SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE · BUILDING · DESIGNCentre for Modern Architecture Studies in Southeast AsiaBachelor of Quantity Surveying (Honours)BUILDING SERVICES I [QSB 1714/BLD 60403]GROUP PROJECT (30%)Project BriefThis project is a study on building services system with the selected topics such as ventilation system,telecommunication, storm water system, cold water supply and hot water supply.In a group of 6 students, you are required to prepare one of the topics within the existing topic below:

1. Sustainable Wastewater Treatment2. Energy Efficient Ventilation System3. Building Integration of Solar Energy4. Water Treatment for Domestic Water Supplies5. Ventilation Problem in Heritage Building6. Energy Efficient in Heritage Building7. Telecommunication Service for High Rise Building8. Sustainable Storm-water Management9. Indoor Environmental Quality in Healthcare/Office10. The installation of Hot Water Supply for Hotel/Corporate Building

You are required to carry out survey on the selected topic, and prepare a documentation report. You are required to explain the application, system, installation process, benefits, problems, case study and anything relevant to support the documentation. You are also encouraged highlighting therecommendations for future improvement.• A4 bound report complete with visual and photographs inclusive of detailing anddocumentation of your project.• Word processed, font size 11, Arial, 1.5 spacing, justify and not less than 3500 words• Visual/photographs used in the submission must be clear and well communicated.• Assumptions can be made through references from books/drawings are allowed. DO NOTPLAGIARISE. Application must be according to selected topic context.• Softcopy is required to be attached with the hardcopy.FORMAT of A4 report/Documentation1. Cover page – Name and student ID number should be written clearly (TU logo)2. Table of content3. Introduction of selected topic4. Installation process (if applicable)5. Management system (if applicable

6. The advantages and Disadvantages7. Case study: Finding and Explanation8. Possible problems to the system (if applicable)9. Recommendations for future improvement10. Learning from the group work project11. References (alphabetical order)12. Bibliography (alphabetical order)13. AppendicesThe assessment for this project will be based on your:-• Demonstrated understanding of the project brief• Quality and clarity of the documented drawings/photographs and detailing of the system• Materiality and richness of contents• Clear visual and written communication of your understanding of the project• Appropriate use of drawings/photographs standard e.g. symbols/profiling, label andspecificationsStandard university peer assessment for marks shall be distributed as follows:Visual image, annotated sketches or drawings (20marks)Documentation of building services system of selected building, explain the installation process andidentify possible problems to the system (if applicable) including recommendations for futureimprovement• Clear and suitable visual image used in report• Clarity and annotation in sketchesAnalysis, Explanation & Case Study (50 marks)• Understanding the application, system, installation, process, benefits and problems.• Ability to identify problem defects and analyze problem.• Propose appropriate solutions.• Provide the appropriate case study (at least one)• Ability to analyse the application of system to the real building project.Communication (10 marks)• English structure, punctuation, spelling, grammarPresentation• 7-10 minutes presentation.• To develop students understanding of course materials and the current application in construction industry.• Developing higher-order intellectual skills – evaluating skills and critical thinking skills• Encourage knowledge sharing about subject taught• Understand and explain relevant information related to the selected case study.• Identify the application, system, installation, process, benefits, problems and anything relevantto support the documentation.Report submission date: 12pm, 22nd June 2015Presentation: Tutorial in week 13

Table of content

Introduction to SMART Tunnel 1

Installation process of SMART Tunnel 7

Management system 10

The advantages and disadvantages of Smart

Tunnel

18

Case study 24

Possible problems 33

Recommendation for future improvement 38

Learning from the group work project 42

References & Bibliography 43

`SMART TUNNEL

INTRODUCTION

Storm water is water that form up with the process of condensation of air water

vapour that fall under gravity. Hence, storm water management is to control, supervise

and conduct the flow of storm water. At the point when storm water is assimilated into

the ground, it is sifted and eventually recharges aquifers or streams into streams and

rivers. In created zones, notwithstanding, impenetrable surfaces, for example, asphalt

and rooftops keep precipitation from actually drenching into the ground.

