

sinanulis patara naperwkali qistebis gulSi jer kidev zviadauris

vaJkacurma sikvdilma gaaRviva. `daklulma dakla maT guli~ _ wers vaJa.

sisxlis ZiebiT aRvsilTa xvedri aseTia: Rirsebis arsebis nacvlad _

Seuracxyofa, kmayofilebis nacvlad _ sindisis qenjna. isini Cveulebad

qceul Jests: mkvdris gvamze `sisxliT naRebi fanjrebis~ gakeTebas veRar

bedaven:

`codvaa!~ _ yvela hfiqrobda,

xalxis guli da goneba

sasinanulod mihqroda~.

es momenti erTgvari analogia aluda qeTelauris mtrisTvis

marjvenis moWraze uaris Tqmisa, mizeziT _ `codva ariso~. qistebi

zviadauris WeSmariti vaJkacobis aRiarebamde midian da saxlSi Tavis

marTlebiT brundebian:

` _ xom magas ar movuklavdiT

mtrebs, avs rom sCadiodnen?

kargi vaJkaci yofila,

yvela allaxsa hficavda,

imitom vefxvebr gvebrZoda,

Tavis miwa-wyals icavda~.

qistebic aRiareben sisxliani mterobis savalalo dausabamobas.

mTavaria, sworad gamoiyeneben Tu ara sindiss, adamianis kidev erT

`saqebur Tvisebas~.

maTi `sasinanulod mimqroli~ guli da goneba ver sZlevs `maTi

ufalis~ mier naanderZev da gaqvavebul adaTs: `sisxli sisxlis wil~:

`magram mters mtrulad moeqe,

TviTon ufalma brZanao,

is sjobs rac male vecdebiT,

gulSi CavurWoT danao~.

sazogadoeba jer kidev ar aris asuli ganviTarebis im safexurze,

rom STambeWdavma suraTma maTi sulebi mTlianad SeZras da sruli

64

transformacia moaxdinos. sazogadoebaSi, rogorc wesi, amas xSirad

saukuneebi sWirdeba, Tumca gmirebi swored amisTvis iRvwian.

`mTaze dawolili, xSiri RrublebiT warmodgenili janRi

aRniSnavda gadaulaxavi mTebis simbolos maTTvis, vinc mas aseTad

xedavda im momentSi~ (106:349-350). sazogadoebisTvis joyolas, aRazas da

zviadauris stumar-maspinZloba jer kidev gadaulaxavi, miuwvdomeli,

Tumca ukve xiluli idealia.

janRiT, nisliT Tu RrubliT Seqmnil gadaulaxav mTebs poetur

xerxad xSirad iyenebda homerosi.

Qqristianul mwerlobaSi xSirad moixsenieben da erTgvar

agiografiul Sablonsac warmoadgens `codvis nisli~, romelic madls

uziarebeli adamianis Tvalebs an gonebas efareba. wminda ninos

cxovrebaSi `codvis nisli~ jer kidev `Crdilois qveynad~ moxseniebul

qarTlis mTebzea dawolili. sagulisxmoa, rom mTa jvarTamaRlebis

potenciur wminda adgils warmoadgens. Mmefe mirianis moqcevac

nadirobis dros, `moqcevai qarTlisais~ adrindel redaqciebSi da berZen

avtorebTanac, burusis CamowolasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am buruss

Semdgom mirianis sulSi gabrwyinebuli madli gafantavs (56...). vaJas

poemis dasasruls moyvanili `janRi ram~, romelic swored sazogadoebis

Tvals efareba da xilvis gagrZelebas SeuZlebels xdis, madlTan

uziarebeli adamianis `codvis nisls~ ufro hgavs, vidre berZnul moiras

(20:150). wera-mwerlad anu moirad TviT sazogadoeba aRiqvams am nisls,

radgan misTvis aqamde mxolod misiT ganpirobebuli SesaZleblobani

arsebobda. Aalternatiul, progresul SesaZleblobebs mas madliT

aRsavse pirovnebebi sTavazoben. es SesaZlebloba `sufTa haeris

qrolvasaviT~ (15:196) moaqvT vaJas gmirebs. zviadauri Tavisi vaJkacuri

bunebis gamovleniT, xolo joyola da aRaza _ humanuri principebiT,

Cadenili qmedebebisaken abruneben sazogadoebas. vaJas Txzulebis ideac

swored es aris _ madlis imgvari qmediTi Zalis Cveneba, rogoric

stumar-maspinZlobis idealSi SeiZleba gamovlindes. im nislis

saburvelis axdac, romelTan Selocva da fizikuri Zalisxmeva verafers

awyobs, amgvarad gansxeulebul madls SeuZlia.

65

marTalia, poetma nislis simboluri farda xelSeuvlebi datova,

magram `stumar-maspinZeli~ xom amiT ar mTavrdeba: ufskrulTan pirimzea

SeCerebuli _ mzis madliani siTbos trfiali.

mis metaforul mniSvnelobas gvixsnis moTxoba `quCi~: `is mzis

Semcqeria, imas etrfis. pirimze mzis motrfialea. aRmosavleTidam

dasavldeTamde Tvals da pirs imas ayolebs; roca mze Cava, daiqviTinebs,

iwyens satrfosTan ganSorebas~. vaJa-fSavela didi siyvaruliT Sehyurebs

`lamaz yvavils~: `miyvars es yvavili... imas kacebi pirimzes eZaxiT, radgan

piri da Tvalebi mudam mzisken aqvs miprobili, mzis motrfialea;

rogorc Cvilis Tvalebi Tan dasdevs dedas da cdilobs arsad daemalos

deda, ise imisa, mze dedaa, pirimze Svilia mzisa... dadgeba gazafxuli,

pirimze cocxldeba da mec maSin vcocxldebi~ (33:202).

Tu pirimzis mSobeli mzis siTboSi `mzis mamzevebel mzes~, `mzeTa

mzes~ davinaxavT, maSin gazafxulis mosvla da pirimzis gacocxleba

`stumar-maspinZlis~ konteqstSi adamianSi cnobierebis gacocxlebas

SeiZleba SevadaroT.

66

2. `baxtrioni~

`baxtrionis~ gmirebi. `baxtrioni~ vaJa-fSavelas is poemaa, romelic

yvelaze metad asaxavs konkretul realobas _ 1659 wlis istoriul

movlenebs, kaxeTis ajanyebas da baxtrionis cixis aRebas, raSic

saqarTvelos mTielebs: TuSebs, fSavelebsa da xevsurebs didi

damsaxureba miuZRviT. da mainc, am poemaSic aris meore dasasruli,

idealur planSi ganxorcielebuli: gvels _ kacobriobis modgmis mters

`borotebis gza gauSvav, keTili dauWeria~...

poemis am dasasruls aqvs Tavisi winapiroba. vaJas poema, marTalia,

konkretuli istoriuli faqtiT, ufro sworad ki konkretuli gmiruli

aqtiT aris STagonebuli, magram TxzulebaSi TuSi mebrZolis _ zezva

gafrindaulis garda, istoriuli pirebi ar Canan. zezva arc aris poemis

mTavari moqmedi piri. vaJas gmirebi: kviria da lela, rogorc avtori

ambobs, misi fantaziis nayofi arian (34:322-323), xolo sanaTa, luxumi da

sxvebi sxvadasxva epoqis gmirebi yofilan, romelTa qebac mas xalxur

leqsebSi mousmenia. eWvgareSea, rom maTi Tvisebebic vaJam Tavis

`mwerlur quraSi gadaadno~ da amgvarad, im Tavisufali pirovnebebis

saxeebi warmogvidgina, romelTa Zalisxmevas unda moeyvana `eris

gazafxuli~.

sagulisxmoa genialuri mwerlis erTi mogoneba imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogor daJinebiT sTxovda mas `erTi uswavleli fSaveli~, dasturi

mieca kiTxvaze, luxumis `laSaris goraze SedgomaSi~ xom saqarTvelos

Tavisuflebas gulisxmobo. da `xuTmeti aTasi mWermetyveli profesori

rom mogeyvanaT, imis rwmenas, azrs ver gamoucvlideno~ _ wers vaJa

(34:368-369).

es `uswavleli fSaveli~, sulieri oreulia ilia WavWavaZis lelT-

Runiasi.

`iqneba, vgulisxmobdeo~ _ pasuxobs vaJa da Semdeg aseT komentars

daurTavs: `Tavisufleba iseTi mcnebaa, imas bevri komentariebi ara

sWirdebao~ (34:369). Tumca, Semdgom or werils uZRvnis Tavisuflebaze

fiqrebs (`ra aris Tavisufleba?~ `ras hqvian Tavisufleba~ (34:409; 414)).

67

vaJasTvis `Tavisufleba gamoixateba adamianis ndoma-miswrafebaSi...

Tavisufleba moqmedebaa, ganxorcielebaa nebisa, azrisa, grZnobisa da ara

gansveneba, uqmad yofna. Tavisufleba pirovnebisa da erisa

erTierTmaneTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli~ (34:410). Tavisuflebisa

da nebis yvelaze vrceli ganmarteba qristianul saRvTismetyvelo

literaturaSia mocemuli. wminda mamaTa swavlebis mixedviT, nebis ori

kategoria arsebobs: pirveli, neba bunebisa da meore _ Tavisufali neba

(99:275). WeSmaritad Tavisufali mxolod maSin aris adamiani, roca mas

e.w. ,,Tavisufali nebis~ anu ,,arCevnis uflebis~ ZaliT arCevani ukve

gakeTebuli aqvs. maSin misi buneba gamoixateba sikeTeSi da misken

,,ndoma_miswrafebaSi~. swored amgvarad ganwyobili gmirebi arian

warmoCenili ,,baxtrionSi.~

sanaTa `afxuSouri qalia~_ moxuci, Svidi qarTveli mamuliSvilis

gamzrdeli da damkargavi deda. poemis dasawyisSive fSavelTa salocavSi

`sajaros~ misuli sanaTas saxe mTlianad qveynis viTarebis

gamomxatvelia. eris SeWirvebis Jami damdgara. sanaTa xats emsaxureba.

Tumca, xatis msaxureba qalisagan wesad ar aris:

`martos dauklav saklavi,

TviTonve utyavebia,

martodmartokas diacsa

xat-RmerTi uxsenebia.~

`dedakacs ar SeuZlian xatis karze misvla iq, sadac kaci midis,

radgan is Selaxavs anu gaauwmindurebs xatsa~ (34:28) – aseTi warmodgena

arsebobda fSavSi. magram sanaTa Sinaganad grZnobs, rom amis ufleba aqvs

maSin, roca TemSi vaJkaci aRar darCenila am saqmis aRsasruleblad.

guliT gakeTebuli saqme ki ar SeiZleba, uwmindurad gadaiqces:

`ukacurT kacoba gvmarTebs,

sanam suli gvCrav pirSia,

xatic Segvindobs codvasa,

ros gvnaxavs gasaWirSia.~

`qali, Tavisi pirovnebiT warmoadgens zneobriv sanqcias~ _ wers

vaJa (34:170). qarTul mwerlobaSi, dasawyisidan XIX saukunemde, mravlad

moipoveba am `zneobrivi sanqciis~ nimuSebi. qalis zne da kulti

68

saqarTveloSi odiTganve wminda sagans, wminda ninos da vazis jvaris

simbolikas daukavSirda. mere iyo dedofali SuSaniki... Znelia maTi aRqma

marto qalad. eseni arian qalebi, romelTac ubralod, ufleba aRar

daitoves sisustisaTvis.

zogadad, qarTulma agiografiam (gansakuTrebiT, wm. ninos saxem),

ukve ganapiroba qalis fenomenisadmi damokidebulebis im gziT

ganviTareba, romelmac XIX saukuneSi `qarTvlis dedis~ Rirssaxsovari

saxe Seqmna.

qalis fenomenisadmi erovnuli damokidebulebis gamoxatulebaa

Tamaris saxis didi popularoba qarTul folklorSi.

`vefxistyaosnis~ esTetikam qaluri buneba mravalwaxnagovani

formiT warmoaCina, rac Tamaris epoqam ganapiroba. yvelaze metad es

nestan-darejanis saxeSi Cans. nestani _ mokrZalebuli qalwuli, nestani

_ `pirgamexebuli~, nestani _ moTminebiT aRsavse, nestani – gonivrulad

ganmsjeli. da mainc, am SemTxvevaSi CvenTvis yvelaze sainteresoa nestani,

rogorc mamakacis rainduli qcevisken momwodebeli: `sjobs sayvarelsa

uCvenne, saqmeni sagmironia~...

XVII saukunis kidev erTi uZvirfasesi, istoriuli saxeli, ara

mxolod qarTuli, aramed msoflio azrovnebisaTvis – qeTevan

dedofali...

XIX saukunis qarTulma mwerlobam mTlianad Seisisxlxorca

qarTuli literaturuli da folkloruli tradiciebi. es is saukunea,

roca `qarTlis bediT~ dainteresebuli nikoloz baraTaSvili `marad

netar dedaT~ natrobda awmyosaTvis; akaki ninos, Tamaris, qeTevanisa da

sxva Rirseul qarTvel qalTa aRmzrdelobiT funqciaze miuTiTebda ers;

xolo ilia `qarTvlis dedis~ saxe-ideas qmnida.

am saukunis qarTul literaturaSi yvelaze metad qarTveli qalis

swored aRmzrdelobiTi funqcia, zneobrivi magaliTis mimcemi saxe gaxda

popularuli.

vaJa-fSavela XIX saukunis Svili iyo. literaturul tradiciebTan

erTad misi Semoqmedeba gaJRenTilia folkloris, konkretulad ki fSav-

xevsuruli poeziis memkvidreobiT. vaJa wers: `leqsebSi fSavels dedakaci

gaRmerTebuli hyavs~ (34:98-99). imdenadac ki, rom yvelaze didi niWi

69

adamianisa `siyvaruli, qalurad morTuli dadis, fSavelis warmodgeniT,

da xarulad yviris~ (34:110). vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSic vxedavT

xalxuri sityvierebis am daRs. mTis poetisTvis, romelsac mTeli garemo

urTierTdanaTesavebulad warmoudgenia, bunebis arsni xSirad qaluri

mSvenierebis eniT metyveleben.

vaJa-fSavela fSavuri poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebel qalis fenomenis

socialur funqciaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: `Temis arseboba

damokidebuli iyo Zvelad vaJkacebze, mamakacebze. maTi gamamxnevebeli

brZolaSi dedakaci iyo~ (34:101).

sanaTas saxes swored am Tvisebis gamo miupyria mwerlis yuradReba.

mixeil Ciqovani ixsenebs, rom vaJa-fSavelas, romelsac xalxuri

sityvierebis SekrebaSi didi amagi miuZRvoda, 1882 wels gamouqveynebia

eTnografiuli werili `laSaroba~, sadac fSavel sanaTaze xalxuri

leqsic CaurTavs. vaJa wers: `sofel xoSaraSi vikiTxe amazed, radgan igi

(omi) iq moxda, da miTxres, fSaveli qali iyovo. imas am omSi Svidi vaJi

da merve qmari moukles, magram mainc mosZaxoda fSavelebs `gaswydiTo~.

am miTiTebis mixedviT dasaxa poetma fSavelad sanaTa `baxtrionSi~

(75:166).

vaJas poemaSi sanaTas saxiT qalis swored is fenomenia

warmodgenili, romelsac vaJkacis sulieri gamxnevebis, Temis –

samSoblos TavdadebisTvis brZolisken mowodebis funqcia akisria.

sanaTa marTlac warmoadgens zneobriv sanqcias `baxtrionSi~, miT

umetes, rom poemaSi moqmedeba swored aq, fSavelTa salocavSi, xatis win

sanaTas msaxurebiT iwyeba. Svidi Svilisa da qmris omSi damkargavi

sanaTa axla sxvebs _ kviriasa da mis Tanamoazreebs aqezebs (TviTon

moxucia Torem, albaT, brZolaSic wavidoda). da es xdeba ara

SurisZiebiT anTebiT, aramed qveynis bed-iRbalze zrunviT, misi

sikeTisaTvis `ndoma-miswrafebiT~:

`_ egeb inebos batonma,

gagmarjvebiyosT mterzeda,

Tu amas gavigonebdi,

ar vitirebdi mkvdrebzeda,

imav dRes, Svilo, dedilam,

70

Wrels Cavicomdi kabasa~.

aq ar aris fanatizmi da grZnobaTa gaxeveba. sanaTa zustad iseTive

qalia, romelmac ufleba aRar daitova sisustisaTvis. es aris sanaTas

piradi brZola, romelic satkivaris, Wiris daTmenaSi vlindeba. es aris

misi `zneobrivi sanqcia~, riTac iwyeba poema. sanaTa moTqmiT locavs

`baxtrionis~ momaval gmirebs. `am dalocvaSi gamoixateba is, Tu qals

rogor esmis vaJkacobis, mamakacobis Sinaarsi, daniSnuleba, ra aris

vaJkacisaTvis sanatreli~ (34:103).

`obol kviria~. misi ,,Camoglejil_Camowewili, erTi yaribi~,

datanjuli garegnobis miRma Cveulebrivi Tvali mxolod fSauri ieris

kacs Tu icnobda.

kviria obolia. oc weliwads mwyemsad yofila, martoobaSi bevri

dro gautarebia, vin icis, raze ar ufiqria aqa-iq xetialisas. axla

kvlav dabrunebula TuSeTSi, raTa qarTvelTa jaris Sekreba amcnos

Tavis Tanamemamuleebs. mSobel miwaze, TavisianebTan dabrunebaSi Cans im

misiis winapiroba, rac sabolood RvTis nebis (Tu madlis) saxiT kvirias

sizmarSi cnaurdeba da baxtrionis brZolaSi cxaddeba. martoobisa da

oblobis motivi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli bedis winaswari SegrZneba,

msWvalavs vaJas SemoqmedebiT interesebs (28:239-240). es motivi mkafiodaa

warmoCenili rogorc mis epikur nawarmoebebSi, aseve prozasa da

lirikaSic. oblobis, rogorc garkveuli niSniT gamorCeulobis erTgvar

ganmartebas gvaZlevs vaJa-fSavelas poema `suli oblisa~:

`ufals Cvens gamosacdelad

sawyloba mougonia:

aTasis juris sawyali,

aTasis juris vaeba,

gulis saklavi suraTi,

scdilobs daTesos RvTaeba...~

aq obloba RvTisgan movlenil gansacdelad aris ganmartebuli,

romelic adamianis sulis ganwmendis, gaZlierebis stimulad iqceva. vaJa didi

mxatvruli sinatifiT warmogvidgens amgvarad ganwmendili sulis metaforas

– caze abrialebul varskvlavTa gunds: `isini arian obolTa sulebio~.

71

ase rom, kidev erTi davlaTi, romliTac vaJas gmirebi arian

dajildovebuli, oblobaSi mJRavndeba. kviria aseTi davlaTiania.

`es Zveli xalxuri warmodgenaa – oblebad daizardnen amirani da

Zmani misni. oboli iyo farnavazi, romelic Semdeg didebas ewia Tavisi

davlaTiT, obolia zRapris bevri gmiri, romelic sabolood

xelmwifebas aRwevs~ (49:231).

zRaprul samyaroSi gmirebis oblobis motivis Semcvel siuJetTagan

yvelaze gavrcelebuli e.w. `ori Zmis~ siuJetia (65:63-67). msoflio

xalxTa folklorSi es zRapari met-naklebi saxesxvaobebiT aris

cnobili. maTgan uZvelesi Zvelegvipturi zRaparia, romelic Zveli

welTaRricxvis XIII saukunes ekuTvnis. zRaparma Tavidanve gamoiwvia

daintereseba folkloristikasa da religiis istoriaSi. mkvlevarTa

erTi nawilis azriT, am Zvelegvipturi zRapris motivebi did msgavsebas

amJRavnebs bibliuri iosebis ambavTan (76:61-91). es is Zmebis mier gayiduli

oboli iosebia, romelmac egvipteSi didebas miaRwia da didi xnis

Semdgom, didi SimSilobis dros, mSobels – iakobs da Zmebs mxsnelad

moevlina. iosebis oblobasa da samSoblodan moSorebaSi, rac

TavisTavad, nebayoflobiTi ar yofila, Cans swored is gansacdeli, rac

mis suls momavali didebisTvis gamoawrTobs. iosebi Tavidanve grZnobs

Tavisi oblobisa da martoobis raRac gansakuTrebul daniSnulebas –

rogorc RvTisgan boZebul niSans, miniSnebas, mis nebas (17:37-50).

`ori Zmis~ siuJetiT vaJas daintereseba rom aSkaraa, amas

`baxtrionis~ dasasrulSi moxseniebuli `ori oboli Zmis~ zRapari

adasturebs, rac SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos. amasTan, gavixsenoT, rom vaJa-

fSavelas gmirebis davlaTi sulier sferoSi mJRavndeba, gamonakliss

arc oblobisa da martoobis motivi warmoadgens. sulieri davlaTi

gansakuTrebul asparezs moiTxovs:

`ra didi asparezi gvaqvs

keTili saqmis sargavi,

bevri xrioki alagi,

SromiT da madliT sarwyavi,

damwifebuli iara,

nestariT gamosarwyavi~.

72

(`suli oblisa~)

kviriam samSoblos iara, wyluli unda morwyos madliT –

samSoblosTvis daRvrili sisxli wminda sisxlia.

iosebis bibliur ambavSi aSkarad aris miniSnebuli, rom iosebis

egviptis qveyanaSi gandideba sinamdvileSi mis TanamemamuleTa xsnas

emsaxureba.

kviria modis samSoblodan, swavlobs mwyemsobas, aTasgvari

qartexili gadaivlis mis mxrebze:

,,mzidveli aris es qedi

tanjvisa metismetisa~ _

ambobs moxuc sanaTasTan saubarSi. amitomac xnieris STabeWdilebas

tovebs:

,,arc ise droulica var,

ucxos vgonivar xnieri.~

misi gamosvla mSobliuri Temidan `bedis saZebrad~ erTis mxriv,

zRapris gmirebis mzeTunaxavis _ bedis saZebrad cxra mTasa da zRvas

iqiT siaruls mogvagonebs, meores mxriv, bibliuri personaJebis: abraamis,

iakobis, iosebis, moses gamosvlas mSobeli xalxis wiaRidan. mwyemsuri

mimosvla am xetials ganasaxierebs. xolo kvirias kvlav dabruneba TemSi,

ukve TanamemamuleTa gamosayvanad boroti Zalis (kvirias sizmarSi

urCxulis saxiT rom evlineba) winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, mas isev bibliur

personaJebs: abraams, iakobs, iosebs uaxlovebs...

iosebi Tavisi gansakuTrebuli bedis, misiis Sesaxeb winaTgrZnobas

xSirad sizmriseuli CvenebebiT iRebs.

kviriasac sizmari amcnobs sabolood misi pirovnuli Rirsebis

Sesafer gzas, romelic moyvasTaTvis TviTSewirvas moiTxovs. radgan

`Tavisufleba pirovnebisa da erisa mWidrod aris erTierTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli... rogor unda iqceodes Tavisufali adamiani?~ _

kiTxulobs vaJa (34:412). `misi moqmedeba unda iyos mimarTuli qveynis

sabednierod. Tu es piroba ar iqneba adamianisagan daculi, maSin misi

moqmedeba iqneba avazakuri, vinaidan yoveli avazaki Tavisuflad iqceva

mxolod piradi sargeblobisaTvis~ (iqve).

73

kviria sizmarSi qveynis sargeblobisTvis Seebmeba `Sav veSaps~ da

Tavs xmliT gadauCexavs, magram mokluli `borot sisxls~ SeanTxevs

mkerdze. sizmars mas Semdeg xedavs, rac `ganacrebuli saxis~ mqone

qadagis mier ukve gacxadebulia laSqrisTvis laSaris jvaris winZRola

`qveynis wamwymedTan saomrad~. laSaris jvari igive wminda giorgia

mTielTaTvis modificirebuli saxiT, romelmac TviT gangmira veSapi

maxviliT.

igi sizmris Semdeg daWmunebulia, naRvlianad CasCerebia miwas: `ras

fiqrobs obol kviria, amis gamgebi vin ari?~

`qristemac gamoiara gza _ `RmerTo Cemo, raisTvis damiteveb me?~

(90:322). magram saWiroa gabeduleba, romlis gamoCena adamianis

ganwmendil suls ukve ZaluZs. sxvagvarad `urwmunoTa Sroma amaoa,

SeuZlebelic mgonia: im xids, romlis gadebac muSam SeuZleblad icno,

Tavis dReSi gasadeblad ar Seudgeba~ (34:368). igive paTosia Semdeg

sityvebSi: `Tu monaniebisaTvis saWiroa didi moTmineba, SemoqmedebisaTvis

saWiroa didi gambedaoba~ (90:101).

kvirias yofnis rwmena, romelic gambedaobis tolfasia da midis

`Savi veSapis~ winaaRmdeg.

lela. kvirias sizmars TxzulebaSi mohyveba lela baClelis

gamoCena (VIII Tavi). `qali hgavs samoTxis yvavils~, `xorcSesxmuls

siyvaruls~ abjari ausxams da mxedris samosSi gamowyobili midis

laSqarTan:

`Tamamad, vaJkacurada

Tavs wamoadgaT qalia;

cxens ijda mamacurada,

welT Tumc ar ertya xmalia;

xelT epyra Subi wverbasri,

mamisTvis monaparia~.

lela baCleli laSaris jvaris samwysodanaa, misi msaxuria, magram

ara mxolod msaxuri, aramed misi mxedaric, iseve, rogorc sanaTa: `mtris

javri udgas gulSi Savi alaznis gubeda~. amitomac laSaris wyalobis

imedi aqvs:

`CemT ZmaT cxonebam, gargebdiT

74

laSaris jvaris wyalobiT!~

eubneba lela misi qalobis damwunebel laSqars. lelas saxiT poemaSi

meored vxedavT qals, romelmac araqaluri saqme itvirTa. pirveli

sanaTaa. misi gadasaxdeli brZola aranaklebia _ moTminebas gulisxmobs.

qalis, rogorc ara mxolod RvTis, xatis msaxurisa da morCilis,

aramed misi mebrZolis literaturuli saxe jer kidev bibliur

TxzulebaSi Cndeba (msajulni). aseTia bibliuri personaJi debora.

`sicocxle Camkvdariyo israelis daba-soflebSi, Camkvdariyo, vidre ar

aRvdeqi me, debora, vidre ar aRvdeqi me, deda israelSi~ (msajulni 5,7) _

es misi simReridanaa. Zneli ar unda iyos am paTosis sanaTasa da lelas

brZolis motivTan paralelis gavleba. `sicocxle Camkvdariyo~ fSavis

daba-soflebSi, roca sanaTa xats emsaxureba da lela xelSi iaraRs

iRebs... debora `ara mxolod morCilia Tavisi RmerTis, aramed misi

meomari da masTan damegobrebuli~ (89:126). is Tavis simReraSi aqebs

israelis sxvadasxva tomis, qalaqis Tavkacebs, romelTac israelisTvis

sikvdili arad miaCniaT, xolo merozas mcxovreblebs sayvedurobs

imisTvis, rom isini `ar gamovidnen uflis saSvelad~. `am arqauli

simReris miRma ukve dgas idea `aRTqmisa~, `kavSirisa~ ufalsa da mis

`morwmunes~ Soris... am ideis konteqstSi TiToeuli sakraluri niSani

aris swored `niSani aRTqmisa~ _ dapirebisa da urTierTTanaziari

erTgulebisa winamZRol ufalsa da TanamebrZol adamians Soris~ (89:126).

lelasa da sanaTas `sanqcia~ amgvari mowodebaa mxedrobisa wminda

giorgis saqmisaken.

lelas kviriasaviT sizmarSi miuRia Tanaziarobis niSani. yovel

Rames `mzisa feri diaci~ ecxadeba da sTxovs, raime moimoqmedos

kupriviT Savi kacis winaaRmdeg, romelic mokluli kacis Tavebs

daaTrevs da Tvalwin uwyobs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sizmari vaJas SemoqmedebaSi gmiris xasiaTis

gaxsnisa Tu axsnisTvis moSveliebuli mxatvruli xerxia, romelic

xSirad TviTgamorkvevis, TviTSemecnebis wyaroa amave gmirebisaTvis. `aris

sizmrebi, romelSic cxaddeba zecnobiereba da SenarCunebulia

pirovnuli mTlianoba~ (91:74). amis dasturia gmirebis sizmris ara

75

bundovani, aramed azrobrivad Sekruli saxiT warmoCena. vaJas gmirebs

yovelTvis zustad gamoaqvT sizmridan azri da xsnian maT mniSvnelobas.

am SemTxvevaSic asea. sizmari lelas sakuTari SesaZleblobebis

rwmenas umtkicebs borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. swored amgvari

mtkice rwmena SeiZleba gaxdes niSani `wyalobisa~.

`mzis feri diacis~ mowodebac imis zecnobieri simboloa, rom

lelas sizmarSi misi pirovnuli mTlianoba Sekrulia da saomrad

momarTuli borotebis winaaRmdeg:

`metyvis: `uTxar ram, lelao,

eg aris Tqveni mteria!~

mze qristianul saxismetyvelebaSi, garda qristes simbolosi,

RvTismSoblis atributicaa. ioanes gamocxadebaSi RvTismSobelia

`sasZlo, mziT Semosili~ (106:465 ).

`uTxar ram~ Tqmas rodi niSnavs, aramed _ qmedebas. amitom lela

qadagiviT, an momavali gamarjvebis winaswarmetyveliviT ki ar midis

laSqarTan, aramed abjarasxmuli _ meomariviT.

laSqari ar iRebs lelas:

`axla ro asdeq diaco,

adgomis mizez ra ari?~

saswaulebrivi niSani, romelic mxedrobas SuaRamisas mosuli qalis

saxed eCvena, maT lamis eSmakeulad miiRes, ver mixvdnen. `TavisianebTan

movida da Tavisianebma ar miiRes igi~ (ioane 1.11).

sanaTa, kviria da lela uflis nebisa da saqmis TanaziarobaSi

erTmaneTis Tanaziarnic xdebian. ukanaskneli ori baxtrionis cixis

Signidan gasaRebad erTad miemarTeba. maT Sesaxeb namdvilad SeiZleba

gavimeoroT sityvebi: `vin aris devgmiri? is, vinc sZlia sakuTar

grZnobebs, radgan dawerilia: umjobesia sulgrZeli, vidre kunTmagari da

sakuTari sulis mflobeli, vidre grigalTa dammorCilebeli~ (89:159).

isini midian eris daZabunebuli ocnebisaTvis sicocxlis Zalis

dasabruneblad:

`daberebula pirimze,

kuzi etyoba welzeda...

ocneba tanjulis qveynis

76

qviTinebs mTisa wverzeda~.

pirimze, romelic vaJas SemoqmedebaSi imedisa da rwmenis

ganumeorebeli saxe-simboloa, `baxtrionSi~ qveynis imedsa da ocnebas

ganasaxierebs. da sanam jer kidev hkidia misi fesvebi `mTis wverze~,

Svelas iTxovs...

isini ki, vinc garedan marjvenis misaSveleblad darCnen, ganTiadisas

daiZvrian baxtrionis cixisaken. laSaris jvaris _ wm. giorgis neba win

uZRvis mxedrobas. Tumca, TiToeuli mxedari sxvadasxva saxiT xedavs mas:

zogi lurj cxenze mjdoms, zogi _ mtredisfrad, zogi _ viT `velze

gazafxulis yoils~, magram mTavaria, rom laSaris jvarma ineba maTTvis

gamoCena da samSoblosTvis gulanTebul mxedarTa sulic imdenad

gafaqizebulia, rom SeiZles misi danaxva. am pasaJs bibliuri tradiciis

garda, qarTul saistorio mwerlobaSi moeZebneba analogi. magaliTad,

didgoris brZolis mematiane wers, rom `wminda mowame giorgi

gancxadebulad da yovelTa saxilvelad winauZRoda mas (qarTvelTa

jars) da mklaviTa TvisiTa moisrvida mowevnulTa warmarTTa~ (67:341)

pirvelad beri luxumi miuTiTebs mxedrobas win mimZRol `batonze~.

beri luxumi `baxtrionis~ is gmiria, vaJasTan saubarSi `erTma

uswavlelma glexma~ eris Tavisuflebas rom daukavSira. TxzulebaSi

dakonkretebuli ar aris sityva `beri~ xniers niSnavs, Tu `xevisbers~ _

belads. Tumca Cans, rom igi afxuSelebis razmis beladia:

`winadac ucdav TaTrebi,

ros dro mosula cdisao~.

luxumi iseve miuZRveba Tavis razms, rogorc xoSarauli, sumelji,

zezva da baxtrionis sxva gmirebi. Tumca, vaJasTvis es gmiri gamorCeulia.

Tu sxva mxedarTmTavrebs poeti ramdenime epiTetiT gvacnobs, luxumis

xasiaTs ufro metad gvixsnis mxedrobis sxvadasxva wevrTan dialogebiT.

luxums, rogorc Cans, bevri brZola gamouvlia, magram misi guli mainc

iseTi `Cvilia~ da moyvasTa sibraluliT imdenad gamsWvaluli, rom

kvirias sizmris mosmenisas cremlebi mosdis:

`_ keTilad axdes!~ _ mainc sTqva

gul-aCuyebiT, rbilada~.

77

mxolod luxumi ar daijerebs kvirias Ralats mxedrobidan misi

gaparvis gagebisas, ar eWaSnikeba vaJkacTa Woraoba _ `sityva koWli da

lugumi~. luxums SeuZleblad miaCnia, `misi goris kaci~, am mTebis

Semyure, moRalated dabadebuliyo:

`kacs magis metad ver icnobT,

magis met ar gaqvT Snoeba?

Tavis fiqridgam SemkrTalTa

exlav mogkidaT cxroeba?~

luxumisaTvis moZmis Ralatze mafiqrali kaci `fiqridgam

SemkrTalia~. amgvari fiqri avadmyofuri mdgomareobaa.

gavixsenoT vaJas cnobili metafora `baxtrionidan~:

`nisli fiqria mTebisa,

imaT kacobis gvirgvini~.

Tuki `kacobis gvirgvini~ fiqria da amgvari fiqriT poeti mTebsac

asulierebs, misi gmirisaTvis `fiqridgam SemkrTali~ kaci albaT, kacad

ar unda vargodes. vaJas aqvs erTi simRera: `Cemis kacobis gvirgvino~,

romelic ufro zustad warmoaCens, Tu ragvari fiqri aniWebs poetis

SexedulebiT adamians amaRlebul ganwyobas.

`Cemis kacobis gvirgvino,

Cemo samSoblo mxareo!

Sengan naSobi ocneba

guls laxvrad gaviyareo.

ar mimefaro TvalTagan,

damicev, damifareo.

bevri vaeba vixile,

bevri dRe vnaxe mwareo.

mzis sxivebiviT brwyinaven,

rac me cremlebi vRvareo.~

(29:175)

yoveli cnobieri fiqri amSvenebs adamians, xolo samSobloze fiqri

uzenaesia.

samSoblos gancda jer kidev bibliur TxzulebebSi warmogvidgeba

sakralur gancdad. samSoblos cneba erTi im cnebaTagania dedamiwaze,

78

romelsac yvelaze metad ZaluZs adamianis sulieri gasxivosneba. misTvis

daRvrili cremlebic ki `mzis sxivebiviT brwyinaven.~ amitom,

mxedarTmTavrebi samSoblosTvis brZolaSi mimaval laSqars yovelTvis

sityviT amxnevebdnen. baxtrionis mxedrobas win Zneli brZola elis –

brZola RvTisa da samSoblosTvis. es ori cneba ki qarTvelisTvis

saukuneebis manZilze Serwymulia erTmaneTTan. am didi brZolis win

dauSvebelia, laSqris amaRlebuli ganwyoba raimem SeakrTos, SeaSfoTos.

luxumi namdvili mxedarTmTavaria da ar dauSvebs, rom mxedrobam

moZmis Ralatze ifiqros. madli, romelic luxumis sulSi trialebs,

gadamdebia da mTel laSqars arwmunebs. TandaTan cnobas modis `guli-d’

goneba laSqrisa~...

luxumis daxasiaTebidan misi Tanamemamulis zezvas naTqvamia metad

saintereso: kaci, romelsac cxovreba mtris xocvaSi gautarebia, Turme

imdenad gulCvilia, rom mokluli mteric ebraleba:

`Sen Sagebrala urjulo,

mogiwylianda Tvalebi...

uTuod, saiT enaxve,

mogafurTxebden qalebi~.

_ aseTi ironia gauria zezvam erTi brZolis epizodSi. misi logika

aseTia: `visac Cven ar vebralebiT, Cven Savibralod risada?~ luxumi

arafers pasuxobs, radgan icis, rom sxvebisTvis mtris Sebraleba

gaugebaria. igi iseve afasebs dausabamo `mterobas~, rogorc aluda

qeTelauri. Tumca, rogorc laSaris jvaris mxedari, mainc ibrZvis,

`sisxli gadasdis mklavzeda~, magram es aqti sruliad ar gamoricxavs

sibralulis moments. ukeT rom vTqvaT, mas mtris xocva gulqvaobaSi ki

ar gadasdis, aramed iRebs mas, rogorc samSoblos keTildReobisaTvis

aucilebel pirobas.

poemis bolos, `meore dasasrulSi~, ukve naTlad Cans, rom mtersac

ebraleba luxumi. iqneb, es pasuxia?..

kviria, lela, luxumi, sanaTa (Tumca, brZolaSi is ver wamova) da

mTeli mxedroba laSaris jvaris winZRoliT mterze gamarjvebisTvis

SemarTulan. iseve, rogorc qristes mxedrebi boroti Zalis asalagmavad.

79

qristianuli eposisaTvis cnobilia aseTi omi. brZola _ romelSic

araTu mfarveli uZRvis mxedrobas, aramed mxedroba ibrZvis misTvis.

msoflio literaturaSi, antikuri epoqidan mecxramete saukunemde

cnobilia magaliTebi, sadac mfarveli RvTaeba an zebunebrivi Zala

exmareba brZolaSi Tavis rCeulebs. gavixsenoT homerosis aTena, apoloni

da sxvebi. `magram nuTu homerosis agamemnons da aqilevss warmoedginaT,

rom isini darazmulni dganan aTenas saqmisaTvis?.. rac misTvis

(warmarTuli RvTaebisaTvis) ar aris damaxasiaTebeli, es aris swored

sakuTari brZolis warmoeba, xalxis Sekreba, sakuTari saqmisaTvis

`amorCeva~ da `mowodeba~ sakuTari droSis qveS~ (89:125).

mxolod qristianulma eposma icis amgvari omi da mowodeba: `eha,

meomarno qristesano!..~ mTielTa laSaris jvaric, igive wminda giorgi _

TviT wminda mxedari, sakuTar brZolaSi borotebis winaaRmdeg

mouwodebs gmirebs: sanaTas, lelas, kvirias, luxums da mTel mxedrobas.

es gmirebi im Tavisufali adamianebis saxe-simboloebia, romelTac

wvlili unda Seitanon eris TavisuflebaSi.

mTielTa mxedroba laSaris droSis qveS `RirsebiT, siyvaruliTa da

rwmeniT~ aris darazmuli, rogorc wminda ordenis raindebi, urjuloTa

winaaRmdeg wminda omSi miemarTebian. RvTisa da mxedrobis erTianobis

dasturia gaTenebuli dRe:

`cam gadibana piridam

muri, nacxebi Rrublisa,

gadaefina samyaros

locva-kurTxeva uflisa.

Suqi daeca laSqarsa

mTebis brwyinvalis Sublisa,

laSarisgorze wavida

laSqari droSis JReriTa...~

es aris Tavisuflebis umaRlesi gamovlineba adamianSi, misi

pirovnuli ganviTarebis mwvervali. rogorc vaJa ambobs: `maRali, qveynis

moyvare suli SeiZleba mxolod iqmnes sicocxlis mqnelad da srulis

simSvenieriT mogvevlinos, mxolod Tu Tavisufalia igi~ (34:385).

80

vaJas baxtrionis gmirebi: sanaTa, kviria, lela, luxumi swored im

siyvaruliT arian anTebuli, romelsac `eris gazafxuli~ mohyavs. isini,

rogorc aRvniSneT, nebelobisagan gaTavisuflebulan, vinaidan arCevani

ukve gakeTebulia, daTmenili aqvT yvelaze didi brZola _ brZola

sakuTar TavTan. `brZola sakuTar TavTan unda aRiqmebodes ara ubralod,

rogorc nebismieri stoikisaTvis kargad cnobili Zalisxmeva, aramed

rogorc Tanamonawileoba kosmiur brZolaSi, RmerTis laSqrobaSi,

RmerTis mtrebis winaaRmdeg~ (99:125). maTze Tu aqvs naTqvami vaJas: `me

ramdenadac SemeZlo davaxasiaTe mokled gazafxuli TviToeuli

adamianis sulisa, sxva Tqven gTxovT, warmoidginoT, Tu rogori unda

iyos gazafxuli eris sulisa~ (34:386).

`baxtrionSi~ swored es Jamia damdgari. `saamuri dro aris~ da

`saamuri wamia~, roca qarTvelTa mxedrobis nebis dasadastureblad

`Suqi ecema laSqars~ da mTel bunebas. kldis utyv lodebsac ki

gadasdebia maTi ganwyoba (arada, am lodebis ametyvelebis rogori

natrulia vaJa (34:193)):

`kldeTac ki esmisT, salT kldeTa,

maTurelT gulis Zgerani~.

mTel erSi danTebulia siyvarulis cecxli da Semdgaria

sulierebis mwvervalisaken gzaze:

`netavi cecxli ciuri

visac ki gulSi hnTebia,

jer ar gauqres, Tu gaqres,

isevac amohgznebia!

mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,

usazarlesi mkvdarzeda,

miT rome sicocxle udgas

salis yinulis taxtzeda,

ar ebraleba moyvasi

mis win rom acvan jvarzeda,

Sors aris, metad Sors aris

daSorebuli mazeda.

WaobSi aris Cafluli,

81

vicnob mowamluls xmazeda,

sazarelia dadgoma

ugrZnobelobis gzazeda!~

es aris mTeli eris zeaRsvlis sadideblad gamoTqmuli himni da Tan

erTgvari gafrTxileba, rom vinc am siyvaruls gamoakldeba, `vera dros

ver eRirseba gazafxuls sulisas~ (34:385). es iqneba Seferxeba aRmaval

gzaze, radgan `gaqvavebuli gulis ugrZnobloba niSania sulieri

sikvdilisa~ (99:154).

`trfobis mTis~ simbolika `baxtrionSi~. mTa, adamianis zeswrafvis

vizualuri gamoxatulebaa. `mTas raRac zedrouli, absoluturi

ganzomileba Semoaqvs adamianis cxovrebaSi: mTis mwvervalidan nebismieri

fusfusi mis ZirSi wvrilman amaoebad aRiqmeba (vaJasTan _

`ugrZnobelobad~ n.i.). bumberazi mTis Semyure adamians Tavis umweobisa

da sipataravis grZnoba eufleba, xolo mis mwvervalze asuls, _

siamayisa da yovlisSemZleobis... kidev amitomacaa mTa, _ dasaZlevi

winaaRmdegobis saxe-simbolo: miTologiasa da folklorSi zRaprulma

gmirma xan cxra mTa unda gadalaxos, xan miuval mTis mwvervalze

agebuli koSkidan ixsnas mzeTunaxavi~ (2:146).

mTis saxismetyvelebiT gansakuTrebiT gajerebulia bibliuri

Txzulebani: moiras mTa _ iq RvTis morCili abraami adis; sinas mTa _

RvTisa da adamianis aRTqmis dadebis adgilia; fsalmunebSi mTa

zneobrivi srulyofilebis metaforaa:

`ufalo, vin daisadgurebs Sen karavSi?

vin damkvidrdeba Sens wminda mTaze?

vinc umwikvlod dadis, simarTlis moqmedia

da WeSmaritebas laparakobs Tavis gulSi~.

(fsalm. 14.1,2)

an:

`vin ava uflis mTaze

vin dadgeba mis wminda adgilze?

visac xelebi sufTa aqvs da guli spetaki~.

(fsalm. 23.3,4)

82

mTis simbolikiT mdidaria saxareba: Taboris mTa uflis

feriscvalebis, misi WeSmariti saxis gamovlinebis simboloa, golgoTa ki

_ macxovaris jvarcmis adgili, sikvdilis Zlevis simbolo.

vaJasTvis mTa wmindaa. is xilvaTa adgilia, saidanac xdeba mis

TxzulebaTa mTavari ideis gamocxadeba.

`gulgrilad mcxovrebi verasodes ava zecad~ _ ambobs isaak asuri

(89:147). mTaze mowodebac swored rCeulebis mimarT gaismis. rCeulebs

eris gazafxuli mohyavT.

`baxtrionSi~ mTeli eri `trfobis mTazea~ Semdgari, amave mTaze

mtirali, damzrali pirimzis gasacocxleblad. vaJas udidesi natvraa

`gazafxuli eris sulisa~ (34:386). am mTaze `ar Sedgoma~ WaobSi Caflobis,

pirovnuli sikvdilis tolfasia. am simaRlidan sacodavad mosCans

yoveli dabla darCenili adamiani. isini im lodebiviT arian, romelTac

mcire rwmenis gamo ver gaZles mTaze: `wadiT, visac ar gindaT CvenTan

maRla, cis axlos yofna, dabla ganisveneT~ (33:308). isini mkvdrebi arian

erisaTvis da misi sulis gazafxulisaTvis. aseTia baxtrionSi wiwola:

`_ wiwolam lamiT gagvTxifa,

gagveqca sirbiliani.

netar sad daimaleba

sicocxliT sikvdiliani?~

mxedrebi ase afaseben omidan gamoqceuli meomris saqciels. wiwola

qvemoT daeSva `trfobis mTidan~. is gamoaklda `uflis saSvelad~ omSi

saxelmoxveWil mxedrobas, romlis yoveli wevri `qveynisTvis

Tavdadebuli adamiani yofila da aris gazafxulis msgavsis sulisa,

mxolod maT ganucdiaT gazafxuli sulisa~ (34:386).

gamarjvebis Semdeg mTeli eri ganicdis Tavisufali `sulis

qrolvas~:

`gadmodga borbalazeda

Tavisuflebis mTvarea~.

gmirebi _ kviria, lela, luxumi am wminda brZolaSi iRupebian.

ganadgurebuli boroteba _ `Savi veSapi~ ukanaskneli amosunTqvisas

SeanTxevs kviriasa da lelas Sxamian sisxls. Tumca, maTi daRupva eris

sicocxlis sawyisia:

83

`netavi yvela lamazsa

asre sikvdili hxvdeboda,

dRes mkvdari, xvale diliTa

cocxali wamodgeboda,

sruli janiT da ieriT

Tvalebs win damidgeboda!~

`baxtrionis~ gmirebs `hxvdaT~ aseTi sikvdili. Tumca, aravin icis,

rodis da rogor daiRupa luxumi. is daikarga mxedarTa TvalTaxedvidan.

ase mTavrdeba poemaSi realuri ambavi.

`baxtrionis~ epilogi. `meore~ dasasruli TvalTaxedvidan dakargul

luxums ukavSirdeba.

`iwyeba esqatologiuri legenda: `ityvian, maRal mTis pirsa~ _

amieridan luxumi aRar ekuTvnis baxtrionis gmirTa, Tundac

gamarjvebulTa wres, arc maT epoqas; is kacobriobis momavalSia

gadasrolili~ (48:120). am axal epoqaSi adamianis Zlevamosili omi

mterTan sul sxvagvari gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba. daWril luxums Tavs

daadgeba gveli, `viT nisli~, romelic vaJas TqmiT, `ucdida davlasa~.

xolo `davlam~ _ luxumma `moinadira~ igi.

gveli an gveleSapi erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli animalisturi

simboloa. literaturaSi mas vxvdebiT rogorc mtris, aseve mfarvelis

statusiTac. am arsebis miTologiuri biografia aseTia: arsebobs ara

ori saxis mqone gveli, aramed misi animalisturi simbolos ganviTarebis

ori safexuri: keTilmosurne gveli TandaTanobiT ganicdis modifikacias

da Rebulobs sawinaaRmdego saxes. mxolod am ukanasknel safexurze

Cndeba warmodgena gveli-urCxulis Sesaxeb. TviT miTosSi gveli xalxuri

Tqmulebebidan, ZvelisZveli warmodgenebidanaa gadmosuli. maSin, roca

miTosi jer kidev Camoyalibebas ganicdida, gveli dadebiT movlenad

aRiqmeboda. misi xorcis Wama adamianis gankurnebas, ukve mogviano

safexurze ki axali unaris SeZenas ukavSirdeboda. gvelTan mebrZolobis

tradicia, arc ise Zvelia, es motivi mxolod saxelmwifoebriobis

gaCenasTan erTad viTardeba (102...). vaJas `baxtrionSi~ `Sav veSapTan~

(gvelis, gveleSapis, urCxulis erT-erTi saxe) brZola swored

saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis niSniT xdeba. TviT miTosSic Cans

84

gvelisadmi uZvelesi `dadebiTi~ warmodgenebi. magaliTad, igi xan `did

winaprad~ da `fuZis angelozadac~ aris warmodgenili. saqarTvelos

mTianeTSic iyo gavrcelebuli legenda gvelze, rogorc fuZis

angelozze. miTiuri legendebis Tanaxmad, apolons hyavda grZneuli

gvelebi. momdevno periodis miTosSi ukve aSkaraa gvelis (an gveleSapis)

winaaRmdeg brZolis motivi. mis pirispir aRmoCndebian herakle, arwivi

haruda, devgmirebi Tori da beovulfi da sxv. (2:51-53).

bibliaSi kacobriobis cxovreba gvelis _ satanis macdunebeli

karnaxiT iwyeba (17:3.1-14). Tumca, TviT misi preistoria gvauwyebs, rom

satana aris `cdomili angelozi~. Tavdapirvelad masac keTili saxe

hqonda, rogorc yvelafers, RvTis mier Seqmnils.

mkurnalis saxiT gveli gvevlineba bibliur TxzulebebSic: RvTis

rCeviT moses mier Seqmnili spelenZis gveli, romelic Semdgom

homeopaTiis simbolod iqca, dajildovebulia mkurnalobis ZaliT (17:21.9).

saxarebaSi qriste eubneba mowafeebs: `iyaviT gonierni, viTarca gvelni~

(maTe. 10.16). ufro gvian qristianebi gvels gamosaxavdnen jvarze, rac

qristes mier adamianis codvebis gamosyidvis simbolo iyo. jvris qveS

mikruli gveli gvxvdeba Suasaukuneebis qristianul kulturaSi da is

aRdgomisa da sulis xorcze gamajvebis simboloa (105:117).

qarTul miTologiaSi gveli laSaris erT-erTi simboloa, romelsac

mkurnalobis Zala eniWeba. laSaris modificirebuli qristianuli saxea

wminda giorgi. misi erT-erTi naxevari _ qvesknelisa, atarebs gvelis

saxe-simbolos (14:140).

vaJas `baxtrionis~ sarCulis Sesatyvisi saxe gvelis miTologiur-

bibliuri biografiidan yvelaze metad `adamis tomis mteria~, romelsac

mtrobis daviwyebis Semdgom swored is Tviseba rCeba, romelic bibliasa

da miTologiaSic mkurnalobis Zalas ukavSirdeba. es Tviseba Tanxvdeba

swored wminda giorgis erT-erT saxe-simbolos _ gveli mkurnalisas.

gza gveleSapidan `keTil gvelamde~ ki im process ukavSirdeba,

romelic mxolod qristianuli tradiciisaTvis aris cnobili: ganwmendis

gziT pirovnul ganaxlebas.

luxumis kvnesis xmaze misuli `bevri codvis moqmedi~ sibralulis

grZnobiT imsWvaleba:

85

`bevris codvebis moqmedsa

gadaubrunda guneba,

ra sibraluliT imsWvalvis

misi gveluri buneba!~

`gunebis gadabruneba~ aq zusti Sesatyvisia berZnuli sityvisa,

romelic sinanuls aRniSnavs. `meta-noia~ pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT niSnavs

`nebelobis sferoSi gardatexas~, `Wkuis Secvlas~. es aris `meore

naTlisReba~, romelsac ufali aniWebs adamians naTlobis Semdeg~ (99:154).