In this assignment we are focusing on sustainable storm water management in

Malaysia and we look into the Smart Tunnel as one of the mega infrastructure to

manage storm water. According to the World Weather Online (2015), the rainfall in

Malaysia can go up to 600mm and it is possible to have 20 raining days when it comes

to raining seasons. Hence, it is likely to happen flash floods any cities in Malaysia. Kuala

Lumpur is a bustling city that the city is completely cover up by office and big shopping

mall. Although Kuala Lumpur is not a megacity as compared with western countries due

to the relatively small size of the city and population, the city is expanding and

developing in which it covers the whole of Klang Valley with an area of 284,300

hectares, including towns such as Petaling Jaya, Shah Alam, Klang, Subang Jaya,

Bangi and Selayang.

After the massive flash flood that washed away the city of Kuala Lumpur, causing

loss of billions ringgit, Malaysia government came out this Smart Tunnel idea in order to

protect the city in any events that flash floods may occur again. The idea of this SMART

tunnel mainly is to control the flow of storm water to prevent flood and at the same time,

it is also to solve the heavy traffic congestion in the city of Kuala Lumpur. The project

started in 2003 and completed in 2007. The tunnel is known as "Stormwater

Management and Road Tunnel" or "SMART Tunnel". It is one of the biggest

underground tunneling project in the country. This tunnel is about 9.7 km (6.0 miles) is

the longest storm water tunnel in South East Asia and second longest in Asia.

The main objective of this tunnel is to reduce the problem of flash floods in Kuala

Lumpur and also to reduce traffic congestion along Jalan Sungai Besi and Loke Yew

1 | P a g e

flyover at Pudu during peak hours. There are three part for this tunnel, the lower channel

which receive storm water. While the middle and the upper deck which is use for

motorway tunnel. It is the longest multi-purpose tunnel in the world.

It begins at Kampung Berembang Lake near the Klang River at Ampang and

ends at Taman Desa Lake near Kerayong River at Salak South. The project is led by the

government, including Malaysian Highway Authority (LLM) and the Department of

Irrigation and Drainage Malaysia (Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran = JPS) and also a

company joint venture pact between Gamuda Berhad and Malaysian Mining Corporation

Berhad (MMC).

2 | P a g e

Installation process

Kuala Lumpur city is sitting on Karstic limestone geology with high ground water table.

The special features of karstic limestone include cliffs, pinnacles, cavities, collapsed

cavities and sinkholes. Overlying these Karstic limestone is loose alluvium from

previous tin mining activities (Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART

Tunnel, n.d).

Due to the natural of soil condition, special care is taken not to disturb the soil formation

that will cause structural imbalance to existing structure surrounding the tunnel. The

main care was using tunnel boring machine as part of the construction process because

it is the most cost-effective and least damaging method. The 13.2 diameter Slurry Shield

TBM were chosen and it consists of 4 core parts (Kumar ,2005).

First is the Rotary Cutter Head. This part is equipped with tungsten pick bits to excavate

the soil and consists of disc cutters to excavate rock. The second part is the Bulkhead,

where it provides stability during the tunnel excavation by forming a pressured bentonite

slurry shield. Thirdly, it is the hydraulic rams. This part is used to drive the machine

forward and keep the tunnel in its correct position. Lastly, it is the tunnel lining erector.

This is used to install the pre-cast concrete lining of the tunnel (MMC-Gamuda, n.d).

In the design of the tunnel lining, Smart tunnel uses pre-cast tunnel lining segments. The

lining installation is done together with the drilling work. After the TBM machine

progresses with the drilling work, the installation of the tunnel lining work are done using

the same rails used by the TBM machine. This make the tunnel lining to be brought into

the tunnel easier and the installation works progresses as the drilling continues. A single

ring-shaped steel reinforced lining segment is used as the mould to support the joining of

the segments (Kumar ,2005).