Tavisufali neba cvlis adamianis adgils moralur samyaroSi

ukeTesisaken an uaresisaken. ufro adrebizantieli avtorebi am aqts

aRniSnavdnen sityviT `meta-bole~, anu gadaqceva. gadaqceva (anu moqceva)

sikeTisaken midioda sinanulis gziT (89:166).

am gzas Seudga gveli baxtrionSi. gzis bolos niWia _ madli.

madlisken zeaRsvlis gza sibraluliT iwyeba. Semdeg mohyveba dafiqreba,

anu `Wvreta~ _ TviTgamorkvevisTvis aucilebeli ram. sibraluli

gulidan modis, xolo Semdeg amgvarad ganwyobili guli Wkuasac

imorCilebs. `TviT tvinis cxovreba warmoadgens gulis saqmes, sisufTave

gulisa ubrunebs tvins mTlianobas Wvretisas _ Sesabamisad, qmediTi

cxovreba moiTxovs gulis ganwmendas da es qmedeba (ufro zustad _

qvelmoqmedeba) aris ukve gacnobierebuli SesaZlebloba, romelic Sedis

gulSi, uerTdeba guls da krebs da mimarTavs madlisaken~ _ ambobs isaak

asuri (99:153).

adamianis Sebralebis Semdeg gveli swored amgvarad Wvretis unars

iZens: `dafiqrda gveli Zlierad~. vaJa mas aniWebs im Tvisebas, rac

adamianis `kacobis gvirgvins~ Seadgens. mixvda kacobriobis mteri, rom

adamianisTvis Zvirfasia sicocxle da cremli moaskda mis Tvalebs.

cremli kidev erTi dasturia misi gunebacvalebisa. xolo fiqris Semdgom

mikvleuli SesaZlebloba ganwmendil gulSi Casaxuli qvelmoqmedebis

unaria _ gankurnebis Zala. amitomac ulokavs wyluls luxums:

`mTels erTs Tves ase uvlida

adamis tomis mteria,

borotebis gza gauSva,

keTili dauWeria.~

86

gvelma daibruna pirvandeli saxe. igi ara mxolod luxumis

mkurnali gaxda, aramed saerTod, keTili gza airCia, uvnebeli gaxda.

`sinanulis nayofi aris uvnebloba, xolo uvnebloba aris amoxocva

vnebaTa~ _ ambobs maqsime aRmsarebeli.

aq kvlav gavixsenoT, vin aris luxumi _ laSaris jvaris

mxedrobidan erT-erTi, eris sulis gazafxulis momyvanTagan gamorCeuli.

Tumca, sxvebmac aranaklebi Tavganwirva gamoiCines. isic sxvebTan erTad

idga urCxulTan brZolaSi. magram mxolod is aris `esqatologiuri

legendis~ gmiri. mxolod mas kurnavs `gunebaSecvlili~ gveli. diax, man

sxvebTan erTad gangmira urCxuli _ boroti Zala, magram gavixsenoT, rom

mxolod misTvisaa nacnobi sxvebisaTvis ucxo mtris _ `urjulos~

sibraluli. amitomac simbolurad is xdeba mtris keTilad moqcevis

uSualo stimuli. marTalia, luxumi mters mravalgzis Sebmia, magram

arasodes daukargavs sibralulis grZnoba _ didi madli. es aris

udidesi sikeTe da am sikeTis Sedegi mtris `gunebacvalebaa~, amgvarad

gauvnebelyofa, monadireba. `ara hklaT kaci ese da aha, niWi Tqven

gardaqcevisaTvis sikeTed borotebisa~ _ meoce saukunis 70-iani wlebidan

exmianeba Wabua amirejibis sityvebi vaJas `baxtrions~.

gauvnebelyofili gveli uyveba luxums `baxtrionis~ dasasruls ori

Zmis zRapars – zRapars kacobriobis niWze: `siyvarulze, siwmindeze da

sicocxleze~. am zRapars vaJas moTxrobaSi `xmeli wifeli~ `adgilis

deda~ uambobs xeebs. Tu gvels `adgilis dedasTan~ davakavSirebT,

`baxtrionis~ dasasruli kvlav qarTul miTosur simbolikasTan – fuZis

angelozTan gvabrunebs. gveli – satana, kacobriobis modgmis mteri,

cdomilebidan Semobrundeba da angelozis saxes ibrunebs.

laSaris gorze Semdgari luxumi marTlac, simboloa kacobriobis

sikeTis niWisa, romelsac araTu eris gazafxuli moaqvs, aramed ZaluZs

samyaros kosmiuri ganTavisufleba boroti Zalisagan. amgvari dasasruli

aqvs vaJas `baxtrions~.

87

3. `gvelis-mWameli~

adamianis sulis mravalmxrivi SesaZleblobani vaJa-fSavelam kidev

erTxel gviCvena poemaSi `gvelis-mWameli.~ am `ucnaurma poemam~ qarTul

literaturul kritikaSi azrTa yvelaze didi sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.

vaJas sxvadasxva warmarTuli religiebis mimdevroba daswames. yvelaze

didi braldeba ki is iyo, roca aRniSnes, `ver morevia Tavis amocanaso~,

radgan nawarmoebis mTavar problemad adamianis yovlismcodneoba

miiCnies, anu samyaros inteleqtualuri Semecneba, e. w. fausturi

problema.** Tumca, am Tvalsazrisis gverdiT arsebobs azri, rom mindia

yovlismcodne ki ar aris, aramed is adamiani, romelmac adamianuri

instiqti sakuTar bunebaSi umaRles mwvervalze aiyvana (43:146-147). amitom

`gvelis-mWamelSi~ gansakuTrebuli aspeqtiT dgas pirovnebis sulier

ZalTa ganaxlebis problema. `yvelaze ufro gabedulad am poemiT Caixeda

vaJam adamianis Sina samyaroSi~ (iqve).

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miipyro intuitiurma Teoriebma. am TeoriaTa

Tanaxmad, samyaros arsTa wvdomisa da sicocxlis mamoZravebel Zalad

miCneulia instiqti. intuitivizmisa da sicocxlis filosofiis

warmomadgeneli anri bergsoni sicocxles, rogorc SemoqmedebiT

process, ise ganixilavs da mas xanierobas uwodebs. xanierobis

aspeqtebia: materia, cnobiereba, mexsiereba (mexsiereba-Wvreta). mxolod

adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba, instiqti praqtikul moTxovnilebaTa

klanWebidan gaaTavisuflos da cnobieri saxe mianiWos. amgvari instiqti,

romelic cnobierebiT aris gajerebuli, ukve intuiciis saxeliTaa

cnobili. adamianma rom uSualod Wvritos movlenebi, saWiroa xeli

aiRos praqtikul interesebze, inteleqtis mier mowodebuli realobis

Seryvnil formebze. amisaTvis ki didi Zalisxmeva _ nebisyofaa saWiro.

Zalisxmeva sasurvel ideasa da mis realizacias Soris arsebuli

gancdaa. misi mobilizeba da sworad mimarTva ganapirobebs adamianis

** mix. kveselava, fausturi paradigmebi. t. II; s. Ciqovani, vaJa-fSavela, qarTvelimwerlebi vaJa-fSavelas Sesaxeb. 405-471

88

pirovnebis wvdomas, rac, Tavis mxriv, am pirovnebis zrdis ideasTan aris

dakavSirebuli (92...). zrdis Semdgom adamiani ufro metad amyarebs

kavSirs bunebis sxva qmnilebebTan. sxvadasxva cocxal arsebaTa Soris

amgvar urTierTobas, urTierTgancdas, abergsoni `simpaTiur gancdas~

uwodebs.

gvelismWamelis unari rom intuitiuria, es naTlad Cans. mindia

Sinaganad wvdeba bunebis yovel arss _ adamianTa sasargeblod momarTul

`yvavilTa znes~, sikvdilis SiSiT gamowveul xeTa da nadirTa `kvnesasa

da Civils~, puris TavTavTa usargeblod gadagebis dards. amas yvelafers

bunebis cocxali arsebebi TviTon `eubnebian~ _ aniSneben mindias, roca

maTTan urTierTobas iwyebs, xolo winaswari codna maT Sesaxeb

gvelismWamels ar gaaCnia.

mindia xvdeba, rom yoveli `cocxali arseba urTierTzea

damokidebuli da yoveli damorCilebulia erT gigantur aRtyinebas...

romelsac SeuZlia yovelgvari winaaRmdegobisa da dabrkolebis, maT

Soris sikvdilis damarcxebac~ (92:231). es aris is wesrigi, romelic mTel

organul bunebas aerTianebs. mindias Semecnebuli aqvs es wesrigi. igi

wvdeba `sicocxlis im sferos, romelic warmoadgens

urTierTgamsWvalvas da dausrulebel Semoqmedebas~ (92:152). intuitiuri

unari mas pirdapir saganze miuTiTebs da iTvaliswinebs, rom `ai aq, esa

da es aris~ gansxvavebiT inteleqtisgan, romelic damyarebulia imis

codnaze, rom `Tuki pirobebi aseTia, movlenac aseTi da aseTi iqneba~

(92:128).

mainc, ra SemTxvevam Seuwyo xeli mindias intuitiuri unaris

amaRlebas, romelic rogorc adamianTa umravlesobisTvis, misTvisac

praqtikuli interesebis CarCoebSi iyo moqceuli?

intuitiuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, pirveli nabiji aseTi unaris

gamaxvilebisaken Sinagani gamocdilebis kritikaa.

zeaRsvla. poemis dasawyisSi, romelsac epigrafad uZRvis `Zveli

ambavi~, mindia xevsurTa xatobaSia. am xevsurebisTvis cnobilia, rom igi

axali dabrunebulia qajTa Tormeti wlis tyveobidan. misi tyveobis

`daujerebeli ambebi~ legendad dadis xalxSi. vaJas pozicia gmiris

qajeTSi Sesvlisa da misi dabrunebis Sesaxeb dafiqsirebuli ar aris.

89

miTiur ambavSi ki moTxrobilia, rom mindia Tavis mokvlis mizniT eziara

qajTagan gvelis xorcad moCvenebul sibrZnes. es rom `sibrZne~ iyo,

mxolod misi dagemovnebis Semdeg mixvda:

`Seigno, Wama gvelisa

qajTagan iyo zmaneba,

sibrZne aCvenes gvelada,

rom hzizReboda saWmelad.~

am dRidan `gamecnierda glexi~, cam, dedamiwam da tyem saubari

dauwyo. jadosanTa yvela xerxi iswavla, mxolod borotma ver moikida

mis gulSi fexi. dabrunebuli mindia qveynisa da xalxis TvalSi

erTiorad amaRlda, `gvirgvinosani Tamaris~ imedi da xalxis beladi

Seiqna.

msoflio literaturaSi mravlad aris imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor

SeiZina adamianma araCveulebrivi unari gvelis xorcis WamiT. es

tradicia Cans sxvadasxva xalxTa folklorsa da miTosur TxzulebebSi.

`gvelis-mWamelSi~ mocemuli pasaJi garegnulad swored im uZveles

gadmocemas exmianeba, romlis mixedviTac gvelis mier danTqma, anda

piriqiT, TviT gvelis xorcis Wama dadebiT momentad aRiqmeboda. igi

iniciaciasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, anu imave azrs atarebda, rasac

dionisuri kultmsaxureba _ saweso adaTebSi gvelis muclidan gamosvla

gaiazreboda meored dabadebad, konkretulad ki gmiris dabadebad.

gvelis mucelSi yofna ki saiqioSi yofnas niSnavda (102...).

vaJas `gvelis-mWamelSi~ aSkaradaa miTiTebuli, rom mindia

sinamdvileSi gvelis mWameli ar aris. gvelis xorcis Wama mxolod

`zmaneba~ iyoo _ wers poeti. amasTanave, is, rac cnobilia xalxur

TqmulebaSi gvelismWameli mindias Sesaxeb, vaJas poemaSi mxolod

xevsurebSi moaruli ambis saxiT aris gadmocemuli da isic aSkaraa, rom

mindias tragedia sazogadoebrivi formaciis im safexurs ar Seesabameba,

rac miTSia mocemuli. poetis mTavari yuradReba tyveobidan dabrunebuli

mindias cxovrebisa da misi xasiaTis gaxsnisken aris mimarTuli. poemis

arsic amaSia. vaJa Tavis werilSi `kritika b. ip. varTagavasi~, aRniSnavs:

`gvelismWamelis araki, rac me gavigone da razec avaSene mTeli poema,

Semdegia: xevsuri mindia Cauvardeba tyved qajebs. maT Soris cxovrebam

90

iqamdis daaRona mindia, Tavis mokvlamde miiyvana. Tavis mosakvlelad

gvelis xorci Wama, romliTac qajebi ikvebebodnen. gvelis Wamam sruliad

sxva nayofi gamoiRo: mindia brZen kacad gadaiqca. misi sibrZne, xalxuri

TqmulebiT, Cans mcenareebis cnobaSi, Tu romeli mcenare ra satkivaris

wamalia, radgan yoveli mcenare Tavad iZaxis, ris wamalic aris da

mindiamac am mcenareTa ena kargad icis. Sedegi am codnisa aris mindias

gaeqimeba. misi wamali uebaria. xalxuri Tqmuleba amis iqiT ar gadis,

maSasadame, mindias dacolSvileba, colTan baasi, xorcis uWmeloba, Tu

SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, mxedarTmTavruli niWi gvelismWamelisa, Citebis

enis codna, _ xalxur Tqmulebas ar ekuTvnis. ambavi mindias sulis

araviTar dramatiuls gancdas ar warmogvidgens xalxis TqmiT~ (34:364) _

ai, ra yofila vaJas Txzulebis arsi. mindias, anu adamianis sulis,

dramatuli gancdis Cveneba. amisaTvis man Tavis `sulier quraSi

gadaadno~ Tqmuleba iseve, rogorc `aluda qeTelauris~, `gogoTur da

afSinas~, `stumar-maspinZlisa~ da `baxtrionis~ SemTxvevaSi.

`gvelis-mWamelSi~ Tqmuleba mxatvruli sinamdvilis agebas

emsaxureba. revaz siraZis azriT, qajTa qveyanaSi Sesvlisa da gamosvlis

Cveneba vaJas poemaSi sagangebod aris gamotovebuli. miTosuri planis

Semotana masze zogadi miniSnebebiT amoiwureba da maTi saSualebiT

Semoqmedi axdens `ara marto moqmedebaTa da garemos, aramed drois

miTologizaciasac... drois miTologizaciiT drois ganyeneba xdeba... aseT

`dros~ mxolod esTetikuri fenomenis Seqmnis funqciaRa rCeba...

personaJTa miTosur samyofelSi gadayvaniT vaJa-fSavela saxeTa

ganzogadebas aZlierebs. aq gmirebi ganitvirTebian yofiTi mimarTebis,

wvrilmanebisagan da rCebaT arsebiTi niSnebi, _ iqcevian saxe-idead~

(56:388), mindias rCeba Tavisi `davlaTi~, romelic rogorc dasawyisSi

aRvniSneT, vaJas gmirebisTvis zneobrivi SinaarsiTaa datvirTuli.

Tqmuleba `xogais mindis~ Cvenamde moRweuli variantebi (ori varianti)

aseT datvirTvas marTlac ar Seicavs. aq aRsaniSnavia, isic, rom es

variantebi mxolod vaJas poemis dabeWdvis Semdeg gamoqveynda. `g.

TevdoraZis mier Cawerili gadmocema `xogais mindze~ mxolod

nawilobrivaa xalxuri. rogorc TviTon aRniSnavs, am xalxur

TqmulebebSi CaurTavs sakuTari azrebi, epizodebi~ (18:23). mogvianebiT

91

CauweriaT xevsureTSi da gamouqveynebiaT meore varianti (18:24). orivegan

mindia mxolod is adamiania, romelmac gvelis xorcis Wamis wyalobiT

Citebis ena icis da amasTanave, kargi meomaricaa. misi zneobrivi

Tvisebebi aq ar Cans. ar Cans misi misiac _ risTvis sWirdeba unari. ase

rom, vaJas mindiasa da Tqmulebis mindias mier arc unaris miRebis wyaro

emTxveva erTmaneTs (Tu garegnul mxares ar CavTvliT), da arc misi

daniSnuleba.

vaJas mindia yvelasa da yvelafris mimarT eTikur damokidebulebas

moTxovs. misi azriT, bunebisgan adamianma mxolod is unda miiRos, rasac

TviT buneba gascems. xelSeuxebia yvelaferi, rac uvnebelia. samagierod,

mindias yvavilebi Tavs sTavazoben _ mindia amis wyalobiT soflis

eqimia. aludas msgavsad, `gzian~ sityvas eubneba salaSqrod mimaval Tems

_ igi misi beladia. erTi sityviT, `madlieri hyavs qveyana~.

mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom mindia aseT codnamde Sinagani

ganviTarebis gziT mivida (58:170) marTebulad migvaCnia. es gza swored

TviTkritikas gulisxmobs. Tormeti wlis `tyveoba~ gmiris cxovrebis

rTul periodze migvaniSnebs. am rTul periodSi igi martosuli iyo.

martooba ki rogorc fsiqologiasa da filosofiaSia cnobili, gzas

xsnis adamianis Sinagani koncentraciisaken da garkveulwilad, misi

pirovnuli ganviTarebisa da samyaros Semecnebis resurss warmoadgens.**

adamiani mikrokosmosia. msoflio filosofiis istoria yovelTvis

dainteresebuli iyo adamianisa da kosmosis urTierTobis problemiT.

jer kidev antikurobaSi adamiani moiazreboda kosmosis moqalaqed.

Tumca, misi moqalaqeoba SezRuduli iyo bedis fargalSi moqmedebiT. igi

kosmiuri Zalebis dakvirvebis sagans ufro warmoadgenda. mxolod

qristianuli anTropologiisaTvis warmoadgens igi samyaros centrs,

**is. К. Юнг, Воспоминания, сновидения, размышления, hhhttttttppp::://////wwwwwwwww...kkkoooooobbb...rrruuu///jjjuuunnnggg///rrreeecccooolllllleeeccctttiiiooonnn___dddrrreeeaaammmsss___rrreeefffllleeeccctttiiiooonnn,,,

Н. Бердяев, Самопознание, М. 2004, стр. 47-52.

92

`ufliswuls~, romelic mxolod sakuTar codvaTa gamo Cavardnilia

misTvis damamcirebel mdgomareobaSi.

didi mistikosis dionise areopagelis mixedviT, Seqmnili samyaro

erTgvari ierarqiis realuri analogia. `yoveli safexuri ierarqiisa

sakuTari Zalebis Sesabamisad monawileobs saRvTo saqmeSi~ (99:75).

maqsime aRmsareblis swavlebis mixedviT ki samyaro xuTi

ganyofilebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic qmnian yofierebis koncentrirebul

sferoebs. am samyaros SuagulSi dgas adamiani, romelic potenciurad

Tavis TavSi moicavs am yvelafers (99:82).

adamiani pasuxismgebelia mTeli samyaros winaSe, vinaidan misi

Sinagani samyaros rRvevidan gamomdinare, irRveva mTeli samyaros

mTlianoba, xolo Sinagani koncentraciis wyalobiT myardeba wesrigi.

XIX-XX saukuneebSi ganviTarebulma intuitiurma metafizikurma

Teoriebmac aRiares, rom samyaros TiToeuli Semadgeneli nawili

erTmaneTzea damokidebuli da adamians aqvs SesaZlebloba,

warmoadgendes im centrs, saidanac es wesrigi imarTeba (92:161-231).

a. bergsonis azriT, intuicia adamianis sulis Sinaarss warmoadgens

(92:229), vinaidan sulis mTlianobas adamiani mxolod intuiciuri

CaRrmavebiT aRidgens.

qristianuli anTropologiuri filosofia swored Tavisufal

intuicias eyrdnoba da ara avtoritetul dogmats.

saerTod ki, samyaros Semecnebis orgvari meTodi arsebobs: pirveli

_ roca adamiani cdilobs kosmiuri movlenebis Secnobis niadagze

sakuTari Tavis Semecnebas _ es saRvTismetyvelo meTodia, da meore _

roca adamiani sakuTari Sinagani samyaros SemecnebiT Seimecnebs kosmoss

_ es meTodi fsiqologiuria (99:87).

mindia sakuTari sulis wvdomiT samyaros arsTa intuiciur

wvdomamde mivida:

`axalad suli Caedga,

axali xorci aisxa,

gulis xedva da Tvalebis,

rogorc brmas da yruvs, gaexsna.~

93

erTi sityviT yovelive qmnilis arsi Seicno, mxolod `borotma mis

gulSi ver moikida fexia~ _ roca man sulieri Zalebi Sinagani

koncentraciisaken warmarTa, sikeTe amoitana zedapirze. igi ar

gaborotda, Tumca SeiZleboda asec momxdariyo im adamianis Tavs,

romelic martoobas da satanjvels eziara. mis bunebaSi sikeTe iyo

moWarbebuli, ramac `tyveobidan~ dabrunebis Semdeg, saSualeba misca,

Tavisi unari sikeTisken waremarTa. A

amgvarad, Tu miTosuri saxeebi poemaSi garegnul-esTetikur fenomens

qmnis, Sinagani, Rrma plani poemisa _ mindias mier `axalad sulis Cadgma~,

`axali xorcis asxma~, rac mis zneobriv srulyofas emsaxureba,

SeuZlebelia warmarTul iniciacias davukavSiroT.

mindias mier miRweul zneobriv sisrules `gvelis-mWamelis~

metaforis imgvari gaazrebisken mivyavarT, romelic ucxoa miTosisaTvis.

amgvari metafora mxolod qristianuli didaqtikis motivebSi gvxvdeba.

saxarebaSi aris erTi pasaJi, sadac ieso ambobs znesrul adamianebze _

mis mimdevrebze: `gvelebs aiyvanen da Tundac raime sasikvdilo Sesvan, ar

avnebT~ (markozi. 16.18). es metafora gulisxmobs adamianis mier sakuTari

Sinagani Zalebis wvdomas, rac qristianuli moralis mixedviT, rwmeniT

miiRweva.

`mdogvis marcvlisodena rwmenac rom gqondeT, da uTxraT am mTas:

aqedan iqiT gadadio, igi gadava da araferi iqneba TqvenTvis SeuZlebeli~

(maTe.17. 20). _ esec metaforaa.

adamiani, romelic Sinagan Zalebs wvdeba, pirvel rigSi amarcxebs

borots. `gvelis xorciT~ xom qajebi _ boroti Zalebi ikvebebodnen,

romelTac tyved hyavdaT mindia. mindiam SeZlo boroti Zalisagan

gaeTavisuflebina, gaeuvnebelyo sakuTari Tavi, xolo adamians, romelmac

es moaxerxa, verc garegani mteri ereva. yvelaze saSiSi mteri adamianisa

sakuTriv misi vnebebia:

`mas aRarafris eSinis,

Tund Tavs daatydes mexia.

qajni brazoben, ra hxedven _

gamecnierda glexia.

aRar aSinebs tyveoba,

94

aRarc xrikebi qajuri,

dRes Tu xval imedianobs

qajebs uWiros panCuri~.

mindias gamosvla qajTa tyveobidan, rogorc aRvniSneT, poemis

garegan planSi ar Cans. es swored imaze miuTiTebs, rom poemaSi mindias

gadasxvaferebis ara garegan, aramed Sinagan Sinaarsze unda gavamaxviloT

yuradReba.

`rasakvirvelia, yoveldRiur sityvaxmarebaSi xSirad iTqmis, adamiani

gamoicvala, axali suli Caedga da a. S., magram es Cven ar gvayenebs mis

warmarTobaze laparakis aucileblobis winaSe. magram, garda amisa, rigi

SemTxvevebisa, rac cnobilia saRvTo werilidan da riTac savsea `wmidaTa

cxovrebani~, _ araiSviaTad adamianTa arsebiT gadasxvaferebas

gulisxmobda~... _ wers gr. kiknaZe (43:149).

sanam intuitiuri Teoriebi gaCndeboda, adamianis mier sakuTari

Zalebis wvdomis SesaZlebloba saRvTo werilsa da wmindanTa cxovrebaSi

iyo mocemuli.

ioanes saxarebaSi naTqvamia: `jer ars Tquenda meored SobaÁ~ (ioane

3.7), rasac isev sinanulis saTnoebasTan mivyavarT. sinanulis berZnuli

Sesatyvisi _ meta-noia, rogorc aRvniSneT, niSnavs swored ganaxlebas,

Secvlas. `sinanulis nayofi aris uvnebloba. xolo uvnebloba aris

amoxocva vnebaTa~ _ maqsime aRmsarebeli. tyveobidan dabrunebul mindias

amgvari uvnebloba aqvs Sesisxlxorcebuli. es (sinanulis) aqti swored

TviTCaRrmavebis safuZvelze xorcieldeba da Tavisufali nebis sworad

warmarTvas emsaxureba.

sainteresoa vaJas azri pirovnebis Tavisuflebasa da sazogadoebaze.

misi fiqriT, `adamiani Tavisufali ibadeba~ da `usamzRvro

Tavisuflebisaken miiswrafvis~. magram `gaizrdeba, mova gonebaze da maSin

xom Sinaur ufrosebTan erTad uCndeba gareT sxva ufrosi _ sazogadoeba

auarebeli zne-CveulebiT, azrebiT, wesebiT, romelTa Soris mravali

uvargisi da pirdapir damRupvelia adamianisa, SemboWveli imis

Tavisuflebisa, saRis msjelobisa... rac uxSavs mas gonebas, unergavs

cxovrebisaTvis mavne azrebs, aCvevs gonebas morCilebas, moTmenas, uklavs

siyvaruls Tavisuflebisadmi. ase: adamiani mosisxle mteri xdeba

95

bunebisa; imis magivrad, rom xeli Seuwyos da ganaviTaros es Zvirfasi

ganZi _ Tavisufali grZnoba, misces mas gonivruli mimarTuleba,

cdilobs daaxSos, mospos igi sruliad amoagdos Zirian-foCvianad

adamianis gulidan. am dros sazogadoeba vera grZnobs ramdenad

mosisxle mteri xdeba igi Tavis Tavisa. ratom? mitom, rom xes totebs

aWris, qerqs aclis garSemo tanze, ris gamo igi xels uwyobs Stoebis

gaxmobas, rasac adre Tu gvian TviT xis gaxmobac mosdevs. diaR,

gamxmaria, xmelia is sazogadoeba, romelTa wevrebic monurad, yeyeC-

CerCetad arian aRzrdilni da ar uyvarsT Tavisufleba, hxdeba Tavis

Tavis mteri, sTelavs fexiT Tavisive bednierebas~ (34:415). vaJas werilis

es nawyveti swored im sazogadoebis saxes gviCvenebs, romlis praqtikuli

moTxovnilebebis gamo realobis saxe Seryvnilia da adamianis

Tandayolili intuitiuri unaric daqveiTebulia. amgvar sazogadoebaSi

gaTqvefa pirovnebas WeSmarit Tavisuflebas ver apovninebs. saWiroa misi

daxsna.

vaJas mindiam martoobaSi SeZlo praqtikuli moTxovnilebebisgan

instiqtis gaTavisufleba. sulierad ganaxlebulma gmirma saukeTeso

adamianuri Tvisebebi gamoavlina da zecnobiereba SeiZina _ samyaros

arsTa wvdomis unari. pirovnebis amgvari ganaxleba saRvTismetyvelo

literaturaSi sulieri aRorZinebis saxeliTaa cnobili. zecnobiereba

intuitivistTa TqmiT, metafizikuri realobaa. cnobierebis

zecnobierebamde amaRleba maSin xdeba, roca mas organizmis saxiT

nivTierebis pasivoba aRar eRobeba win (64:144). xdeba saganTa uSualo

Wvreta. mindias es miRweuli aqvs. igi zeadamiania, romelic

realizaciisaken miiltvis. mxolod ara nicSeseuli zeadamiani _

zaratustra, romlis idealia zekacTa, rCeulTa Zlieri sazogadoeba. igi

aseT sazogadoebas ver qmnis da gandegilad rCeba. TviT zaratustra

udidesi moraliT dajildovebuli adamiania. magram gandegilobis,

sazogadoebisgan gamocalkevebis gamo, misi tragedia dasabams aZlevs ara

socialurad Rirebuli adamianis axal tragedias, aramed Zlieri

individualisturi pirovnebis kults. kultis warmoSobasTan erTad

mTavrdeba pirovnebis qmedebis sazogadoebaSi gangrZobis SesaZlebloba

da iwyeba rwmenis krizisi. nicSeanizmi amis damadasturebelia. nicSes

96

zeadamiani individualistia. individualizmi ki moklebulia WeSmarit

SemoqmedebiTobas. Tumca, zaratustra swored Semoqmedebas qadagebs,

magram Semoqmedeba siyvarulis gareSe ar arsebobs. mas mxolod sulier

ZalTa gaflangva axlavs Tan. zaratustra _ zeadamiani swored nicSes

epoqis sulier ZalTagan gaflanguli dekadenturi samyaros tkivilis

gamoxatulebaa. misi tragedia adamianuri rwmenis tragediaa.

s. Ciqovani aRniSnavda, vaJas Sesaxeb: `qarTveli poeti qvecnobierad

grZnobda dekadenturi, darRveuli sulieri cxovrebis moaxlovebas. man

dekadentur saxeebs daupirispira umwikvlo mTielTa (e.i. bunebis SvilTa)

gaubzaravi xasiaTebi da legendaruli ieris mqone gmirebi. nebsiT Tu

uneblied vaJa fSavelas mier Seqmnili saxeebi _ luxumi da mindia

upirispirdeba Sinagani uTanxmoebiT Sepyrobil da sulieri rRvevis

gamomsaxvel evropeli mwerlebis mier Seqmnil saxeebs. qarTveli poeti

axali humanizmis dasamkvidreblad mogvevlina mTidan~ (66:448). vaJas

mindia ganwmendili da cnobierebaamaRlebuli kvlav sazogadoebas

ubrundeba _ mopovebuli siyvarulisa da madlis gadmosacemad. mas

gacnobierebuli aqvs, rom uSualo Wvretis Sedegad miRweuli madli,

rogorc qmediTi Zala, Tu ar gasca, daiRupeba.

`marto erTaderTi kaci rom yofiliyo qveyanazed, gulic ar

iqneboda. guli madlia, da madli marto ors Sua hsaqmobs. orni mainc

unda iyvnen, rom madli mohxdes, imitom rom madli erTisagan gawirvaa da

meorisagan Sewirva erTsa da imave dros. Tu an gamwirveli ar aris,

maSasadame, gulic. Tu orni ar arian, gulma rogor unda amociqulos an

ena, an Tvali, an yuri. Tavis TavTan mociquli saWiro ar aris, mociquli

sxvasTan unda. usxvisod erTis guli marto parkuWia, sisxlis aReb-

mimcemi agebulebisaTvis~ _ wers ilia WavWavaZe (84:313-314), kacobriobis

codva-madlian `sakiTxavze~ dafiqrebuli XIX saukunis kidev erTi didi

qarTveli. iliasa da vaJasTvis swored is gulia Rirebuli da

cocxalmoqmedi, romlis funqcia mxolod `sisxlis aReb-micemoba~ ar

aris. `ugulo kaci ver kacobs~ (`vefx.~), misi adamianuri funqcia

moSlilia.

vaJas mindias ar emuqreba saSiSroeba, rom `pirvelTagan~ iqces

`ukanasknelad~. is sazogadoebaSi, rogorc individi ki ara, rogorc

97

pirovneba imkvidrebs adgils. pirovnebas ki, romelic mxolod sakuTar

individualobazea koncentrirebuli `ar ZaluZs bolomde ganxorcieleba,

is icriceba~ (99:95).

Tumca, mindiac xSirad aris ganmartoebuli, daRonebuli. magram

`martosuloba ar niSnavs kosmosisgan gandegilobas. is SeiZleba iyos

mxolod sinonimi im mdgomareobisa, rom pirovnebam gauswro sxvaTa

mocemul sulier mdgomareobas da misi universaluri Sinaarsi ar aris

sxvebis mier aRiarebuli~ (89:151). mindias martosuloba vaJas

SemoqmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli martoobisa da sulieri oblobis

motivis xazis gagrZelebas warmoadgens.

mindias unars sazogadoeba ufro gamomyeneblurad, egoisturad

eqceva. marTalia, igi beladad aRiares da mis rCevas iTvaliswineben,

radgan gamoscades, rogorc meomari da beladi, magram amis iqiT

sazogadoeba mindias bunebiT ar interesdeba. mindia imitom ki ar

amoirCies beladad, rom mTeli cocxali bunebis mimarT eTikur ganwyobas

moiTxovs: yvavilTa, puris TavTavis, xeebisa da nadirTa `ena esmis~,

aramed isev sakuTari utilitaruli moTxovnebis gamo: mindia avadmyofebs

kurnavs da mxedrobas gamarjvebas moupovebs. xolo misi sulis

sifaqizes, ra mizeziTac igi beladad yofnas axerxebs, sazogadoeba cota

ironiiTac uyurebs:

`ena Tu hqondes xe-qvaTa,

Cvenc rad ar gagvigonia?

Cven satyueblad mindias

sicrue mougonia~.

mindia cdilobs realuri magaliTis safuZvelze (Citebis saubars

rom ismens) auxsnas xalxs sakuTari unaris arsi. da Tumca, isini

rwmundebian mis SesaZleblobebSi, magram `nagrZnobsa guliTa gonebiT

Svelen verasa~. amitom mindia kvlav martosulad rCeba. gvelismWameli

maTTvis gaucxoebulia da amitomac SeuTxzavT misi unaris mopovebaze

zRapruli miTi.

nicSes zaratustra, mindiasgan gansxvavebiT, ver axdens realizebas,

radgan madls ar gascems. n. berdiaevi aRniSnavs: `zaratustra~ _

didebuli adamianuri wignia madlis gareSe~ (90:84). mindias swored

98

imgvari maRali cnobiereba aqvs mopovebuli, romelic madliT aris

gajerebuli. maqsime aRmsareblis sityviT, `adamianis pirovneba Tavidanve

mowodebuli iyo, madliT SeeerTebina RvTaebrivi da Seqmnili buneba~

(99:98). swored amgvarad moqmedi madliT xdeba adamiani mikrokosmosi da

SeigrZnobs samyaros suls.

movlenaTa uSualo Wvreta (mexsiereba _ Wvreta) rac metafizuri

filosofiisTvis sulier mexsierebas warmoadgens, qristianul

anTropologiaSi pirovnebis mier zecnobierebis mopovebis, aRorZinebis

erT-erTi postulatia. `swored qristianul tradiciaSi Cndeba pirvelad,

SemdgomSi erTob ucnauri bedis mqone termini `zeadamiani~ _ wers s.

averincevi (89:78). marTlac, petre mociquli Tavis pirvel werilSi

mimarTavs `rCeulTa modgmas~, romelmac unda `gamoacxados misi

saTnoebani, vinc sibnelidan Tavisi sakvirveli naTlisaken gamoixmo~ (I

petre, 2. 9).

grigol robaqiZe sworad aRniSnavda, am `ucnauri poemis~ gmiris

Sesaxeb, rom igi `zesTaadamiania namdvili, magram ara nicSes

zesTaadamiani _ individualisti, aramed religiuri universalisti~

(66:186).

mindias intuitiurad nawvdomi WeSmariti realoba madlia, romelic

mas `naTlisaken gamoixmobs~. misi arseba `dausruleblad ixsneba da

mdidrdeba im yvelafriT, rac sxvebs ekuTvniT~ (99:95).

sulierad ganaxlebulma gmirma saukeTeso adamianuri Tvisebebi

gamoavlina da zecnobiereba SeiZina _ samyaros arsTa wvdomis unari.

pirovnebis amgvari ganaxleba saRvTismetyvelo literaturaSi sulieri

aRorZinebis saxeliTaa cnobili. vaJa ki adamianuri sulis gazafxuls

uwodebs: `nuTu adamianis suls ki ara aqvs Tavisi gazafxuli? adamianic

aris da adamianic; kacic aris da kacic, yvela erTnairad gonebriv

simaRleze ara sdgas, yvela erTnairad ar aris ganviTarebuli; yvela

erTnairis TvaliT ar ucqeris cxovrebis av-kargs. yvelas erTnairad ar

axarebs sasargeblo~. sxvagan igi ambobs: `roca mas daudgeba gazafxuli,

igi yovel Tavis ZalRones mihmarTavs eris sasicocxlod~ (34:385-386).

mindias umaRlesi misiac es aris _ `eris sasicocxlod~ qmedeba. igi

meomaria, eris beladi da mis gulSi gaRviZebuli uaRresi uvneblobis,

99

humanizmis grZnoba sruliad ar gamoricxavs imas, rom xmalSemarTuli

Seebas samSoblos, Temis mters:

`malia tyviasaviTa,

grZneuli, rogorc gvelia,

aRmerTebs, nugeSad hsaxavs

fSav-xevsureTi mTelia,

gvirgvinosani Tamari

sulmudam amis mTqmelia:

`_oRond mindia Tan myvandes,

masTan mTieli eria,

rac und Zalian ecados,

veras damaklebs mteria.~

mindias tragedia mainc gardauvalia. SeZlebs sazogadoebaSi

dabrunebuli gmiri, mxolod erTi miznisken warmarTos Tavisufali neba

da danarCeni yvelaferi mas daumorCilos?

daRmarTi. mindia bolomde ver Tmobs pirad cxovrebas da ojaxs

ekideba. ojaxma yofiT realobaSi CaiTria igi. `cot-cotad, nelaobiTa

daviwye Tavis rwmenasTan moqceva melaobiTa~ _ xvdeba mindia. Svilebisa

da ojaxis sazrdod xeebis moWrac daiwyo da nadiris xocvac. es kidev

araferi, man RvTisgan miniWebul da sakuTari nebisyofiT mopovebul

madls xeli hkra:

`sul rom aRara megrZno ra,

Zalac viTxove RvTisao.~

zecnobierma madlma nel-nela Zala dakarga, intuicia dauqveiTda. da

bunebamac gawyvita masTan kavSiri. man ver Seasrula misia.

sainteresoa, ra iyo mindias tragediis mizezi: ojaxuri disharmonia,

Tu TviT am ojaxis yola.

qristianul didaqtikaSi ojaxi, anu saxloba gamarTuli da

mowesrigebuli samyaros simboloa, romelic SemosazRvrulia kedlebiT

uwesrigo qaosuri sivrcisagan (89:153).

amgvari harmonia maSin iqmneba, roca meuRleni ara mxolod

`erTxorc~ aramed `erTsul~ arian. am SemTxvevaSi ojaxSic igive madli

trialebs, rac erT pirovnebaSi misi sulieri ganviTarebisas.

100

`dabadebis~ mixedviT, dedakaci aris adamis `Semwe~, `misi Sesaferi~

(17:2.20.). imgvari ojaxi, sadac coli qmris Sesaferia, srulyofili

adamianuri cxovrebis gansaxierebaa, radgan `Rirseuli dedakaci qmris

(anu adamis) gvirgvinia~, _ gveubneba igavTa wigni (17:12.4), magram ara

Sesafers, SeuZlia adamianuri sulis Senobis dangrevac. amitomac

`Semarcxveneli~ coli qmris `Zvlebis gamomSrobelia~ (17:12.4).

amave igavTa wignis IX Tavi ase iwyeba: `sibrZnem saxli aiSena~ _

sibrZneSi igulisxmeba gonebisa da nebis erTianoba, moTmineba, mxneoba,

rac adamianur cxovrebas _ saxls gamZleobas, simtkicesa da

mowesrigebulobas aniWebs. `igavTa wignis~ yvela swavlebaSi gatarebulia

ori nebis kontrasti: neba aRmSenebeli da damangreveli, Semgrovebeli da

gamflangveli. neba Tanxmobisa da neba ganxeTqilebisa. erTis saxea _

sibrZne, meoresi _ `suleli qali~ (89:153-154).

`suleli qali myviralaa, briyvi da arafrismcodne~ (17:9.13)

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTac asea. ase rom, saxli (ojaxi), romelic

sibrZniT aris aSenebuli, harmoniulia da kosmosSic harmonia Seaqvs,

xolo `sulel qals~ _ disharmonia, ngreva.

vaJa-fSavelasTvis sakmaod axlobelia qalis daniSnulebis bibliuri

morali. Tavis werilSi `qalTa Sesaxeb~ is werda: `dedakacs didi

mniSvneloba aqvs kacobriobis cxovrebaSi. kacobrioba Sesdgeba

sxvadasxva erebisagan, erebi calke ojaxebisagan, xolo saZirkveli

pirvelisa, meorisa da mesamisa aris pirovneba, cali adamiani; ramdenadac

maTi Semadgeneli adamianebi arian srulni, amaRlebulni, ganviTarebulni

da bednierni, imdenadve amaRlebulia ojaxi, ojaxs gareSe _ eri, ers

gareSe – kacobrioba. Tavi da Tavi, maSasadame, ojaxis gonivrulad

mowyoba unda vaRiaroT, xolo ojaxSi uflobs dedakaci. dedakacs didi

Zala aqvs ojaxSi didze da pataraze... mas SeuZlian daamxos eri da

kidec aRadginos~ (34:347).

vaJam `stumar-maspinZelSi~ gviCvena amgvari ojaxuri harmonia. xolo

`gvelis-mWamelSi~ is moSlilia, rasac mindias sulSi, romelic mTeli

samyaros mimarT simpaTiiTaa gamsWvaluli, ngreva Seaqvs. ojaxi mindias

erTgvari gamocdaa _ gansacdeli. mzias saxe simboloa adamianis

utilitaruli moTxovnilebisa, romlis mimyoli intuicia kvlav

101

praqtikul moTxovnilebaTa CarCoebSi iketeba. mindias suli kvlav

uxeSdeba da samyaros Zalebic wyveten masTan kavSirs.

mindias madlis dakargvamde daaxloebiT is kavSiri hqonda

bunebasTan, rogoric ucodvel adamians wminda mamaTa swavlebis

mixedviT. igi (adamiani) samyaros `mefed~ iwodeba qristianul

RvTismetyvelebaSi, romelmac dakarga Tavisi mefuri adgili.

marTlmadidebeli mistikosi svimeon axali RvTismetyveli adamis

Secodebis Semdeg mis mdgomareobaze wers: `yvela qmnilebas, roca

dainaxa, rom adami gaZevebulia samoTxedan, aRar surda metad

damorCileboda mas. arc mTvaresa da mnaTobebs surdaT gamosCenodnen

mas; wyaroT ar surdaT gadmoedinaT wyali da mdinareebs gaegrZelebinaT

Tavisi dineba. haeri ar fiqrobda qrolvas, rom Secodebul adamians

esunTqa. roca dedamiwis yvela nadirma da cxovelma dainaxa, rom mas

(adams) SemoeZarcva pirovnuli dideba, SeiZules igi da yvelani maSinve

mzad iyvnen masze Tavdasasxmelad. ca masze dasamxobad iyo gamzadebuli

da dedamiwas aRar surda misi tareba~ (90:67).

es pasaJi harmoniadarRveuli kosmosis mxatvruli saxea. kosmosis

ngreva adamianis dacemiTaa ganpirobebuli. adamis dacema sakacobrio

mniSvnelobis faqtia bibliaSi.

bunebis ZalTa ganwyoba `mcnebadakarguli~ mindias ojaxisadmi mzias

sizmarSi Cans:

`movardniliyo Rvarebi,

rogorc devebi mqSinavi;

Tan maarRvevden mTa-barsa,

idga dgandgari, Rriali.

ca-xmelTa daqcevas hgvanda,

iseTi ismis griali.

mTebsa stydeboda wverebi,

dabla xevebSi wveboden.

mTebTan erTada kldeebic

TofebiviTa tyvreboden.

ca iseTi Cnda, viT kupri,

Savad hRelavda, Sxioda,

102

kuprs awvimebda miwasa,

cxeli wveTebi scvioda,

Rvarebi ise sazarlad,

Seupovarad dioda~.

mzias sizmarSi bunebis am `gaborotebas~ ojaxis daRupva mosdevs,

xolo sinamdvileSi es sizmari ara mxolod ojaxis daRupviT, aramed

eris damarcxebiTac mTavrdeba.

mindias dacema, ara mxolod misi dacemaa, aramed mTeli eris. am

saSiSroebas igi unaris dakargvisTanave grZobs:

`veRaras vargeb qveyanas

mtris mamgerebels jarSia,

mitom, rom winandebuli

cneba aRar maqvs TavSia.~

_ mwvervals aRwevs mindias mwuxareba da sinanuli, zedized wiravs

zvaraks RmerTs, raTa ubedurebad ar uqcios misi Secdoma qveyanas,

magram amaod. cxel gulze igi col-Svils adanaSaulebs:

`Tqvengan davkarge goneba,

wminda gavyide rjulia...

axla qveyanac davRupo,

Tqven pirSi gedgasT sulia!..

an me rad minda sicocxle,

an Tqven gacocxloT raRada,

Tu mTeli Cemi arseba

aRar iqneba saRada?!

an aq ra piriT vicocxlo,

Tavs riT vimarTleb RmerTTana?~

mindia acnobierebs, ra didi pasuxismgebloba akisria RvTis

winaSe. misi arseba, rogorc ambobs, `saRi~ anu jansaRi aRaraa,

vinaidan Sinagani uvnebloba dakarguli aqvs, ukve yvelasa da

yvelafers ZaluZs avnos mas. igi uvargisia, imitom rom sakuTar Tavs

im SegrZnebaTa unari waarTva, romelic asuldgmulebda, misi

sicocxlis Zalas Seadgenda. `fuWia Cemi sicocxleo~ _ ambobs

is.MZalze mtkivneulad ganicdis mindia madlis dakargvas, Tumca

103

aravis sjera, rom sxvisi wylulebis mkurnali beladi TviTon

dawylulebulia, mxolod xatSi naxavs gaocebuli xevisberi, `sul-

mebrZol sneulad~ qceuls da mainc Tvalebs ar daujerebs. mindias

arseba mkvdaria. amas TviTonac xvdeba da glovobs:

`ar uRirs, mkvdarma icodes

Tavis sikvdili, _ mkvdaria,

iglovos Tavisi Tavi,

Tvis yofna Sesazaria?

sxva yofna, amaze mware,

mipovne Sesadaria!

amgvari mkvdari dRes me var,

sxva mkvdrebs ra uWirT mkvdrobiTa!~

es glova gamoxmaurebaa baxtrionis taepisa:

`mkvdaria ugrZnobi kaci,

usazarlesi mkvdarzeda.~

mindia `trfobis mTidan~ dabla daeSva. sadRaa misi faqizi suli?

col-Svils wyevlis da `briyvebs~ uwodebs Tanamemamuleebs, romelTac

uwin gaucxovebis miuxedavad, sulgrZelad eqceoda.

Mmindiam orjer `moikla Tavi~: erTxel _ roca sakuTar Tavs

sulieri sicocxlis sazrdo waarTva, xolo meored fizikurad

gaanadgura. Ppirveli danaSauli mindiam moinania. Ees monanieba cxadad

Cans mzias sizmarSi, sadac mindia mTlianad iRebs pasuxismgeblobas

sakuTar Tavze:

`_ gTxov, mapatio, mziao,

rac glanZRe, gagabrazia;

rasaca hxedav Cems Tavze,

Rirsi var, swored axia.~

`mzias da bavSvebs erTi da igive `danaSauli~ miuZRviT mindias winaSe.

es danaSaulia maTi arseboba, magram mindias uneburad ar Seqmnila es

ojaxi. igi mindiasia da pasuxic swored mas unda moeTxovos~ (73:146).

mziam mxolod is icis, rom `col-Sviln Tu undan vaJkacsa, Snoc unda

hqondes xarjisa~. mxolod imas ver xvdeba, rom am `xarjiT~ mindia im

104

unars dakargavs, romelic samSoblos sWirdeba, romlis gamoc xalxma

beladad aRiara.

bolos, xaxmatis xatSi daCoqili, unaris dabrunebas ki ara, qveynis

gadarCenas evedreba gvelismWameli moZmeTagan jer arnaxuli

mxurvalebiT ufals:

`loculobs Tvalcremliani,

azri ar ismis locvisa.

ase mxurvaled mlocveli

ver naxa vera rodisa

winad berdiam, _ es ukvirs:

ufro tanjvaa glovisa,

vidre gul-dawynarebuli

wyalobis gamoTxovisa.

cremli sdis, Cumi qviTini

abjris JReraSi ereva,

loculobs, daCoqilia,

xanic mravali eleva.~

`ase mxolod qristianuli RmerTis winaSe loculobs qristiani,

magram es qristiani _ mindiaa~... SeniSnavs T. Cxenkeli (77:161). mindia

TviTCaRrmavebisa da sinanulis gziT swored qristianuli RmerTis

WeSmaritebas eziara da pasuxismgeblobasac mis winaSe ganicdis. igi

grZnobs, rom sworad ver gamoiyena Tavisufali neba, romelic yovel

adamians eZleva _ Tavis principebs uRalata. mindias zecnobierebam Zala

dakarga. sinanuli kvlav Tavidan iwyeba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qristianul eposSi sinanulis cremli da

sulieri tkivilis gamoxatva arasodes raindis sircxvilad ar

CaiTvleba. arcerTma sxva religiam ar icis sulieri glovisa da

tkivilis imgvari saxeebi da metaforebi, rogoric qristianulma,

bibliurma tradiciam:

`da Cemi Zvlebi daibuga, rogorc koconze,

daWkna balaxiviT da gaxma Cemi guli.

radgan damaviwyda Cemi puris Wama

105

Cemi kvnesis xmisagan mihkvria

Cemi Zvlebi Cems xorcs~.