The pre-cast concrete linings for the tunnel are transported to the erector by boogies on

rails. These linings are then placed in the correct position in the tunnel with the help of

vacuum pads attached to hydraulics arms. The arms are extended to keep the linings in

place while the linings are bolted together (MMC-Gamuda, n.d).

As the TBM continue to drill the tunnel the side jacks will stabilize the operation. The

shield of the TBM machine provides 15cm gap between the tunnel lining and ground soil

that will be injected with special cement grout. The cement grout reinforced the tunnel

3 | P a g e

while the tunnel lining work progresses. The cement grout also seals off the leakage of

water into the tunnel construction work. If the water seep through the tunnel works it will

cause major cave in as the water pressure from ground water flow will push through into

the leakage fissures and break through into the tunnel construction (Kumar ,2005).

The tunnel lining is installed in place after the surrounding soil is enhanced with the

spray of the cement material. Ring joints and parallel joints are used to support the

tunnel lining work progresses. The tunnel lining are sealed with neoprene band during

the manufacturing and installation of the linings. The sealing of tunnel lining takes place

by placing two segments and pressing the seal profiles together. The estimated force

applied to the ring joints by the tunnelling jacks of the shield is around 5600 tonnes

(Kumar ,2005).

(Website : Facesupport.org.)

4 | P a g e

(Website : Trade note.net)

(Website : Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) Method)

5 | P a g e

Management System

Water Channel System

Under the normal condition where there is no storm or low rainfall, no flood water will be

diverted into the system and the motorway is operating as usual. However, the SMART

system will be activated and when there is a moderate storm (Santhiman, 2006).

When the second mode is activated, flood water is diverted into the bypass tunnel in the

lower channel of the motorway tunnel and up to certain stage, the motorway section is

still open to traffic. The upper and lower decks are opened to traffic but the inverted level

is filled with water (Santhiman, 2006). Excess flood water will be diverted to SMART

holding pond and only the lower drain of tunnel will be used to convey flood flow to the

Desa attenuation pond (Gamuda, 2012).

However, when there is severe storm or heavy inundation, third mode will be activated.

This mode will be activated when major storm event occurs. Traffic will be evacuated

from the road tunnel. Sufficient time will be bought to the last vehicle to exit the

motorway safely before the automated water-tight gates are opened to allow flood water

to pass through. If heavy rain storm stops early or due to some specific circumstances,

then the traffic tunnel will not be flooded. The motorway will be reopened to traffic within

48 hours after the closure (Gamuda, 2012).

(Website : Tunnel Visions)

6 | P a g e

Maintenance of SMART tunnel

The maintenance works are basically the planned maintenance. Usually the routine of

cleaning and maintenance works will be done at the same period every month. This

routine will start at 11am and ended at 6.00am the next day. The cleaning covers the

tunnel lightings, tunnel wall, cross passage drain, drain sumps and pumping station

while the yearly maintenance covers the traffic signs and floor toll lane equipment

(Murad, 2010, p.25-26).

On the other hand, the maintenance which takes over on the curative maintenance or

non-routine maintenance is performed after flooding events. The maintenance works is

focused mainly on cleaning the tunnel. Some of the damages are caused by the water

pressure. The cleaning process includes tunnel wall, road deck, tunnel lightings, traffic

signs, cross passage, drain sumps, sign boards, pumping station and the tunnel ceiling’s

surface .At this time, the tunnel will be closed at least two days for the cleaning and

repair process which was caused by pressure of water and there will be a need for one

more day for inspection before the motorway is open for the public (Murad, 2010, p.25-

26).