(fsalm. 101. 4-5)

mindias locva swored amgvar mdgomareobaSi mimdinareobs. es

sinanulis locvaa. berdias TvaliT danaxuli mindiac aseTia:

`sul-mabrZol sneulsa hgavda,

tanjva-vaebiT kvdeboda~.

magram SeZlebs ki igi kvlav sulis gamTlianebas, zeaRsvlas? misi

cxovrebis gza ki ukve gaorebulia _ SeZlebs mindia `ori ufalis

msaxurebas?~ gmiri ver uZlebs satanjvels da Tavs iklavs _ sabolood

iWris gzas sinanulisken. İigi sxva gamosavals ver xedavs _ qveyana misi

mcdari rCevis gamo mtrisgan aoxrda. albaT, masTan erTad ojaxic (mzias

sizmari unda vigulisxoT, rom acxadda).

vaJa bolomde miyva gmiris im `sulier-dramatul gancdebs~, romlis

warmoCenac nawarmoebSi ganizraxa. am TxzulebaSi yvelaze metad aris

ganviTarebuli vaJas weris manerisTvis damaxasiaTebeli siRrmiseuli

plani. faqtiurad, mzia, Calxia, bavSvebi da sxva `martivi gonebis~

personaJebi imisaTvis arian gamoyvanilni, raTa ufro mZafrad,

yovlismomcvelad warmoCndes erTaderTi mTavari gmiris _ mindias

tragedia. vaJas mindias pirovnebas Seesabameba dostoevskis tragikul

gmirebze naTqvami: `es tragedia gamowveulia imis SemecnebiT, rom

saukeTeso unda arsebobdes, magram misi miRweva SeuZlebelia~ (92:137).

Mmindia, miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis sulis yvelaze ufro Rrma

Zalebs wvdeba, sabolood kargavs sinanulis saTnoebas da masTan erTad

zecnobier madls. Amindia ver SeZlebs im bewvis xidze gavlas, romelic

sinanulis naRvelsa da sasowarkveTilebis mwuxarebas Soris hkidia.

amgvarma gansacdelma gmiri sulieri sikvdilis piras miiyvana. rogorc

Cans, pirovnuli aRorZinebis gza arc ise ioli da usafrTxoa (99:170).

mindias tragedia rwmenis tragediaa. zogierTi mkvlevari sworad

aRniSnavs, rom ilias `gandegili~ yvelaze met naTesaobas asketur-

monazonuri siuJetebis mqone evropul romanebTan ki ara, vaJa-fSavelas

`gvelis-mWamelTan~ amJRavnebs... gandegilica da mindiac `veRar

laparakobs RmerTTan~, iliasagan ganyenebuli Temis aReba, xolo mTis

106

warmodgena vaJas mier, ar unda yofiliyo SemTxveviTi. maTi gmirebis

tragedia, rogorc es gandegilTan dakavSirebiT warmoaCina akaki

baqraZem, rwmenis tragediaa~ (23:88-89).

aludas, afSinas, joyolasa da aRazas, maTi madliT sulieri

transformaciis gzaze damdgari sazogadoebis, baxtrionis gmirebisagan

gansxvavebiT, mindias zeaRsvla wydeba. wydeba swored TviTmkvlelobis

aqtiT, sadamdec mindia sasowarkveTilebas mihyavs. igi uvneblobis

nacvlad, sabolood, vnebas ayenebs sakuTar suls da gzas aRar itovebs

ukan _ sinanulisTvis. Aamitom igi qvedaRmavali gmiria. Tuki `stumar-

maspinZlis~ pirovnebebi ara Tu sakuTari sulis, sazogadoebis mSvinvier

ganwmendas axerxeben, mindias madli utilitarul yofasTan WidilSi

ikargeba.

107

Tavi IVrwmenisa da sindisis problema pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis

sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi (`kaci marTali~, `svindisi~)

`gqondes rwmena da keTili sindisi, romelic dakarges

zogierTebma da daimsxvra maTi rwmenis xomaldi~

pavle. I tim. 1.19.

1. `kaci marTali~

vaJa-fSavelas poemebis gmirebi, iseve, rogorc misi lirikuli Tu

prozauli personaJebi, publicisturi werilebi, mowmoben, rom igi

mxolod adamianis Sinagani samyaros kvleviT aris dainteresebuli.

mwerali ramdenjerme ubrundeba erTsa da imave sakiTxs da cdilobs,

axali kuTxiT warmoaCinos adamianuri buneba.

vaJas aqvs 1900-ian wlebSi dawerili ramdenime poema, romlebic

TiTqos misi Semoqmedebis motivTa Serwymas, gameorebas warmoadgenen.

Tuca, isini iseTi mxatvrulobiT ar gamoirCevian, rogorc Cvens mier

zemoT ganxiluli poemebi. aq zedapirzea amotanili vaJas SemoqmedebiTi

interesebi da misi religiur-mistikuri msoflmxedveloba.

adamianuri bunebis Rrma religiuri aspeqtebia mocemuli poemebSi

`kaci marTali~ da `svindisi~. es ori poema CvenTvis imdenad aris

saintereso, rom maTSi pirovnebis sulieri transformacia or

urTierTsapirispiro poluss gviCvenebs.

`kaci marTali~ 1915 wels aris dawerili. TviT saTauri migvaniSnebs,

rom `kaci marTali~ vaJas mTel SemoqmedebaSi gamJRavnebuli znesruli

adamianebis krebiTi saxelia. igi Tavis TavSi aerTianebs genialuri

mwerlis TiTqmis yvela gmiris Tvisebas, romelsac isini viTarebaTa

wyalobiT hpouloben da amave viTarebaTa wyalobiT sazogadoebis

Segnebisaken mimarTaven, mis cnobierebaSi siaxle SeaqvT. es pirdapir

aris gacxadebuli poemis SesavalSi:

`mas gahyav cxovrebis mkerdze

gza ram axali, uvali~.

108

`kaci marTalis~ dasawyisi Tavidanve migvaniSnebs poemis Sinaarsis

religiur aspeqtebze:

`iyo ram kaci marTali,

wminda viT wyaro ankara~.

es ambavi arc zRapariviT iwyeba: `iyo da ara iyo ra~, arc

TqmulebasaviT: `amboben~, `ityvian~ da a.S. aramed sityviT `iyo~, rogorc

`pirveladve iyo sityva~... marTal kacs vaJa ankara wyaros adarebs.

`ankara wyaro~, igive `cxovrebis wyaro~ qristes simboloa. marTali

kacis yofa-qcevasa da saqmeSi qristianuli cxovrebis, qristes gziT

siarulis metaforaa am simbolikiT gamoxatuli. poemis siuJetis

Semdgomi ganviTarebidan aSkarad Cans, rom marTali kaci sakuTari

magaliTiT amgvari `cxovrebis wyaros~ asmevs sofels. igi `sxvisi dardis

mtiralia~ da `sxvisa saqmis mkeTe~:

`TavisTvis sabralobelsa

arc exna, arca eTesa,

sxvisas sdarajobs saTibsa,

sxvisas gars uvlis yanasa,

da roca mwyemsi iZinebs,

igi hmwysis imis farasa.

sul sxvisa saqmeze hxarjavs

Tavis Rones da Zalasa~.

es kaci sxvisTvis mSromeli gmiris ganzogadebuli saxea, romelzec

vaJa Tavis werilSi mogviTxrobs `gmiri imdenad Tavis TavisTvis ara

cocxlobs da imdens ar akeTebs, ramdensac TemisTvis... sxvas aZRobs,

TviTon mSieria, sxvis sicocxlisaTvis mebrZoli TiTon sikvdils eZleva

pirSi~ (34:87).

Semdgomi strofebidan Cans, rom es kaci uqoneli ki ar aris, beRel-

sabZelic aqvs da qonebac, kidec Tesavs da mkis, magram imdenad TavisTvis

ar moixmars, ramdenadac sxvisTvis _ `araferi aqvs ziarad~. am ucnaur

kacs vaJas `ucnauri poemis~ gmiris `mindias~ Tvisebebi etyoba. mas

`yanis gadias~ uwodebs poeti, radgan mTeli soflis yanas darajobs da

is cocxali arsebasaviT uyvars:

`ros hnaxavs motexils TavTavs,

109

bavSviviT tirils daiwyebs,

ebralvis friad TavTavi:

Tavs puriT veRar aivsebs,

yanac xom dazaraldeba,

xalxic kuWs veRar gaiZRebs~.

marTal kacs `umravlesoba giJad Tvlis, umciresoba Wkvianad~,

magram misi moqmedeba rom saziano ar aris, yvela xvdeba. yvela mis

moqmedebas vaJa erTi sityviT aRniSnavs: `cda~. `cda~ laSaris saymos

enaze brZolas ewodeba (49:228.). vaJa poetur TxzulebebSi xSirad swored

`cdas~ xmarobs da ara `brZolas~.

`cda~ anu `brZola~ aris fizikuri da sulieri. magaliTad, roca

joyolas xevsurebis winaaRmdeg gasvlas aRwers, vaJa ambobs, rom is

`Tavdadebulia cdazeda~ _ es fizikuri Zalisxmevaa. poemaSi `kaci

marTali~ mTavari gmiris `cda~ sulieri Zalisxmevaa, vinaidan aq

mSvidobian periodSi moqmedi kai ymis _ raindis saxea warmodgenili.

marTali kaci cdilobs `axali, uvali gzis~ magaliTis Cvenebas. amgvari

`axali, uvali gzebiT~ midian vaJas sxva gmirebic: aluda, joyola, aRaza,

mindia. maTi cdac `sulieri Zalisxmevaa~. sulieri Zalisxmevaa

baxtrionis gmirebis Zalisxmevac, `trfobis mTaze~ Sedgomis survils

rom moicavs. es sulieri ganapirobebs Semdeg fizikurs. Tavis sakuTar

`cdaSi~ es gmirebi martoni arian. martoa aluda: xevsurT `gawires

qeTelauri, guliTa narianiTa~, martoa joyola: `martokam unda viomo~,

aRaza: `qisteTSi Cemi erTguli kenWic ki arsad aria~, kviria: `ras

fiqrobs obol kviria, misi gamgebi vin ari?~ mindia: `arvin icoda, Tu

imas guli risagan stkioda~ da a.S. karg ymas monurad (`ZaRlurad~)

sicocxles `sikvdili ujobs cdaSia~, radgan SeuZlebelia im saqmeze

misi dayolieba, `rac ar ujdeba WkvaSia~.

kaci marTalic martoa. misic ar esmiT. es ganapirobebs

umravlesobis mier mis giJad monaTvlas. vaJas poemis sxva gmirebisgan

gansxvavebiT, is am martoobas _ `Sinagani subieqturobis princips~ mTeli

cxovrebis manZilze atarebs:

`Taviseburad kiTxulobs

cxovrebis ana-banasa~.

110

amitom sazogadoebasTan konfliqtic gardauvalia. kaci marTalic

sazogadoebis zvarakad, msxverplad gamzadebuli gmiria.

vaJa wers erTgan: `filosofosebs rom davugdoT yuri, magaliTad,

spensers, amboben: `kargi is aris, rac miznis miRwevas gviadvilebso...

axla is vikiTxoT, kai kaci vinRaa?~ (34:188) vaJasTvis `kai kaci~ marTali

kacia, romelic swored am funqcias asrulebs _ sazogadoebas miznis

miRwevas uadvilebs. mxolod es mizani arautilitaruli daniSnulebisaa

_ sikeTisadmi rwmenis gamomuSavebas gulisxmobs. marTali kacis mizani

`ufro RvTiuria, ufro kacobrivi~, vinaidan sikeTisadmi rwmena `spobs

Surs, mtrobas kacTa Soris~ (34:190).

marTali kacis cxovrebaSic dadga gamocdis Jami. da `gaxda kaci

marTali, zvarakad umecrebisa~.

poemaSi marTali kacis sapirispirod vaJa gvacnobs `kaci ram erTi

mdidaris~ cxovrebis wessa da zne-Cveulebebs. ramdenadac zneobrivia da

moyvasTa sargeblianobisken mimarTuli marTali kacis yoveli moqmedeba,

imdenad sakuTar sargebelzea mdidari gadagebuli:

`mdidari arafers dasdevs,

saxe aqvs mudam mcinari:

alaRebs oqro da vercxli,

Sin uxvad Semomdinari~.

ar SeiZleba aq ar SevniSnoT simdidriT `ganlaRebis~ saxarebiseuli

kritika: `umal aqlemi gaZvreba nemsis yunwSi, vidre mdidari Seva RvTis

sasufevelSi~ (maTe 19.20). marTal kacTan mimarTebaSi gamoCnda misi

urwmunoeba. sxvis rgebaze damdgarma marTalma, RamiT mdidaris

cecxlmokidebuli yanis Svela ganizraxa. mdidaris msaxurebma ki maTi

mxsneli mtrad miiRes da Seipyres:

`borotis saqmis Cadena

marTlis kiserzed daedvaT.

magris TokiTa meSvlisTvis

xeli da fexi gaekraT.

joxi da mjiRi mravali

sabralosaTvis daekraT~.

SeuZlebelia am striqonebma ar gagvaxsenos daviT guramiSvili:

111

` aw, naxeT, misad sanufqod rac maT mas SeamTxvieso:

borotisagan keTili SuriT ver ganarCieso;

RvTis saidumlo gatexes, gulSi ver daitieso,

TavianT macxovrebeli wamwymedlad miiCnieso~.

(25:40)

vaJasa da daviT guramiSvilis SemoqmedebiT naTesaobaze saubrobda

tician tabiZe. misi azriT, leqsiT `daviT guramiSvilis xsovnas~ vaJam

migvaniSna Tavis poetur winamorbedze (66:352).

amgvari `mimarTebis Cveneba ukve niSnavda da niSnavs mTel Cvens

adrindel literaturul samyarosTan, qarTul saxarebasa, himnografiasa,

`vefxistyaosanTan~, Tu xalxuri poeziis wiaRTan vaJas mxatvruli

naTesaobis rkvevas, vinaidan daviT guramiSvili, ise rogorc vaJa-

fSavela, warmoudgenelia arsebobdes am didi kulturuli safuZvlis

gareSe...~ (28:146)

leqsSi, romelzec gvsurs ramdenadme Tqveni yuradRebis SeCereba,

poeti daviT guramiSvils pirdapir asaxelebs `winamorbedad~,

`uZvirfases papad~. misi Sinaarsi aSkarad migvaniSnebs, Tu raSi

mdgomareobs am ori geniosis SemoqmedebiT interesTa Tanxvedra:

`Senis cremlebiT movxarSe

Cemis grZnobebis fafao.

amgvari saWmlis keTebas

didi sdomnia jafao;

gavuRe suli da guli

rodis xania vylapao,

gauTavebi gamodga,

arc damkargvia madao.

vici, ar gamijavrdebi

da arca mkiTxav: radao?~

(31:233)

vaJa-fSavelas Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi grZnobebisTvis imgvari

mimarTuleba miuniWebia, rac daviT guramiSvils Tavis pirmSod

aRiarebul, gaWirvebaSi gamozrdili leqsebisTvis:

`gulzed mqonda moxazuli cxovrebisa wyaros Rari,

112

vitire da gardvadine me imaze cremlis Rvari.~

(25:43)

`cxovrebis wyaro~, rogorc qristes simbolo, adamianis `Sinagan

kacad~ yofnis, cnobierad cxovrebis wess gansazRvravs. amgvari sulieri

cxovrebisTvis gauRia orive genioss `suli da guli~ da SemoqmedebiT

principadac is gauxdia – `SemoqmedebiT quraSi~ gadaudnia, `mouxarSavs~

da poeturi sityvis miznad uqcevia:

`mas aqeT Congurs vaJRereb,

Tanac leqsebsa vCmaxao“

_ `bubunebs~ `naialaRar xars~ damsgavsebuli mTieli geniosi.

`mdidar var Tu mwiri, lxini maqvs Tu Wiri,

vimReri Tu vstiri, qnari maqvs Tu stviri,

zeg davmReri amas!~

(25:133)

_ es XVIII saukunis geniosi Semoqmedis qnaria.

emsaxuro ara mxolod sakuTar, cnobier cxovrebas, aramed Seni

xalxis moralur-zneobrivi faseulobebis aRzrdas – amgvari

SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba ar advilia, didi jafa sWirdeba, emociebisa da

poeturi sityvis ulevi maragi. igi uRalato samsaxurs moiTxovs. es is

cxovrebis wesia, romlisTvisac vaJa ambobs `ar damkargvia madao~ da

daviT guramiSvils misi `xilis WamiT piri ar damwarebia~.

piriqiT, am niWis SenarCunebisTvis iRwvian da misi dakargva didi

madlis dakargvad – SemoqmedebiT sikvdilad miaCniaT:

`RmerTo, miiRe vedreba

es Cemi saTxovaria,

ar damikargos gulidam

me Seni saxsovaria.~

(30:205)

vaJas am striqonebs exmianeba daviT guramiSvilis uflisadmi

vedreba leqsSi `obolni~:

`vai, Tu mokvde umadlo, Seviqna codvis ziari~.

(25:123)

113

SeiZleba iTqvas, es aris swored cnobierad cxovrebis arsi: eris

samsaxurSi yofna da Tu saWiro iqna, mis naklovanebaTa daufaravi

mxilebac. pirovnebis aRzrdis didaqtikuri motivi swored amas

gulisxmobs, rogorc daviT guramiSvilisTvis, ise vaJasTvis

ganuyofelia, saqveyno da piraduli, sakuTari da erovnuli satkivari.

`daviTianis~ lirikul-istoriuli gmiri daviT guramiSvili metad

axlobelia vaJas ara mxolod lirikuli, aramed epikuri gmirebisTvisac.

vaJas SemoqmedebiTi interesebi mTlianad gansxeulebulia am gmirTa

moqmedebebSi.

“kaci marTali~ ki araTu exmianeba guramiSvilis lirikuli gmiris

umTavres princips, simarTlis Tqmisas, SeiZleba iTqvas, mis erTgvar

metaforasac warmoadgens.

kaci marTali aris is `Sinagani kaci~, romelic `axali adamis~ _

qristes xatebas moipovebs. is ufalTan daaxloebulia. es iqidan Cans,

rom ufali `usmens~ mas, roca TanamemamuleebisTvis evedreba.

`da RmerTic ismens mis Txovnas,

aacdens sofels sasjelsa. _

bevri sxva anTebs, marTlisas

sul sxva Zala aqv sanTelsa~.

magram aseTive kaci `briyvs sazogadoebaSi~ `tarigia, zvarakad

Sewiruli~.

im ambavs, roca marTalisa da borotis brZolaSi marTali kaci

saocari ZalmosilebiT gasxivosnda, vaJas TqmiT, mSoblebi zamTris

RameSi axlac uamboben Svilebs. es ambavi adamianisTvis `sacnobo,

safiqrebelia~ da fiqriT xom `movlenaTa mizezs~ SeiZleba CavwvdeT.

im xalxis winaprebi ki, vinc marTali kacis ambavs Taobidan Taobas

gadascemen _ misi Tanamedroveni, mis mimarT eWviT ganimsWvalnen da

umecrebiT Tvaldabnelebuli bevri maTgani moadga mindors, sadac mefis

brZanebiT marTali unda CamoexrCoT. seiris mayurebelTa ricxvi

yovelTvis ufro didia, vidre gonivrulad ganmsjelTa. marTali kaci ki

am seiris mayurebelTa winaSe mSvidad, xmaamouReblad idga:

`igi arafers ar ambobs

gulmSvidi, gasaocebi, _

114

cad miupyria Tvalebi,

gulSi Tumc uTqvams locvebi~.

romanoz tkbiladmgalobeli lamazad werda qristes Sesaxeb:

`mdumared idga, Weqa-quxilebiT mosaubre da usityvod is, vinc Tavad

sityvaa~ (89:71).

dumilis aseTi poetika mxolod qristianuli anTropologiisaTvisaa

cnobili. antikuri warmarTi gmirisaTvis grZeli, lamazi gamonaTqvamebis

gareSe sikvdili sisuleled aRiqmeboda, rogorc arasakmarisi gmiroba.

xolo wminda mama Teofilaqte bulgareli, swored qristes magaliTze

miuTiTebs simarTlisaTvis devnilebs: `viswavloT Cvenc aqedanve, Tuki

usamarTlo msajulTa winaSe aRmovCndebiT, araferi vTqvaT... roca ar

esmiT Cveni simarTle~ (88:71).

kaci marTali swored ase iqceva. Tumca, saswauli, romelic xalxma

ixila, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mis nacvlad, mis gasamarTleblad

laparaks iwyeben bunebis Zalebi:

`am dros miwidan yanama

moxeTqa, viT tyem burvilma,

miT Sveba igrZno marTalma.

moisma yanis JiJini _

miwidan amomdinari:

`gvaCveneT marTlis mtanjveli,

Zalian gvinda, vin ari!~

yanis tye boZad Seudga

marTalis mqanavs sxeulsa.

aswia caSi TavTvebma,

viT SvilTa dedas sneulsa _

kisridan Toki moexsna,

boZebic dabla daemxo.

dasarCobeli is gaxda,

vinc marTals avad Saexo~.

`netar arian isini, visac ar vunaxivar da swamT~ (ioane. 20.29)... Tumca

qristianuli anTropologia swored is filosofiaa, romelic

saswaulebiT cxovrebas iTxovs. TviT qristem uamravi saswauli moaxdina

115

swored im rwmenisaTvis, romelic kacobriobas ixsnida. rwmenaa

yvelafris sawyisi amave moZRvrebis mixedviT. mis gareSe ar arsebobs

araviTari pirovnuli Tavisuleba da pirovnuli principebis erTguleba.

vaJas sjera, rom bunebaSi mravlad arsebobs sakraluri niSnebi,

romlebic Cvens yuradRebas moiTxoven. es is poetia, romelic cxovrobs

am niSnebis rwmeniT da Tavisi Txzulebebis gmirebsac am rwmeniT

acxovrebs. is, rac sxvisTvis SeiZleba ubralo ambavi iyos, vaJasTvis

sakraluri niSania, simboloa, romelic moiTxovs rogorc rwmenas, aseve

erTgulebas. roca amgvar niSanzea saubari, maSin misdami `rwmena da

erTguleba TiTqmis erTi da igivea~, _ wers sergei averincevi (89:124).

simarTle rogorc rwmenas, aseve erTgulebas _ mis miyolas moiTxovs.

am simarTlisken abrunebs poemaSi `kaci marTali~ sazogadoebas momxdari

saswauli. is ganiwmindeba adamianis mimarT undoblobisagan da iRebs

rwmenas, romlis gareSe dacema gardauvalia. Tuki sakuTar ZalebSi

rwmenadakarguli iRupeba gvelismWameli mindia, imitom, rom ver

uerTgula Tavis principebs _ Tavis simarTles, samagierod, marTali

kacis rwmena saswauls sCadis: mTeli buneba mis dasacavad moemarTeba da

am saswaulis Semyure xalxic didxans inaxavs am faqtis sakralurobis

erTgulebas:

`mnaxvelni didad gafrTxilden,

ori Taobac iqneba~.

ori Taoba _ arc ise cota droa, erTi adamianis sulgrZelobam da

simarTlem rom asazrdoos. vaJas gmirebis simarTle, marTalia, Taobebs

asazrdoebs, magram poetis azriT, adamianTa modgmas axali saswaulebi,

axali gmirebi sWirdeba, raTa win gaswios:

`magram qmna kargis radRaca

xalxs male moewyineba.

drom ganvlo, saqme momxdari

iqca ubralo ambada

da daekarga is Zala,

rac hqonda pirvel xanada~.

yvelaferi isev `ubralo ambamde~ midis. am `ubralo ambebs~, `Zvel

ambebs~, `ZvelisZvel ambebs~ acocxleben vaJas goliaTuri sulisa da

116

amtanobis gmirebi, raTa `gulgrilobasTan erTada~ ar Seetyos

sazogadoebas `azris gamocvlileba~.

marTali kaci erTaderTi poemaa, sadac vaJam metnaklebad aSkara

didaqtikuri toniT iqadaga da ara sakraluri niSnebiTa da miniSnebebiT:

`gamoRviZeba sWiria,

roca xalxs daeZineba.

mal-male movagonebdeT,

arafers awyens mxileba.

sargoa. roca morwyuls vels

mzis sxivi moefineba~.

amgvari mziT gasxivosnebuli gmirebi is `kai kacebi~ arian, romlebic

vaJas TqmiT, sanTels hgvanan: `sanTelic imiTia kargi, rom TviT iwveba da

sxvas gzas unaTebs, wyvdiads aqarwylebs, naTels gvfens, uxilavs

midamos xilulada hqmnis~ (34:189).

117

2. `svindisi~LKKKKKH

poema `svindisi~ 1913 wels aris dawerili. vaJas am dros ukve

Seqmnili aqvs Tavisi genialuri epikuri Txzulebebi. am poemiT poeti

kidev erTxel ubrundeba adamianis bunebis urTules Sreebs da amjerad

pirovnebis ara zeaRsvlas, aramed dacemas erTi bibliuri ambis Wrilidan

ganixilavs. es aris kaenis codvis ambavi (dabadeba, 4, 1-16).

Cvens mier zemoT ganxiluli masalidan Cans, rom adamianis sulier-

fsiqologiuri transformaciis sawyisi nebelobaa: qristianuli

anTropologiis mixedviT, Tavisufali neba, anu arCevanis Tavisufleba.

nebelobis mimarTva or sapirispiro mxares SeiZleba _ pirovnuli

gamTlianebisaken an daSlisaken. qristianuli anTropologiis

terminologiiT _ zeaRsvlisken an dacemisken.

`adamianma Tavisufalma Sescoda~ _ wers vl. loski adamianis pirvel

codvaze (99:99).

arCevanis Tavisufleba aqvs yvelas, magram TviT Tavisuflebis cneba

amas ar gulisxmobs. Tavisufleba TviT am arCevanis Tavisuflebisagan

ganTavisuflebas da pirvelqmnili adamianuri bunebis sikeTis gziT

siaruls niSnavs. is, vinc am gzas ar irCevs, nebelobisgan verasodes

gaTavisufldeba.

ismis kiTxva: risTvis sWirdeboda adamians Tavisufali neba, Tuki

misi pirvelqmnili buneba mxolod sikeTisken iyo mimarTuli? nuTu

imisaTvis, rom codvaSi Cavardniliyo?

qristianuli anTropologia amaze aseT pasuxs gvaZlevs: neba viRacis

an raRacis _ sxvis mimarT aqtiur damokidebulebas gulisxmobs da

radgan `uflis gareSe araferi arsebobs~, ufals surda, rom misi da

adamianis kavSiri Tavisufal nebaze yofiliyo dafuZnebuli (99:70-75).

am sakiTxze sxvagvari pasuxi ubralod ar arsebobs, _ arcerT

religias, filosofiur moZRvrebas is ar moucia. ase rom, yvelaferi

urTierTidan gamomdinareobs: adamianma arCevanis saSualebiT

uflebamosilma Sescoda da vinaidan Secodebisas sakuTari bunebis

WeSmariti miswrafeba sikeTisaken Sesustebulia, yovelTvis arCevanis

118

winaSe dgas. igi an daecema, an kvlav moipovebs gaxunebul RvTis xats,

romelic codvis miuxedavad, mas arasodes tovebs.

vaJa fSavela `svindisSi~ swored am problemas exeba. poeti kaenisa

da abelis bibliuri ambis zogadsakacobrio savalalo mniSvnelobas

sagangebod irCevs, radgan `sisxliani mterobis~ dausabamoba dedamiwaze

swored aqedan iwyeba _ Zmis xeliT Zmis sikvdiliT:

`sikvdili! mkvdari!~

samyaro iZvris.

es sazareli

Cvens Soris sityva,

pirvelad im wuTs

da im dros iTqva~.

`yovel Semxvedrs SeeZleba Cemi mokvla~ (17:4. 14). _ SesCivis

bibliuri kaeni ufals, radgan adamianis mier adamianis mokvdinebis

precedenti erTxel daSvebulia. kaens qvecnobieridan warmoscdeba es

sityvebi, rogorc kacis modgmisaTvis Tanamdevi codvis aRiareba:

`mas aqeTia...

.............................

xmeleTi srulad

zRvaa sisxlisa

da ar iwynarebs

sjabnis vinc visa~.

kaeni ukve kargavs ndobas adamianebis mimarT. ndobis gareSe

siyvaruli ar arsebobs da adamiani adamianisaTvis axloblad aRar

aRiqmeba. vaJasTvis ki, romlisTvisac ara Tu adamiani, aramed Seqmnili

bunebis yoveli nawili erT Zalas _ sicocxlis wyurvils emorCileba da

am ZaliT erTiandeba, es tragediaa. vaJas esmis, rogor kvnesis am

`sisxlis zRvidan~ `yoveli arsi mTaTa da barTa~.

grigol palamas SemoqmedebaSi codva _ nebis daavadebaa da mas

SecdomaSi Sehyavs adamiani, roca arCevanis zRvarze dgas (99:98).

vaJa aRniSnavs, rom kaens, romelsac guli SuriT hqonda savse,

abelis moSorebis Semdeg egona, RmerTi mxolod mas Seiyvarebda, misi

cxovreba madliT gabrwyindeboda. e.i. kaens siyvarulis moTxovnileba ki

119

hqonda, magram Surma, romelmac misi nebeloba daaavada, `muriT Selesa~,

boroti gziT waiyvana.

misi saqcieli gaucnobierebelia. aracnobiereba aris swored dacemis

niSani _ `sulis Zili~ (99:163), cnobiereba ki piriqiT, mxolod zemoT

eweva adamians da pirovnebad aqcevs. cnobieri cxovrebis dasawyisi,

rogorc zemoT ganxilul masalaSia warmodgenili, adamianis mier

sakuTari qmedebebis gaazrebiT da arazneobrivi saqcielebis SenanebiT

iwyeba, anu TviTkritikiT. TviTkritikis es cnobieri Zalaa sindisi,

romelic vaJas personaJad Semohyavs poemaSi:

`Cem magieri

xma cnobieri

mogec darajad,

gegrZno ar avad,

keTilis mrCevlad

igi gyoloda,

Sen yuri gegdo

misTvis mxoloda~.

es cnobieri xma uflis `magieric~ ki aris. `magivroba~ gulisxmobs

msgavsebasac. Tuki adamianSi RvTis magieria, misi xatia, adamianic

msgavsia. kaenisTvis es msgavseba ukve lodiviT mZime satarebelia, radgan

aracnobiers aris ayolili. Tumca, sindisi Tavs ar anebebs:

`Cavida gulSi,

CauZvra sulSi,

mTels mis arsebas

Caavlo brjRali~.

sindisis qenjna uwyaloa, cremls adeninebs, tanjavs. am xmas jer

kidev Zmis mokvlamde Seuwuxebia kaeni:

`maSinac es xma

aborgvda, mwvrTnida,

abelis mokvla

Zalian swyinda,

`codvaa,~ _ amas

meubneboda, _

120

`nu hklao, nuo!~ _

meurCeboda~.

gafrTxilebas ar mousmina kaenma. swored amgvari gafrTxilebaa

sityvebSic: `Tu sikeTis mqmneli xar, gana Tavaweuli ar unda iyo? Tu

sikeTis mqmneli ara xar, codva Casafrebulia karTan (`borot sulTa

brbo axlo xarxarebs~(vaJa)), Sensken aqvs mas ltolva, Sen ki ibatone

masze~ (dabadeba. 4. 7.).

sindisis xma da uflis xma erTia. kaenma ver `ibatona~ borotze. is

xels kravs sindisis xmas da gulSi sinanulis saTnoebis gamwmend Zalas

ar uSvebs. `sinanuli aris dacadeba borotTagan~, magram is mtkivneuli

procesia. kaeni ki, romelic `lxins~ eZebs, ar surs raimeze wuxdes an

raime tkiodes, tirilsa da glovas ar Seudgeba. mware fiqrebiT

mowyluli sicocxle misTvis sicocxle ar aris. gana imitom ar mokla

Zma, rom gulis wyluli moeSorebina? sindisis xma cdilobs, miaxvedros

Zmis mkvleli, rom misi `bedis ayvavebis~ molodiniT lxena `mxolod

wuTisa iyo~, magram amaod.

`vidre kacis guli ar damdabldeba, manamde ver gaeqceva gancxromasa

da gafantulobas, rameTu simdable Semoikrebs gafantul guls~ (62:241).

kaeni arasodes damdabldeba. `kaenoba~ amgvari simdablis sapirispiro

polusze mdgari cnebaa:

`unda davixSo.

es meore xma,

sinanulisa

raRac gulis-Tqma.

ris kaeni var,

Tu ver SevZeli,

mas, rac CemSia,

davrio xeli?~

misi dacemuli bunebis miswrafebaa gandideba Tavisa, Zmaze amaRleba.

amitom misi guli ara saTnoebiT, aramed SuriT aris Sekruli da am

`muris~ `gaTeTrebas~ amaod elis. xati RvTisa masSi gacveTilia, radgan

simdablis saTnoebis madli kaenma `dawixla~. kaenis suli verasodes

damSviddeba da lxenas ver moipovebs, rogorc mravalTa sulebi, visac

121

swyins Zmis sikeTe, Zmas gascems, samSoblos uRalatebs piradi

sargeblobisaTvis. pirvelobis amgvari msurvelni RvTis winaSe gaxdebian

ukanasknelni _ `SxamiT mTvralebi~, `mofarfateni~ radgan:

`msgavseba RvTisi,

ar Seibrales,

ar dainanes,

aqcies buded,

eSmakis zRuded~...

poeti gmirs swored im gzajvaredinze tovebs, sadac bibliuri kaeni

rCeba: sindisi samudamod mihyveba kaenianTa modgmas gamawameblad, Tumca,

`msgavseba RvTisa~ damcrobilia. `unda mivefaro Sens saxes~ _ eubneba

kaeni ufals (1. 14).

poemis meore _ mTavar nawilSi amgvarad damcrobili RvTis xatisa

da devnilis sindisis tragediaa asaxuli.

qristianuli RvTismetyvelebis mixedviT, adamianis cxovreba skolaa.

kacobriobis istoria _ pedagogiuri procesi (89:163). am procesis

saboloo mizani adamianis zrdasruli asakia, romelic misi TviTSegnebis

umaRles safexurze ayvanas gulisxmobs. TviTSegnebis mmarTveli Zalaa

sindisi.

msoflio istorias, iseve, rogorc literaturis istorias, mravlad

axsovs sindisisa da usindisobis magaliTze kacTa, rogorc zneobrivi

ganwmendis, aseve dacemis magaliTebi.

genialuri ingliseli poetis _ jorj baironis `kaenis~ wamyvani

laitmotivi sindisis qenjnis motivia. kaeni am xmis ZaliT xvdeba, rom

`daaSro wyaro, romelic STamomavlobas warmoSobda sikeTiT savses da

mSvidobians~ (11:178). `RvTis sxvagvari ganaCeni,~ romelic mas sikvdiliT

codvis gamosyidvis Txovnis sanacvlod miegeba, swored sindisis xmis

devnas gulisxmobs. kaenis mama _ adami ambobs: `me mas ar vwyevli, mis

sulSi aris misive wyeva~ (11:173). kaenis sulSi sindisis qenjna

isadgurebs, romelic mas mTeli `gandevnili, moxetiale~ sicocxlis

ganmavlobaSi ar moasvenebs. `paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom xetiali _

mwyemsuri mimosvla da ara wriali dedamiwis zurgze, romelic sasjelad

dauwesa ufalma kaens, miCneulia kacobriuli cxovrebis idealad

122

(abraami, iakobi, daviT mefe, mose, rjulis kidobani...)~ (45:20). kaenis

sulieri ganwmenda amgvari xetialiT unda moxdes.

XIX-XX saukuneebis literaturaSi am TvalsazrisiT gamorCeulia m.

dostoevskis Semoqmedeba. es genialuri mwerali mxolod adamianiT da

misi bunebis siRrmeebiT aris dainteresebuli. misi gmirebi ZiriTadad

sulierad daavadebuli, janmrTelobaSeryeuli adamianebi arian, rac

simbolurad mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqis dekadentur ganwyobilebas

gamoxatavs: amgvari nihilisturi ganwyobilebis winaaRmdeg daZabuli

brZola Cveulebrivi adamianis Zal-Rones aRemateba. Tumca, dostoevskis

gmirebi ibrZvian dakarguli wonasworobis mosapoveblad da swored

sindisis xmis damorCilebis Sedegad aRweven Sinagan mSvinvier ganwmedas.

am mxriv gamorCeulia misi romani `danaSauli da sasjeli~, romlis

mTavari gmiri _ `zekacobis~ ideiT Sepyrobili studenti raskolnikovi

saSinel danaSauls sCadis im motivaciiT, rom uzenaesi miznis misaRwevad

`zekacs~ `Cveulebrivi adamianis~ mkvlelobis ufleba aqvs. magram

sindisis xma miaxvedrebs, rom sxva adamianis mkvleloba sakuTari sulis

dangrevaa, sakuTar sulSi adamianis _ RvTis xatis mokvla. amgvari

sulieri sikvdilisgan, tanjvisgan Tavis daRwevis gzas raskolnikovi

qristianul zneobriv principebTan ziarebiT axerxebs.

XIX saukunis didi qarTveli moRvawe ilia WavWavaZe ambobda: `Cemi

msajuli Cemi xalxia da is patara RmerTi, romelsac sindiss eZaxiano~.

vaJac adamianSi Casaxlebul am `patara RmerTs~ mis mwvrTnels uwodebs.

`sindisis~ cneba qristianul saxismetyvelebaSic adamianis mwvrTnelis,

ganmsjelis mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba. TviT termini `sindisi~ mxolod axal

aRTqmaSi Semodis, pavle mociqulis epistoleebSi da Teoriul-

inteleqtualuri gamocdilebis niSani ki ar aris, aramed intuitiuri

niWis gamoxatulebaa da gulis moqmedebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

sindisis gansja yovelTvis daqvemdebarebulia RvTaebriv gansjas:

`vinaidan araferi vici Cems Tavze, magram amiT ar vmarTldebi. Cemi

ganmsjeli xom ufalia~ (I. kor. 4. 4.) _ naTqvamia pavle mociqulis mier.

am ganmsjeli xmis ZaliT arian Sekruli, `akinZuli~ vaJas

STambeWdavi gmirebi da msoflios sicocxlec mxolod misiT

suldgmulobs:

123

`aba gahxedeT

saukuneTa!

istoriisa

naxeT furclebi,

ramdeni sCans iq

kargi, _ urgebi,

frang-ingliselni,

sparsni, Turqebi.

mTeli msoflios

mcxovrebni vinca,

am xmisa Zafze

kvlav aikinZa,

vinc isvindisa...~

sindisis saxiT RmerTi ar tovebs marto adamians, raTa misi xmiT

amcnos, rom `codva Casafrebulia karTan~ da kacma unda `ibatonos

masze~.

`yvelaze mcire maTgani (demoni) mTeli dedamiwis ganadgurebas

SeZlebda, RvTaebrivi madli rom ar ganaiaraRebdes maT RvTis qmnilebis

winaSe, magram adamianis nebis borotisaken mimarTviT, isini qmnilebis

Signidan mokvdinebas cdiloben~ (99:99). Signidan am borotebas yovelTvis

ebrZvis sindisi:

`milion welTa

ganmavlobaSi,

sakvirvelia,

rom ara kvdeba, _

isev mxne ari

da ara scxreba~.

`keTili sindisis~ moqmedebas pavle mociqulis sityviT, `wminda

gulTan~ da `upirfero rwmenasTan~ erTad aqvs nayofi (I tim. 1. 5.). vaJas

azriT, yvelafris sawyisi rwmenaa, `rwmenis gareSe yoveli Sroma amaoa~.

rwmeniT ganiwmindebian da amaRldebian vaJas gmirebi: aluda, joyola,

aRaza, mindia... da `svindisi~. sakuTar ZalebSi rwmenas kargavs mindia da

zeaRsvlas wyvets. `svindisSic~ rwmenadakarguli sindisis xma RaRadebs.

124

es ukve ara adamiani-individis, Tundac gmiris, aramed, zogadad,

adamianuri sulis tragediaa. amgvari tragikulobiT aris daRdasmuli

vaJas Tanamedrove, dekadenturi ideebis msoflio. vaJa-fSavelas poetur

suls ar SeiZleboda ar egrZno es procesi, ar ganecada im drois

SemoqmedTa tkivili. rwmenadakargulia is, rac unda acocxlebdes,

asuldgmulebdes adamianis guls. `Tmagawewili, nacem-nagvemi da

daTenTili~ sindisis xati swored epoqis am sulieri krizisis

gamomxatvelia:

`hoi, ufalo,

miSvele, vkvdebi!

veRar sWris, RmerTo,

Cemi mxneoba,

sxva xalxi gaCnda

da sxva zneoba...~

misi sikvdili adamianis cnobieri cxovrebis dasasrulis

momaswavebelia. vaJas poemis gmir `svindiss~ swored es mouwadinebia:

amqveynad cxovreba moswyenia, radgan qreba da ileva sanTeliviT misi

saxeli. misi kvnesa `Semzaravia~. is dacemuli kacis sindisia da

dasustebuli, mxolod sakuTar rgebaze, gadarCenaze fiqris

gamomxatvelia:

`verafers gavxdi,

Tavadac wavxdi,

da rom sruliad

ar davikargo,

gTxov, damexmaro,

Sen rame margo.

aRar maqvs, RmerTo,

kacT Soris bina~.

sindisi uars ambobs sakuTar daniSnulebaze.

`da is mebrZoli

Cvens gulSi RmerTi

movkaliT kacTa...~

125

am sityvebSi Cans nicSeseuli `RmerTis sikvdilis~ gancda. is, rac

adamianis nebas madlisaken warmarTavs, RmerTia, magram urwmunoebis mier

daviwyebulia. Tumca, samwertilis Semdeg vaJa agrZelebs:

`tanjvul-gvemuli

sabralo gacvda.

Tumc mis sicocxlis

Zafi ar gawyda~.

vaJa-fSavelas uaRresad humanur poetur suls ar ZaluZs adamianis

imedis, rwmenis gareSe datoveba. adamiani uZluria mis gareSe _ es icis

vaJam. amasTan, misTvis sruliad axlobelia qristianuli mistikis

naazrevi, rom kacSi sindisisa da rwmenis gaqrobas mTeli samyaros

ganadgureba SeiZleba mohyves. poemis bolos warmodgenili suraTi: mzis,

mTvaris, mTa-baris `daxocviT~ gamowveuli mefistofeluri xarxari,

swored adamianuri nebisyofis dauZlurebis avismomaswavebeli xilvaa.

Tumca, am xilvis axdenas sindisTan mosaubre RmerTi ar uSvebs:

`didi Senoba

risTvis vaSene,

an bneli Rame

rad gavaTene?

risTvis Sevamke

mTeli buneba,

Tu mas dahRupavs

kacTa cduneba?~

amitom sindisi kvlav rCeba `adamianuri Senobis~ aRsadgenad

dedamiwaze. uflis nebiT is `amowvdil xmalad~ unda daadges qveyanas da

gaaspetakos. misi ZaliT da mxneobiT kvlav unda daitanjos da daRondes

avismqmneli, xolo keTilismoqmeds _ frTebi Seesxas. vaJam genialurad

gadawyvita problema: TviT RmerTi ar tovebs adamians Tavisi RvTaebrivi

energiis ZalmosilebiT.

`rwmena, WeSmariteba, siyvaruli, sibrZne _ RvTaebrivi energiebia da

maT gareSe samyaros arcerTi arsi ar arsebobs~ (99:63). Tu madli mokvda

adamianSi, RvTis xatic mokvdeba, magram amas RmerTi ar dauSvebs. ar unda

dauSvas Semoqmedmac. `nicSe Signidan unda gadaitano da dasZlio~ _

126

ambobs n. berdiaevi (90:316). vaJa `Signidan~ sZlevs dekadenturi bunebis

moZalebas.

k. gamsaxurdia werda, rom `msoflio mwerlobaSi ori sawyisi

ebrZoda urTierTs _ mTisa da barisa. amas vakvirdebiT rogorc

germaniis, ise safrangeTisa da italiis literaturaSi~ (66:385).

mTis arwivis – vaJas bunebisaTvis ucxoa urwmunoeba. mTieli

geniosis gaubzaravi suli, rogorc ankara mTis wyaro, uaRresad humanuri

msoflSegrZnebis kalapotSi miedineba. misi gmirebic aseTi Seuryvneli

sulis matareblebi arian _ kldesaviT `kvrivi~ rwmeniTa da mTis

wyarosaviT ankara sindisiT~, `raTa iomon, rogorc keTilma meomrebma~ (I

tim. 2. 19).

127

Tavi Vbunebis gancdis sakiTxi pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis

problemasTan mimarTebaSi

1. pirovnebisa da samyaros cnobieri arsis urTierTdamokidebulebissakiTxi

bunebis grZnoba vaJa-fSavelas SemoqmedebaSi im umaRles safexurze

adis, roca misi movlenebi TavisTavadi Rirebulebis STabeWdilebas

toveben. vaJas buneba iseTive sulieri SinaarsiTaa aRsavse, rogorc

adamianis Sinagani samyaro. es imitom, rom poetma buneba Tavis sulier

Sinaarsad gadaaqcia (43:80-115) da adamianis eniT aametyvela is, raSic

sulierebis natamali dainaxa. vaJasTvis mTeli buneba cocxalia da

yoveli misi nawili ganicdis samyaroSi arsebul borotisa da keTilis

Widils.

`igi (vaJa) ar aris panTeisti figuralurad: ara, igi Tavis

panTeistobaSi mistikosia. buneba misTvis cocxali arsia, romelic

hlamobs Taviss srulobas. logosia saTave vaJas poeturi geniisa!

logosis gareSe misi poeturi sityvac mxolod `Wreli sityva~ iqneboda~

_ werda vaJa fSavelas Sesaxeb gr. robaqiZe (66:185).

marTlac, am logosis _ Taurmovlenis (gr. robaqiZe), engadis gareSe

vaJa mravalTaTvis isev panTeistad an sxva warmarTuli religiis

mimdevrad darCeboda, rogorc daabrales kidevac. magram mis

SemoqmedebaSi swored is mistikuri urTierTobaa bunebis yovel movlenas

Soris, romelic cocxalqmnis yovel arsebas.

`mistikuri filosofiisaTvis buneba yovelTvis rCeboda cocxal

arsebad, cocxal organizmad~ _ aRniSnavs n. berdiaevi (90:65).

vaJas SemoqmedebaSi ar SeiZleba ar davinaxoT bunebis movlenebis

imgvari cocxali urTierTdamokidebuleba, romelic swored mistikuri

azrovnebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:

`xevi mTas hmonebs, mTa _ xevsa,

wyalni _ tyes, tyeni _ mdinareT

yvavilni miwas da miwa _

Tavis aRzrdilTa mcenareT~.

(`Rame mTaSi~)

128

erTis cvlileba meoreSic hpovebs cvlilebas da ase mTeli bunebis

movlenebi SeTanxmebulad moqmedeben. qristianuli mistikis udidesi

warmomadgenlis wm. gr. palamas SemoqmedebaSi materiis elementebis

swored amgvari urTierTobaa aRwerili: `yvelaferi ise gadadis

urTierTSi da ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, rom mTeli samyaros sxeuli

erTianad warmogvidgeba~ (99:79).

es urTierTdakavSirebuli cocxali movlenebi vaJasTan yvelasa

da yvelafrisagan eTikur damokidebulebas moiTxoven. adamiani,

romelic am samyaros centrSi dgas, Tavisi moqmedebiT xan arRvevs,

xan aSenebs am `did Senobas~. amitom buneba vaJasTan gansakuTrebuli

simZafriT ganicdis misi umTavresi nawilis _ adamianis zeaRsvlasa

da dacemas.

poemaSi `svindisi~ kaenis dacemiT, dedamiwaze daRvrili pirveli

sisxliT, bunebis yoveli Zala grZnobs moaxlovebul disharmonias,

`sisxliani mterobis~ dasawyiss dedamiwaze da zariTa da grialiT

gamoxatavs Tavis SeSfoTebas:

`maSin SeinZra

didroni mTebi

da aboboqrda,

aRelvda zRvebi.

tye iRvreboda

cxare cremlada,

yvavilovani

mwvane velada.

nadiri tyisa,

Tevzebi wyalTa,

yoveli arsi

mTaTa da barTa,

yvela SfoTavda,

yvela kvnesoda,

es Semzaravi

xma rom esmoda~.

129

SeSfoTeba miT ufro Zlieria, rom `yoveli arsi~ acnobierebs

adamianis daniSnulebas. poemaSi `svindisi~ yvelaze metad aris

gamoxatuli is mosazreba, rom mTeli samyaro adamianisTvisaa Seqmnili,

is aris sicocxlis centri. ierarqiis centris daqveiTeba-dacemas Tan

mohyveba mTeli bunebis dacemac, yvelaze dabali safexuris CaTvliT. es

sityvebi pirdapir aris warmoTqmuli ciuri xmis mier:

`risTvis Sevamke

mTeli buneba,

Tu mas dahRupavs

kacTa cduneba?

risTvis Sevmose

tyiT dedamiwa,

Tu dRes gafuWda

da waibilwa?..~

swored amitom ar SeiZleba rwmena, Rirseba da siyvaruli

amoiZirkvos adamianis gulidan. sanam amgvari energiebi arsebobs,

samyaros Carxic brunavs, Tumca

`... maSindeli

jerac atyvia

WuWyi da muri

caze mTvaresa.~

mTeli qveyana `moirwyo sisxliT~. `stumar-maspinZelSic~ mTebi

`sisxls ver ixdenen tanzeda~. Tumca, `bevri momkvdara maT mkerdze~,

magram mainc ver Sehguebian ZmaTa kvlas, Tu Zmis sisxlis wyurvils.

bunebis cocxali arsis wvdoma da misi dakargvis tragikuloba vaJam

poemaSi `gvelis-mWameli~ gamoxata. misi mindia swored `logosis

sxeulebad~ (gr.robaqiZe) (66:186), bunebis cocxali arsis nawilad iqca.

amitom bunebac esaubreba mas, uambobs sakuTar Tavze _ tkivilsa da

sixarulze:

`esmis dReidan yoveli,

rasac frinvelni galoben,

an mcenareni, cxovelni

rodis ilxenen, wvaloben.

130

rac ki ram daubadia

ufals sulier-usulo,

yvelasac Turme ena aqvs,

ara yofila urjulo~.

adamianisa da bunebis sulis amgvari urTierTdamokidebuleba mindias

dacemisTanave wydeba. mindiam uRalata bunebas da bunebac aRar eubneba

`tkbil salams~. mindia ukve aRar aris misTvis faseuli sicocxle,

amitom mis sikvdilsac gulgrilad dascqeris:

`niavic mid-modioda

udardod, nelis mReriTa...

frTa gahkris wversa xmlisasa

amoRerebuls eniTa,

SaRebils Wiaferada

kacis gul-mkerdis wveniTa,

da gaTamaSdis mwvaneze

laRad, molxeniT, stveniTa~.

aseTive gulgrilia buneba wiwolas sikvdilis mimarT, romelic ukve

`sicocxliT sikvdiliania~ qveynisTvis:

`Tavi daurCvav mxedarsa,

Tu iyo guljavriani?!

iori yursac ar ugdebs,

nelad aqanebs talRebsa,

ar edardeba, daoblden,

mama aRar hyav balRebsa.~

bunebis arsebebi vaJas TxzulebebSi imgvari moraliT sjian,

romliTac TviT poeti sjis adamianis arsebobis sakiTxs:

`leSs wilad ra hxvda usulos,

..............................................................................

maZiebeli ara var,

arc viyav Tavis dReSia...

miwa varT, mainc miwa varT,

bevri aiReT, daiReT,

miwobas ver avicilebT,

131

aTasjer qrTamic gaiReT!

suli madardebs me, suli,

imisi yofna – Tviseba...~

(`suli oblisa~)

buneba swored sulis Tvisebas Sehyurebs. `gvelis-mWamelisa~ da

`svindisis~ magaliTze naTlad Cans, rom is mxolod kacis sulier

sikvdils glovobs, misi sulieri dacemiT aris aRSfoTebuli. amgvarad,

bunebis arsebebi adamianebs mosalodneli sikvdilis saSiSroebis Sesaxeb

afrTxileben. im adamianis fizikuri ganadgurebis mimarT ki, romelsac

socialuri funqcia dakarguli aqvs, bunebis arsebebi gulgrilni

rCebian.

SedarebisTvis gavixsenoT, rom socialurad faseuli adamianis

sicocxles vaJasTan mTeli buneba glovobs. vaJas leqsebsa da poemebSi

gabneulia Rirseuli adamianis _ vaJkacis sikvdilis TanagrZnobis

bunebiseuli gancdis margalitebi. es gancda arc Tu iSviaTad xalxur

SemoqmedebaSic gvxvdeba da umaRles gamoxatulebas leqsSi `xogais

mindi~ hpovebs. vaJas poezia swored am xalxuri sityvierebis rainduli

suliT aris nasazrdoebi. `stumar-maspinZelSi~ zviadauris sikvdilis

magaliTi sruliad sakmarisia imis dasadastureblad, rom mTeli

samyarosTvis Rirseuli sicocxlis danaklisi aunazRaurebelia:

`zviadaursa glovobda

SfoTva da borgvna wylisao,

niavad Camonadeni

oxvra maRali mTisao.

cremli nislebis jarisa

nabZanebia RvTisao~.

zviadaurs mosisxle miwis buneba glovobs, magram vaJas buneba

imdenad humanuria, ramdenadac misi gmirebi _ joyola da aRaza. man ar

icis `sxva~, urjulo. zviadauris vaJkacoba mTeli samyaros simpaTias

iwvevs da misi sikvdili mTel samyaros aRonebs.

bunebas, TviTon cocxals, grZnobiT aRsavses, ukvirs adamianTa

gulgriloba da miuxvedreloba, WeSmariti pirovnebis daufasebloba da

mokveTa ucxoa misTvis:

132

`Sterad damdgaran mTis wverni,

ismis xivili qarisa~...

(`aluda qeTelauri~)

vaJas buneba xan ara mxolod pasiuri `gaSterebiT~, an `glovis

zariT~ gamoxatavs sakuTar damokidebulebas, aramed znesruli

pirovnebis simarTlis damcvelad, mosarCledac gamodis. amgvari motivia

poemaSi `kaci marTali~. erTi SexedviT fantastikur suraTSi, romelic

am poemis ganxilvisas moviyvaneT, WeSmaritebis realuri principia

gamoxatuli: simarTlis saboloo aRzeveba da misi Zalmosilebis

gamovlena. suraTis mxilveli `mravali fiqrebs cisaken waeRo~.

sazogadoebis mSvinvieri ganwmenda, amaRleba, swored am fantastikuri

xilvis wyalobiT iwyeba.

pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis, ganaxlebis, amaRlebis

winaswarganwyoba, vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi, TiTqmis, yovelTvis bunebis

suraTebiT, bunebis ganwyobiT gadmoicema.

poemaSi `gogoTur da afSina~, afSinas sulieri ganaxlebis molodini

gazafxulis suraTiTaa warmodgenili:

`gazafxul iyo maSina,

axlad yooden iani,

mwvanis qaTibiT koxtaobs

mTebis kalTebi tyiani;

beq-buqSi Tovli damdnara,

miwa gamxdara wvniani,

mwvanes ewvdeba foTolsa

xari iremi rqiani.

galaRebulan frinvelni,

isedac laRiznianni;

aragvic mohquxs mrisxaned,

am dros Savferad mdinare,

iRviZebs, ifSvnets Tvalebsa

mis are-mare mZinare,

kldeebic wyalsa hJonaven,

srulad damdnara myinvare...~

133

swored aseT gazafxuls xdeba afSinas sulSi yinulis daZvra,

gamofxizleba da laRi _ keTili adamianuri znis gamoaSkaraveba.

vaJas yvelaze mZafri, aRmavali gancdebi, sulieri silaRe

gazafxulTan aris dakavSirebuli. gazafxulia misi miswrafeba. is da

sicocxle uerTmaneTod ar arseboben. `dafaruli azri gazafxulisa

sicocxlea _ wers vaJa `sagazafxulo fiqrebSi~ (34:384)... _ maS viwamoT

sicocxlisa da gazafxulis erTgvaroba, erTbunebovnoba: usicocxlod

gazafxuls ver vigrZnobT ise, rogorc ugazafxulod sicocxles.

gazafxuli mqmneli, mSobelia sicocxlisa: gazafxulze yoveli Zala

bunebisa, yoveli arsi, TviT iseTic ki, rasac adamiani, Tu ar

SeiaraRebuli TvaliT, ver dainaxavs, mimarTuli, midrekilia sicocxlis

Sesaqmnelad~.

sicocxle mudmiv ganaxlebas moiTxovs, amitomac aris gazafxuli ase

sayvareli vaJasTvis _ mis SemoqmedebaSi is mudmivi ganaxlebis, ZalTa

mokrebis simboloa. poeti adamianis sulis ganaxlebas,

gakeTilSobilebas, pirovnebis zeaRsvlasac adamianis `sulis

gazafxuls~ uwodebs. gazafxulis `yoveli movlena, yoveli Zali

bunebisa cal-calke da erTad cdilobs mieSvelos sicocxles, srulyos

sicocxle~ (iqve.385). amgvaradve iqcevian misi gmirebi _ srulyofen

adamianTa sulier sicocxles.

`baxtrionSi~ sulieri sicocxlis mwvervalia warmodgenili, swored

amitom aris galaRebuli buneba _ aq is araTu kerZo adamianis, aramed

mTliani eris gazafxulis molodinSia. erTmaneTisa da adamianis, miwisa

da cis mimarT eniT gamouTqmel siyvaruls gamoxatavs alaznis buneba:

`gadviden alaznis Tavsa,

mTebis wverebi Cndeboden,

roca gahxedav, yovelgan

gasaSteroni dgeboden;

zogni cis gul-mkerds hkocnian,

zogni ukana rCeboden~.

mTebi mTielTa laSqris raindul SemarTebas gauSterebia da

sixaruliT cis gul-mkerdi daukocniaT.

134

baxtrionis saxelovani gamarjvebis Semdeg aforiaqebuli bunebis

Zalebi mSviddebian. qveynis xsnasa da aRdgomas bunebac dauxsnia

yoveldRiuri mware fiqrisagan da Wmunvisagan:

`Ramesa sZinavs mTa-barze,

buneba dasvenebula,

manaTobeli qveynisa

mTvarec xom Casvenebula!

moismis ivris Cxriali,

sizmars uambobs Walasa,

erTad hkecs saubarSia

cisa da qveynis Zalasa.

ca TavisaTvis myudrod sdgas,

mkerd-sufTa, varskvlaviani.~

qveynis bunebis amgvari Zili sapirispiro suraTia imave epoqis didi

mwerlis ilia WavWavaZis mier warmodgenili qveynis Zilisa:

`videq martoka da mTebis Crdili

kvlav Cems qveynis Zils ealerseba...

ox, RmerTo Cemo! sul Zili, Zili,

rosRa gveRirsos Cven gaRviZeba?!~

(`elegia~. 81:47)

amgvari Tvlemis dros vaJas mTa-bars mainc ar sZinavs _ `fiqrs

miscemia mwaresa~. `baxtrionSi~ warmodgenili suraTi ki qveynis

gazafxulis dadgomas moaswavebs, romelsac XIX saukunis yoveli didi

moazrovne: vaJa, ilia da akakic sulmouTqmelad elodnen. mokrialebuli

ca, ivris mSvidi Cxriali da mware fiqrisgan dasvenebuli buneba `cisa

da qveynis Zalas~ RvTisa da adamianis saerTo Zalisxmevas emadliereba

da kacobriobis gazafxuls moelis.

amgvari suraTebi, sadac bunebis movlenebi adamianuri yofis av-kargs

ganicdian, vaJa-fSavelas poemaTa mxatvruli konstruqciis Seqmnas

emsaxureba. msgavs pasaJebSi samyaros gancda da poetis gancda erTia da

TiTqmis yovelTvis avtoris poziciaze migvaniSnebs.

135

2. mTa _ pirovnuli zecnobierebis saxe-simbolo poema `mTaTaerTobis~ mixedviT

vaJa-fSavelas bunebis wiaRSi yvela arseba `mgrZnobiare da

azriania~ (42:109). yvela maTgani ganicdis gazafxulis mSvenierebas, magram

mTa gansakuTrebulia. mTa mis SemoqmedebaSi araTu zneobrivi

srulyofisaken swrafvis zogadi gamoxatulebaa, aramed vaJas gmirTa

goliaTuri zneobrivi Zalis Sesatyvisi cnebac. amitom, is gansakuTrebul

azrovnebasa da mgrZnobiarobasac amJRavnebs. poema `mTaTa erToba~ mTis

gasulierebis erT-erTi saintereso nimuSia. vaJa-fSavela xSirad

alaparakebs bunebis qmnilebebs imis Sesaxeb, rom kacTa Soris yvelaferi

rigze ar aris. am kuTxiT gamorCeulia misi proza. am poemaSi ki mTebi

ara mxolod bunebis TvalsaCino arsebebi arian, aramed kacobriobis

saWirboroto sakiTxebze Cafiqrebuli pirovnebebis saxes gamoxataven.

isini akritikeben adamianis uaryofiT zne-Cveulebebs da xazs usvamen,

rom es Tvisebebi maT Tumca, ar axasiaTebT, magram sakmaod kargad aqvT

gaazrebuli da awonil-dawonili:

`ise vcnob kacis bunebas,

rogorac RrubelT elvasa.~

_ ambobs ialbuzi, kavkasionis mTebs Soris gamorCeuli. vaJa-fSavelas

mTas esmis bunebis kanonzomierebis filosofiuri mniSvneloba: `bunebasa

da cxovrebas Tavisi sakuTari wesi da rigi aqvs da Cveni Teoriebi ver

SeuSlian arCeul gzaze svlas~ (32:393). am wesis mixedviT, samyaroSi

yvelaferi dialeqtikurad aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, TavisTavadi

Rirebulebis mqone da urTierTTavsebadia. didisa da mcires arseboba ar

gvayenebs am ukanasknelis gaufasurebis, gaTqvefis winaSe. adamianTa

sazogadoebaSi moSlilia kanonzomiereba. `vaJam buneba kvlav moiSvelia

sakuTari `jansaRi nacionalizmis~ ideis dasacavad. misi azriT, `maxinji

kosmopolitizmi~ TviT uflisa da bunebis sibrZnisa da nebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli movlenaa~ (82:328). mTebma kargad ician, rom kacTa Soris did-

pataraoba Sursa da mtrobas warmoSobs da maT bunebas mglur

instinqtebs uqvemdebarebs, rac sazogadoebaSi socialuri

uTanasworobis, usamarTlobis mizezad iqceva amgvari usamarTloba

mTebis bunebisTvis miuRebelia. simaRlis metoba mTisTvis mxolod

136

sxvaTa mimarT meti pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis gamomxatvelia. aranair

SeWirvebas, qartexils, wvimasa da setyvas ar ZaluZs maTi gatexa, am

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis moSorebis survilis warmoqmna. ialbuzi –

umaRlesi mwvervali Tavs bednierad racxs amgvari zrunviT:

`sxvas ras mimatebs simaRle,

Tu ar tanjvasa da susxsa?

magram mec bednieri var

sxva gorakebTan erTada.~

aseTi pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba WeSmariti sulieri simaRlis

SemTxvevaSi Cndeba. `zeaRsvlis gzaze pirovneba moipovebs sulier

Zalas, romlis meoxebiTac qmnis Rirebulebas. magram is arasodes

iviwyebs qvemoT darCenilebs _ sulierad sustebs, romlebic mowyvetili

arian am Rirebulebebs. da iwyeba pirovnebis qvemoT daSvebis gza, raTa

daexmaros Tavis Zmebs, gauziaros maT sulieri simdidre da

Rirebulebebi, mieSvelos maT zeaRsvlaSi. zeaRmaval adamians, ar

SeuZlia da arc SeiZleba daSordes qveyanas, ar surs, moixsnas sxvis

mimarT pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi. yoveli aseTi pirovneba yvelas

magivrad agebs pasuxs, radgan maradiuli cxovrebisTvis ara calkeul

pirTa, aramed mxolod saerTo gadarCenas aqvs fasi~ (89:70) _ wers n.

berdiaevi. es saxarebiseuli sibrZnea `pirvelTa da ukanasknelTa~

Sesaxeb: `visac Tqvens Soris surs pirveli iyos, is Tqveni mona iyos.

iseve, rogorc kacis Ze ar mosula imisTvis, rom mas emsaxuron, aramed

imisTvis, rom Tavad moemsaxuros da Tavi Seswiros mravalTa

gamosasyidad~ (maTe 20.26-27).

XIX saukunis qarTul mwerlobaSi erovnuli xsnis ideasTan da

marTlis Tqmis principTan gadajaWvulia es motivi. ilia WavWavaZis

`gandegili~ swored imis gamoxatulebaa, rom calkeuli individis

sulieri gadarCena araTu arafers matebs sazogadoebas, aramed, arc aris

SesaZlebeli.

am suliskveTebis gamoxmaurebaa vaJa-fSavelas `mTaTa erToba~. TviT

poemis saTauridan `erTobis~ ZaliT gadarCenis idea gamosWvivis. mTebs

Soris am ideis garSemo amtydari `aur-zauri~ amao msjelobaa, rac imas

niSnavs, rom `erTobis fargalSi cxovreba~ maTi cxovrebis wess

137

warmoadgens. aq cneba `erToba~ ara mxolod mTebis _ sazogadoebis e.w.

elituri nawilis Tanxmobas, aramed mTeli samyaros cocxali arsis

urTierTSeTanxmebulobas, urTierTsargeblianobis miniWebas gulisxmobs.

isini mxolod sakuTari keTildReobisa da simaRlis SenarCunebisTvis ar

inaxaven im Zalas, romelic misca `RmerTma imave TaviTa~. vaJa-fSavelas

`mTaTa erTobaSi~ mocemulia `erTobis~ cnebis is filosofiur-

mxatvruli ganmarteba, romelic adamianuri yofis saWirboroto sakiTxze

dasmul mraval kiTxvaTagan imazec mogvigebs, Tu raSi mdgomareobs

Zveli igavuri sibrZnis _ `Zala erTobaSia~ namdvili arsi.

vaJas mTa ar aris mTa – gandegili, romlis `Sublzec qveynierebis

fusfusi erT ZarRvsac ar aatokebs~ (84:20). vaJas mTa `mTa – cxovelia~,

romelic adens civ mdinareebs, axarebs balaxs da yvavilebs, Tval-warbSi

SesTamaSebs sakuTar mkerdze gazrdil Svilebs: jixvebs, arwivebs,

kakbebs; arc sazogado (baris) sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi rCeba gulgrili –

Tavis sityvas abarebs niavs.

vaJa-fSavelas TxzulebebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki moTxrobebSi

gamokveTili sargeblianobis motivi msWvalavs misi mTis simaRles

TxemiT terfamde. misi mTa sargebliani simaRlea:

`miaqvs Cvenidan visc ra hsurs,

rad vinme dagvemdureba?

Cvenis amagiT sargeblobs

da arc Cven mivdevT ginebiT,

mihxed-mohxedeT Tqvens gul-mkerds,

sul savse aris binebiT.

rogorc dResnamde madls vsTesdiT,

dReidgec ase viqnebiT.~

vaJasTvis mTis madlianobis pirveli niSani maTi pirvelqmnili

TvisTavadi simarTle da uzRvavi energiaa. erT-erT werilSi `Zveli da

axali fSavelebis poezia~ vaJa-fSavela mTisa da baris cxovrebas swored

am kuTxiT upirispirebs erTmaneTs: `me is garemoeba makvirvebs, romelsac

baris qarTvelebsa da fSavelebs Soris vxedav: barSi Semoqmedebas

erisas, TiTqos momkvdarao, Tvalebi miululia, xolo fSavSi sCqefs,

sduRs da gadmodis~ (34:169). mTisa da baris es gansxvaveba zustad

138

exmianeba ilia WavWavaZis mTisa da baris Tergis aRweras: `codva ar aris

Seni Weqa-quxili, Seni zariani xmauroba, Seni SfoTva da foTva, Seni

gauTavebeli brZola qva-klde-RresTan, TiTqo Seni ganieri wadili erT

viwro sawolSi moTavsebulao. bevri ram sagulisyuroa SenSi, Cveno

daumonavo Tergo, Sens Zlevamosils da Seupovars denaSi. aq ki

mimxrCvalxar damarcxebul da naTrev lomsaviTa~ (84:9-10).

vaJas mTa am Tergis _ energiis mSobelia, misi aRmzrdeli, Tumca

ialbuzs, myinvars, sperozas, borbalas zneobrivi principebi saukuneebis

manZilze damuSavebuli dogmaturi da gaqvavebuli wes-kanonebiT ki ar

aris nasazrdoebi, aramed RvTaebrivi energiiT – madliT: sikeTiT,

sibrZniT, WeSmaritebiTa da siyvaruliT. es igive SemoqmedebiTobis

energiebia (99:57-70):

`Cven yvelas vaZRobT, Tumc codniT

Wkua ar gagvilesia,

ammaRlebeli gonebis

codna ar dauTesia

CvenSi aravis...~

es is sibrZnea, romelic ara pasiur ganswavlulobas, aramed aqtiur

ganaTlebulobas gulisxmobs. amgvari sibrZne mindiasa da moxeve lelT-

Runias sibrZnea, amgvari WeSmariteba da siyvaruli aludas, joyolas,

zviadauris, aRazas mier nawvdomi WeSmariteba da siyvarulia. mTebi –

`Tav-CaCqnianebi~ TviTon arian raindebi: RirsebiT, siyvaruliTa da

rwmeniT aRsavseni. maTi rwmena adamianSi rainduli sulis ukvdavebis

rwmenaa:

`adamianni Tavis Tavs

dResa, xvale Tu gviana,

mouZebnian wamalsa, _

ramac ki daaziana

kacTa saerTod cxovreba,

maTi Zmoba da erToba.~

TviTon ki am `erTobis Zalis~ erTgulebi arian (RirsebiTa da

siyvaruliT moqmedeba, rogorc aRvniSneT, rwmenasa da erTgulebas

erTdroulad moiTxovs):

139

`mis fiqri erTobazeda

am mxriv ucvleli darCeba

da sakamaTo sagani

mxolod kacT krebuls SahrCeba.~

TanagrZnoba ki, siyvarulis udidesi gamovlineba nebas ar aZlevT,

sakuTari Rirsebis SegrZnebiT gandegilobaSi icxovron. ar SeuZliaT

bars – imis kopwia alagebs, `kacT krebuls~ ar miexmaron:

“ar mivceT aqiT litoni

xma mainc TanagrZnobisa,

niSani Cvenis kacobis

da Cveni cocxlad yofisa?!~

`kacobis niSnis~ – TanagrZnobis TvisebiT xdebian upirvelesi

Sinagani kacebi aluda, joyola, mindia, aRaza, luxumi, kviria... vaJas mTis

`kacobis gvirgvini~ simboloa `adamianis keTilgonierebis~. keTilgonieri

adamiani TviTSemmecnebeli adamiania. mTebisTvis sakuTari Tavis Semecneba

upirvelesi mizania:

`mxolod ukeTes yofnisa

vinac ki ari mndomia,

ar aris dasaZraxisi...

advilad misaxvdomia,

gacnoba Tavis-Tavisa

pirveli saqme mgonia.~

fiqrianobis, TviTSemecnebis kvalobaze amaRlebuli mTa –

znesruli pirovneba Sors aris qedmaRlobisa da gandidebisagan. swored

am mTis Svilia amirani – vaJas sayvareli gmiri. igi sruliad daclilia

raindisTvis Seuferebuli amgvari saqcielisgan. ialbuzi, sadac amiranis

mudmivi adgilsamyofelia, am gmiris saxe-simbolocaa.

swored is ambobs `mTaTa erTobaSi~:

`eg fiqri ara gqonia

ara dros, _ RmerTad gaxdomis,

uWkosgan mosandomia.~

vaJas mTa pirovnuli zecnobierebis simboloa. misi mopovebis

Sedegad sruliad daTrgunulia `lomi da unasi~. amitom ar axasiaTebT

140

vaJas mTebs kacTa mgluri zne-Cveulebebi. es buneba, Tumca nacnobi,

magram maT mier ukve didi xnis winaT uaryofilia. amitom grZnoben isini

met pasuxismgeblobas – Sinagani CaRrmavebis Sedegad miRweuli

WeSmaritebis sxvebisTvis gaziarebis survils.

es is mTaa, romelzec Sedgebian luxumi, kviria, lela, sanaTa;

sadac joyolas, zviadaurisa da aRazas stumar-maspinZlobis wesi

aRsruldeba. amgvari zecnobiereba socialurad Rirebuli niWia. es is

simaRlea, saidanac xdeba sazogadoebis mowodeba zneobrivi

Rirebulebebisaken. am simaRlis xilvis wyalobiT ganiwmindeba sisxls

mowyurebuli xalxi `stumar-maspinZelSi~, `kaci marTalSi~. vaJas mTa

pirovnebis sulieri transformaciis, aRorZinebis mwvervalia. am mTidan

gamocxadebul yovel simarTles erTaderTi WeSmaritebis daRi atyvia –

humanisturi msoflSegrZnebis, romlis mizania Tavisufali, zrdasruli

adamiani.

vaJa-fSavela erT-erT Tavis werilSi literaturuli gmiris

socialur Rirebulebaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas. misi azriT, yoveli

niWieri mwerali movalea, sami ZiriTadi aspeqtiT daukvirdes cxovrebis

movlenaTa mimarTulebas: `pirveli is, rom Cven monani varT cxovrebis

pirobebisa, uZlurni varT mis winaSe, _ ar arsebobs Tavisufali Cveni

neba, _ yoveli ubedurebaa Cvens Tavs: usamarTloba, uzneoba, siRaribe,

yovelgvari cdomileba am pirobebis bralia.

meore mimarTuleba gvikarnaxebs, rom aq cxovrebis pirobebi arafers

SuaSia da Tu Cven, sazogadoebis wevrni, piradad ar gavukeTesdebiT,

aTasi kargi pirobebic rom SevqnaT, mainc arafrad vevargebiT, ubedurebi

viqnebiT, mainc usamarTlobas, sawylobas, uswormasworobas Tavidan ver

avicilebT.

mesame mimarTuleba, aerTebs ra pirvel or mimarTulebas, e.i.

cxovrebis pirobaTa Zlierebas iRebs mxedvelobaSi, pirovnebaTa,

individTa gaumjobesebas mets Rirebulebas, mets mniSvnelobas aZlevs~

(34:296).

vaJa-fSavelas yoveli axali Txzuleba pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis

Sinagan Tavisufal, erTobiT cxovrebaze Ffiqris Sedegad aris dawerili.

misi yoveli gmiri Tvisufali pirovnebis gaumjobesebul saxes

141

warmogvidgens. TiToeuli Txzulebis mxatvruli konstruqcia, TiToeuli

gmiris xasiaTis Strixebi ki yovelTvis axleburi, ganumeorebelia da

saocari uSualobiT mowodebuli. `saRi fantazia iseTs arafers

Sehqmnis, sinamdviles ar eTanxmebodes, ar Saeferebodes~ (34:362).

ai, Tundac mTebis Tavisuflebis sagalobeli:

`ufalo, dambadebelo,

mTa-bars mohniWe wyaloba,

acxovre bednierada

da aacile wvaleba.

da mouxdine keTilad

cudisa kargzed cvaleba.

nugeSmcemelad eyavi

daCagrulebsa yvelaTa.

Tavisuflebis gvirgvini

daadgi kargis mcvelada.

daTrgune usamarTloba,

gamefebuli qveynada.~

vaJa-fSavelas gmirebi soflisTvis mzrunveli pirovnebebi, am

locvis aRmsruleblebi arian: xalxis nugeSis mcemeli, sikeTis mcveli

da usamarTlobis mdevneli raindebi.

142

daskvna

pirovnebis sulieri transformacia vaJa-fSavelas poemebSi, rogorc

davinaxeT, diametralurad gansxvavebuli ori gziT _ aRmasvlisa da

daRmasvlisaken mimarTuli adamianuri bunebiT aRiniSneba. amosavli

wertilia nebeloba. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT genialur moazrovnes, n

berdiaevs, romelic fiqrobs, rom namdvili tragedia adamianis

Tavisuflebis tragediaa da ara bedis (90:66). vaJas gmirebis tragediac

Tavisufali nebis tragediaa.

gansxvavebuli pirovnebis cnobieri cxovreba yovelTvis

upirispirdeba socialuri garemos yofiT moTxovnilebebs, romelSic is

cxovrobs. axali simarTlis damkvidrebisTvis brZolaSi umravlesi

maTgani iRupeba da tragediac amgvari pirovnebis daRupvaSi aisaxeba.

cnobierad cxovrebis madlis dakargvisas ki adamianuri sulis

tragediis mxilvelni vxvdebiT.

adamianis cnobieri cxovreba _ es aris vaJas SemoqmedebiTi interesis

umTavresi sagani. Tu raimeTi hgavs igi Tavis `uZvirfases papas~, swored

am saganze fiqriT:

`Secnoba Tavis Tavisa

pirveli saqme mgonia~

_ vaJas `mTaTa erTobaSi~ gamJRavnebulia adamianuri cxovrebis da

Semoqmedebis pirvelwyaro, iseve, rogorc `daviTianSi~:

`ymawvili unda swavlobdes sacnoblad Tavisadao.~

cnobieri cxovreba TviTanaliziT, sakuTar TavSi CaRrmavebiT

moipoveba. Tu vaJa-fSavelas Cvens mier warmodgenil poemebs

qronologiis TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, davinaxavT, rom TviTanalizis,

samyaros Secnobis filosofiuri wyurvili mis SemoqmedebaSi wlebis

ganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro Rrmavdeba da Sesabamis WrilSi

warmosdgeba.

`gogoTur da afSina~ am poemaTagan pirvelia (qronologiuri

TvalsazrisiT) – 1887 wels aris dawerili. `aluda qeTelauri~ – 1888

wels, `eTeri~ – 1890 wels, `stumar-maspinZeli~ _ 1893 wels, `baxtrioni~ –

143

1896 wels. 90-ian wlebSia Seqmnili vaJas `gvelis-mWameli~, `svindisi~,

`kaci marTali~.

Sinagani cnobieri cxovrebisaken mowodeba gansakuTrebiT mkafiod

vaJas SemoqmedebiTi mowifulobis xanaSi: 90-ian, 900-ian wlebSi SeiniSneba.

amave periodSi Seqmnili misi prozauli, lirikuli, Tu publicisturi

Txzulebebis motivebic adamianis TviTgamorkvevis, `fiqrianobis~ (28:224)

gancdiT aris datvirTuli. 90-ian wlebSi iwereba misi werilebi:

`fiqrebi~, `fiqriani~, `yoveldRiuri fiqrebi~, `zogi ram fiqrebidam~;

leqsebi: `martooba~, `simRera~ (ram Semqmna adamianad), `saiT geZebo, ar

vici~, `ialbuzi~, `sizmari~; moTxrobebi: `xmeli wifeli~, `ras fiqrobs

tye~, `fiqrebi~, `papas msoflio fiqrebi~.

gazafxuli – vaJas miswrafebis pirveli sagani _ swored am wlebSi

iZens cnobieri cxovrebis aRmniSvnel metaforul mniSvnelobas. am

wlebSia Seqmnili vaJas publicisturi werili: `sagazafxulo fiqrebi~;

leqsebi: `gazafxuli~ (yinvisgan Sewuxebulma), `rad ambobT

gazafxuldao~, `kidevac vnaxav gazafxuls~ da sxva.

xSirad mis leqsebze, prozaul Txzulebebsa, Tu publicistur

werilebze dakvirvebiT ixsneba vaJa-fSavelas poemebis bevri miTosuri

planis, Tu religiuri xatis Sina arsi. Tumca, am poemaTa gmirebi

mTlianad iteven genialuri mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi interesebis

nairsaxeobas. vaJa sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis, interesebis

gasamJRavneblad uxmobs gmirebs: `aludas, zviadaursa da luxums

Tavaziansa, lelasa, SubiT aRWurvils, kvirias – konkebiansa~. mouwodebs,

raTa maT Tqvan mwerlis saTqmeli, nafiqri da gulistkivili.

vaJa am gmirTa sulieri Sinaarsis CvenebiT gvixsnis adamianis

sulieri Sinaarsis mravalferovnebas. erT-erT Tavis werilSi `rame-rume~

is werda: `poetis erTi umTavresi movaleobaTagania tipebis xatva –

iseTis tipebis, romlebic uvargisni (отрицательные типы) da meore,

romelnic saWironi arian cxovrebis gasaukeTeseblad (положительные типы).

amitom didi codva da naklia mwerlebisa da poetebisa, Tu maT

SeuZlianT da vera hxataven axalgazrdobisTvis misabaZav axalgazrdobis

aRmzrdel tipebs~ (34:398).

144

aseTi `misabaZavi~ tipebi arian: aluda, joyola, aRaza, zviadauri,

marTali kaci, baxtrionis gmirebi, afSina. maTi gza zneobrivi

srulyofisaken gzis maCvenebelia. sayuradReboa erTi ram: isini Sinaganad

arian iseTi pirovnebebi, rogoradac Tavs warmoaCenen im garemoebaTa

wyalobiT, romelSic eqcevian. amgvar situaciebs ki vaJa gangeb arCevs.

gmirTa aRorZinebis, sulieri srulyofis garegnuli (sazogadoebis

TvaliT xiluli) plani am WrilSi saxarebiseul feriscvalebas

emsgavseba, im gansxvavebiT, rom isini cnobieri cxovrebiT Sesaferis

dros WeSmarit adamianur bunebas avlenen, xolo qriste _ RvTaebrivs.

pirovnebis sulieri aRorZinebis Sinagani planis gasaanalizeblad

dagvWirda mogvecva samecniero disciplinaTa farTo speqtri: miTologia,

qristianuli dogmatika da mistika, klasikuri da Tanamedrove

filologia, fsiqologia. sabolood davaskveniT, rom vaJa-fSavelas

poemebSi adamianuri aRorZinebisken mimavali gza Semdegnairad

warimarTeba: TviTkritika (TviTanalizi) _ Wvreta (marTlWvreta) _

cnobieri cxovreba (xSirad zecnobierebac). aRmaval gzaze pirovnebis

sulieri mdgomareobis Tanamdevi ramdenime fsiqologiuri movlena

dafiqsirda, romlebic daskvnis saxiT SegviZlia motivebad

warmovadginoT: es aris: TviTgamorkvevis motivi, romelic sinanulis

qristianul gagebasTan povebs analogs. misi yvelaze Rrma plani `aluda

qeTelaurSia~ warmodgenili. aludas sizmari pirovnebis sulieri

transformaciis, udidesi sulieri SeZrwunebis gamomxatveli mxatvruli

pasaJia. am transformaciis Sedegad mikvleuli cnobiereba ki uSualod

wvdomili qristes mcnebaa: `giyvardes mteri Seni~. `giyvardes~ _ aq

TanagrZnobas, adamianuri sicocxlis dafasebas gulisxmobs. xolo

cnobierebis mier boZebuli jildoa pirovnuli Tavisufleba.

aluda qeTelauris sulieri transformaciis Sedegad miRweuli

WeSmaritebis tolfasia aRazas mier mikvleuli cnobieri cxovrebac.

misi buneba imdenad SeZrulia araadamianuri msxverplSewirvis aqtiT, rom

ara mxolod sazogadoebis, aramed sakuTari rjulis winaaRmdeg qmedebas

sCadis da mters daitirebs. marTalia, aRazas Tavidan `RmerTi aSinebs~,

magram mis sibraluliTa da siyvaruliT ganwmendil gulSi am

145

rjulmdebeli RmerTis nacvlad siyvarulisa da Sendobis, cnobieri

cxovrebis momniWebeli RmerTi isadgurebs.

TviTgamorkvevis motivia wamyvani pomebSi `gogoTur da afSina~ da

`eTeri~. am Txzulebebis mTavar gmirTa saxeebSi zneobrivi ideali

mocemuli ar aris, magram Cans misken swrafva. afSinasa da Seres mier

moxveWili umaRlesi saTnoeba – simdablis saTnoebaa. gansxvaveba is aris,

rom afSina zeaRmavali gmiria, xolo Seres sulieri mTlianoba

darRveulia. afSinam am saTnoebis kvalobaze SeZlo sulis sifxizle

aRedgina da sazogadoebisTvis Rirebuli adamiani – xevisberi gamxdariyo.

misi cxovrebis erTi epizodi, romelsac vaJa pirovnebis sulieri

trasformaciis sawyis wertilad irCevs, sabolood cvlis afSinas

cxovrebas. gogoTurTan Sexvedris Semdgomi yoveli momdevno dRe cxadad

warmoaCens mas, rogorc gansxvavebul pirovnebas. afSina jer aRiarebs

sakuTari cxovrebis wesis uvargisobas, Semdgom xvdeba raindobis

umaRles daniSnulebas, momdevno etapi amqveyniuri cxovrebis srul

uaryofas moicavs, xolo bolo – adamianuri cxovrebis socialuri

RirebulebisaTvis saWiro sulier ZalTa gaxsnas.

Cven ar viciT, rodis, ratom airCia afSinam is gza, romlis

saboloo uayofisTvis mas didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. samagierod, Seres

magaliTze naCvenebia pirovnebis dacemis gza da mizezebi – Suris,

moyvasis Ralatis vneba. dacemidan xelaxal sulier transformaciamde

Seres cxovreba tanjviT aRsavse adamianis yofad warmogvidgeba `tanjva

bunebis sawinaaRmdego moZraobaa. am debulebidan gamomdinare, qmedebas

tanjva ewodeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca sagani bunebis Sesabamisad ar

moZraobs~** (61:303).

Sere adamianuri bunebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs boroti gzis

arCevisas. adamianur bunebas sikeTisken swrafva axasiaTebs. vaJa-fSavela

swored am sikeTis rwmeniT acxovrebs sakuTar gmirebs. is xom is poetia,

romelmac gvelsac ki daubruna pirvelqmnili buneba. amitom, Serec

cdilobs am arabunebrivi tanjvis daTrgunvas. amisaTvis glaxakur

cxovrebas iwyebs da berebTan yofnasa da locvaSic atarebs dros, `raTa

** ioane damaskeli, marTmadidebluri sarwmunoebis zusti gadmocema, wigni II

146

gamoiZios gulissityvani da ilocos, raTa moipovos Tvalni, keTilad

mxedvelni~ (isaak asuri, 60:246). gonebis borotisagan dacvisa da Sinagani

xedvisaTvis Sere gareT mxedvel Tvals ibrmavebs. amgvar gzagasayarze

tovebs Semoqmedi gmirs. marTalia, Seres gza rTulia da saxifaTo,

magram imedianobis motivs mainc moicavs. vaJa-fSavelam afSinasa da Seres

saxiT adamianSi daCrdiluli sikeTis gamococxlebis SesaZlebloba

dagvanaxa.

TviTgamorkvevis motivTan gadajaWvulia martooba-oblobis motivi,

romelic vaJas yvela poemaSi ikveTeba. misi gmirebi `axali, uvali

gzebiT~ siarulisas, Tavis `cdaSi~ martoni arian.

Tavisufleba realizacias iTxovs, radgan es is cnebaa, romelic

sociumSi unda ganxorcieldes da damkvidrdes. amitom iwyeba amboxi.

amboxi erT-erTi saintereso motivia, romelsac vaJas gmirebi amJRavneben.

es ar aris amboxi _ viwro piraduli. vaJas gmirebis cnobieri cxovreba

Sors aris amgvari egoizmisgan. maTi amboxi mxolod umaRlesi

faseulobebisTvis xdeba. aseTia aluda qeTelauris, joyola _ aRazas

amboxi. es Tema vaJa-fSavelas aRniSnul poemaTa kulminaciuri wertilia.

meamboxuri bunebis gamomJRavnebis Semdgom saocari simSvidiTa da

uSfoTvelobiT warmoCndeba Satilionebisagan mokveTili aludas,

qistebis mier xiluli aRaza _ joyola _ zviadauris, Temisgan

gaucxovebuli mindias saxe. amgvari zecnobieri simSvidis motivs poeti

xSirad poemis dasasruls warmogvidgens, garda poemebisa `kaci marTali~,

`mTaTa erToba~ da `gvelis-mWameli~, romelTa ukve saTaurebic

pirovnebis zecnobier aspeqtebze migvaniSnebs. simSvidiTa da

uSfoTvelobiT aRsavse mindias saxe (rwmenis dakargvamde) _ pirovnuli

aRorZinebis mwvervalze myofi adamianis gansaxierebaa. mindia is

pirovnebaa, romelic adamianis sulis yvelaze Rrma Zalebs wvdeba da

poema `gvelis-mWamelSi~ adamiansa da mTel samyaros Soris imgvari

intuitiuri kavSiri myardeba, rogoric iyo maSin, roca ena TviT

arsebebis Sinagan azrs (Sinaarss) gamoxatavda. amgvari niWi swored

intuiciuria. intuicia rom adamianis gulis saqmea, amaze metafizika,

fsiqologia da mistikac Tanxmdebian. qristianul mistikaSi es guli

sinanulis gziT ganwmendili gulia. mindia namdvilad aRwevs im ideals,

147

rac adamianur zecnobierebas gulisxmobs. Tumca, sabolood, cxovrebis

kanonebTan WidilSi Tavisufali nebis arasworad warmarTvis gamo

kargavs aRorZinebis madls...

znesruli adamianebi vaJas poemebSi xSirad garemomcveli wris

gardaqmnis stimulatorebad gvevlinebian. aseTebi arian joyola,

zviadauri, baxtrionis gmirebi da marTali kaci. isini TviT ar

saWiroeben simarTlis Ziebas. WeSmariti rainduli ideali maT

pirovnebebSi ukve mocemulia.

`stumar-maspinZelSi~ maRali mxatvruli ostatobiT aris warmoCenili

is `sufTa haeris qrolva~, sazogadoebis feriscvalebis dasawyisi, rasac

WeSmariti tragikuli gmiri tovebs sazogadoebaSi. sazogadoebis

sinanulis, ganwmendis gzaze dadgomis damadasturebelia misi xilva.

zviadauris vaJkacobis, Rirsebis dafasebiT iwyeba sazogadoebis mier

Cadenili qmedebis samarTlianobis gansja. amis damadasturebelia

vaJkacis dananeba: `magas xom ar movuklavdiT, mtrebs avs rom ar

sCadiodnen~. joyola da aRaza amgvari vaJkacis dafasebisa da

stumarTmoyvareobis wesis aRsrulebis magaliTs aZleven qistebs...

adamianTa yvelaze didi sociumis _ eris sulieri aRorZineba

yvelaze Zalumad `baxtrionis~ epopeaSia warmoCenili. aRorZinebis

mwvervals `trfobis mTis~ ganumeorebeli metafora warmoadgens. vaJa-

fSavelas kargad esmoda, rom eris `gaaxalgazrdaveba~, `macocxlebel

pirobebSi Cayeneba~, `calke pirovnebas ar ZaluZs~ (34:381). saWiroa

znesrul pirovnebaTa mTeli pleada. `baxtrionSi~ swored gmirTa mTeli

pleadaa warmodgenili. vaJa adamianis meored Sobas, TviTgamorkvevidan

TviTSemecnebisken gzas adamianis `sulis gazafxuls~ uwodebs, magram

calke, kerZo individis gazafxuli ra aris, Tu is eris gazafxuls ar

dagviyenebs. Tumca, `baxtrionSi~ vaJa-fSavelas genia nacionalur

problematikasac scildeba da gvelis _ borotebis sulieri

transformaciiT kacobriobis gazafxulis winaswarmetyvelad gvevlineba.

poemaSi `kaci marTali~ vaJam kidev erTxel warmogvidgina is

simarTle, romelic misi yoveli zeaRmavali gmiris Tvisebas warmoadgens.

am poemis saTauri garkveulwilad migvaniSnebs misi Sinaarsis religiur

aspeqtebze. poemas laitmotivad gasdevs rwmenis motivi, romelic

148

saswaulis tolfasia. saswaulebi, romlebic vaJas poemis gmirebs xSirad

xilvisa Tu Cvenebis saxiT evlinebaT, aq pirdapir realistur planSia

daxatuli. Tumca, mTeli saswauli metaforaa, romelsac saxarebiseuli

moralis daRi amCnevia: `WeSmaritad geubnebiT Tqven: mdogvis

marcvlisodena rwmenac rom gqondeT, da uTxraT am mTas: aqedan iqiT

gadadio, igi gadava da araferi iqneba TqvenTvis SeuZlebeli~ (maTe.17.20).

marTali kacis rwmena mTebs, zRvebs, tyeebs, mTeli samyaros suls wvdeba.

erTi kacis rwmeniT xdeba saswauli da saswauliT xdeba kacTa

rwmenisaken moqceva.

rwmenis motivi, saerTod, wamyvania vaJas SemoqmedebaSi. Tu rwmena

aSenebs adamianuri sulis Senoba, urwmunoeba arRvevs mas. dacemisken gza

amgvaria: sulieri disharmonia (yoymani) _ nebis arasworad warmarTva

(qvecnobierisadmi damorCileba) _ pirovnuli mTlianobis rRveva. am

SemTxvevaSi adamianuri sulis tragediis mxilvelni vxdebiT.

gvelismWameli mindia rwmenis dakargvis gamo iRebs monaniebaze

xels, igi qvedaRmavali gmiria. madlis dakargvas is sasowarkveTilebamde

mihyavs. amitom am poemaSi mTeli simZafriT aris warmoCenili rwmenis

dakargviT gamowveuli Sedegi.

rwmena da urwmunoeba xdeba sabolood vaJas gmirTa cnobieri Tu

aracnobieri cxovrebisaken nebelobis mimarTvis mizezi. rwmeniT

cxovreba, rac cnobierad cxovrebas niSnavs, vaJa-fSavelas azriT,

adamianuri arsebobis erTaderT dogmats unda Seadgendes. swored amitom

ibrZvian misi gmirebi rwmenisaTvis, moipoveben mas da sxvasac gadascemen.

Tumca, xelaxla mopovebis aucilebloba swored misi dakargvis,

gacveTis saSiSroebidan momdinareobs. poema `svindisSi~ adamianis

cnobier-sindisier cxovrebasTan dapirispirebulia qvecnobier,

utilitarul yofas daqvemdebarebuli cxovreba. rwmena, swored amgvar

qvecnobier moTxovnilebebTan WidilSi ikargeba. kaenis codva adamianis

qvecnobierisadmi damorCilebis pirveli precedentia. amitom vaJa swored

am bibliuri ambiT iwyebs da Semdeg qvecnobieri bunebis mier CaTreul

mTel msoflios da misgan devnil `svindiss~ gvixatavs. `daRlili,

gaTelili~ sindisi gacveTili rwmenisa da adamianuri Rirsebis

damcrobis metaforaa. am poemaSi vaJam warmoaCina pirovnebis

149

damangreveli, misi mTlianobis momSleli Tvisebebi: urwmunoeba da

egoizmi. vaJa-fSavelas, am vnebaTa sapirispirod, adamianSi rwmenisa da

simdablis saTnoebis, sinanulisa da sikeTis moTxovnilebis ararseboba

araTu dauSveblad, aramed SeuZlebladac miaCnia. amitom mravaljer

ubrundeba erTsa da imave sakiTxs da sxvadasxva WrilSi ganixilavs. vaJa-

fSavela siRrmis mweralia. WeSmariti SemoqmedebiTi cxovreba swored

amgvar azrovnebas moiTxovs _ ara horizontalur-sivrcobrivs, aramed

vertikalur-siRrmiseuls. amgvari fiqrisa da gansjisas warmoCndeba

adamianis, rogorc gamTlianebis, aseve misi bunebis daSlis, dacemisaken

warmmarTveli mizezebi. vaJas fiqri am mizezebs eZiebs. vaJa-fSavela

rwmenis poetia. misi ideali rwmeniT, RirsebiTa da vaJkacobiT

mopovebuli WeSmaritebaa.

`gqondes rwmena da keTili svindisi, romelic uaryves zogierTebma

da daimsxvra maTi rwmenis xomaldi~ (pavle. I tim. 1.19). vaJas zeaRmavali

gmirebi am xomaldis `mesaWeebi~ arian. isini zedroul raindul suls

ganasaxiereben. es is gmirebi arian, romelTa `tragikuli brali~

mTlianad pirovnebis SigniT moeqca. TiToeuli maTgani axali tragediis

gmiria _ sakuTar golgoTaze aatarebs sakuTar jvars _ `Sinagani

subieqturobis princips~, radgan mkvTrad gamoeyofa sazogadoebas da

uswrebs mis ganviTarebas. Tumca, principebi mxolod kacTmoyvareobisken

mimarTuli aqvT. gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom isini iseve

arian qristes mxedrebi, rogorc agiografiis gmirebi, vinaidan mis

mcnebas asruleben _ `giyvardes mteri Seni~; im gzas mihyvebian, romelzec

aravis uvlia qristemde _ TviT qristes yofna adamianebTan iyo

gansaxiereba umaRlesi pirovnebisa, romelsac arasodes ucxovria

dogmebiT da Segnebulad miitana kacobriobis xsnis samsxverploze Tavi

(vinaidan feriscvalebis aqtSi gamJRavnebuli RvTaebrivi buneba mxolod

rCeulebma ixiles, xolo danarCenebma ver Seignes).

vaJac, am WeSmaritebis saCveneblad, araviTari `winaswaraRebuli

sqemebiT ar iborkavs Tavs~ (43:253). misi SemoqmedebiTi suli iseve

Zaldautaneblad wvdeba cxovrebis saidumlos, rogorc misi gmirebi. erT-

erT werilSi mwerali SeniSnavs, rom `Sexeduleba ufro iq aris utyuari,

sadac gonebas ara aZaladebs ra, aCrdilebs ra~ (34:82).

150

Semoqmedebac maSin aris gamarTlebuli, roca igi raime dogmatis

gavleniT ki araa Seqmnili, aramed uSualo WvretiT dauflebulia.

rogorc erTi moazrovne ambobs `Semoqmedeba ki ar daiSveba da

marTldeba religiiT, aramed Semoqmedeba – TviT religiaa~ (89:104).

aludam, joyolam, aRazam, mindiam, baxtrionis gmirebma ki TavianTi

golgoTa ganvles, raTa adamianebTan suliT nawvdomi WeSmariteba

mietanaT. amitom maTi `subieqturobis principi~ individualisturi ki

ara, socialurad Rirebulia sazogadoebisaTvis. amitom arian isini

gmirebi _ `mxsnelni soflisa~.

pirovnuli cnobieri cxovrebisken mimavali gzis CvenebiT vaJa-fSavela

yovelTvis samyaros harmoniul principebze migvaniSnebs, xolo

pirovnebis sulieri tragediis CvenebiT gveubneba, Tu ra SemTxvevaSia

SesaZlebeli dairRves `didi Senoba~ _ harmoniuli wonasworoba

(`gvelis-mWameli~, `svindisi~). Cveni azriT, es motivebi vaJa-fSavelas

warmoadgens, rogorc filosofiurad moazrovne did xelovans.

151

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