(Webite : The dark room)

7 | P a g e

CCTV

CCTV system in the tunnel provides continuous visual monitoring and general

surveillance of designated areas in the tunnel. It also ensures the security against theft

and vandalism. Besides, it also provides visual confirmation of facilities breakdown,

traffic incident such as speed drop, stopped vehicles and vehicles that travel in inverse

direction, accident and fire in the tunnel. The alarm will also be triggered to alert the

maintenance and operation personnel of the vital visual events. It also monitor any

person who is entering and leaving the cross passage and ventilation shaft. It also can

be used for visual recording in the tunnel (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

(Website : Jabatan Pengairan Dan Sairan)

Integrated Automatic Incident Detection (AID)

The AID detects the following incidents such as stopped vehicle, low speed or queuing

traffic, motorcars that go with wrong direction and tunnel's camera failure and relay these

to TMCS (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

Based on the incident and status, the operators at the TMCS will be helped by CCTV to

take any necessary actions, such as controlling the Traffic Control Signs (TCS) and

8 | P a g e

Variable Message Signs (VMS) to close a lane or give early warning of queues forming

ahead (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

(Website : ETH Security)

Integrated Ventilation Monitoring and Control

The air quality in the tunnel is monitored and controlled by the TMCS. This system is a

vital feature for safe, effective and secure operation of tunnel emergencies such as fire.

The tunnel ventilation system controls the amount of Jet fans in operation in the tunnel to

supply fresh air, expel s exhaust fumes and any fire smoke to maintain a safe and clean

air quality in the tunnel. This system observes the level of polluted air. The measurement

levels of these initiates the appropriate ventilation schemes and provides indication and

alarms to the operators (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

9 | P a g e

(Website : Pinoy Exchange.com)

Integrated Fire Detection System

The detection of the fire within the tunnel is done by the fiber optic linear heat detection

system. The linear heat detection is interfaced with SCADA to allow the operator to see

the temperature reading along the tunnel. To enhance the fire detection system in the

tunnel, the system also fully utilizes both CCTV system and AID system to indicate when

traffic is going to slow or stop due to the fire incident. The AID system also capable of

doing pre-detection based on smoke detection. This alerts the operator in the control

room who can monitor what is happening on video cameras and take proper action

according to the situation (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

(Website : Anacon)

10 | P a g e

Integrated Access Control System

The monitoring of tunnel related security includes access to certain equipment and

buildings. In the breach of security, a result alarm will be raised in the SCADA and a

command can be issued to the CCTV system to direct the most relevant camera to start

recording (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

(Website : The Malaysian Times)

Integrated Audio Communication Systems

The Emergency phone, PABX and VoIP Public Address system are controlled via a

single integrated control system which links all the three facilities together for ease of

use and an efficient, more effective response. The integrated system also allow faster in

tracking and logging of emergency call, interface with other system such as SCADA and

CCTV. The tunnel is equipped with cables for easier radio communication that could

immediately contact the Malaysian Fire Department, Police and Ambulance and tunnel

operator for their aid when emergency happens (PSI Incontrol Sdn Bhd, n.d).

11 | P a g e

(Website : Commend)

Traffic Monitoring and Control System

The condition of traffic within the tunnels is monitored and controlled by the Traffic

Monitoring and Control System. The TMCS observes the current traffic through the

outstation PLC and the CCTV system. Based on the incident and status from the AIDS,

the TCS & VMS can be directly controlled by the operator or SCADA system. The Traffic

control system also provides a series of pre-defined traffic plans which selectable by

operators during emergency situation such as fire alarm or accident in the tunnel. A

highly visible LED display also provides effective traffic directions. It is important that the

tunnel has the mechanisms to counter every emergency that might happen in the tunnel.

This can be done by an info system that automatically collects traffic data (PSI Incontrol

Sdn Bhd, n.d).

12 | P a g e

(Website : ITS International)

13 | P a g e

Advantage and Disadvantage

Advantages of Smart Tunnel

1) The motorway tunnel that reduce traffic congestion

The motorway tunnel serve as another route for motorists from the southern gateaway to enter and exiting of the city centre. This will reduce the traffic congestion in the southern gateway which leading to city centre. This will reduce the travel distance in the tunnel for example the one in Jalan Istana interchange- Kampung Pandan which take just four minute compare to the existing road that use longer period of time.

2) Automated flood control gate

• The water tight gates are installed on either ends of the motorway tunnel (within the storm water section). Similarly single flood control steel gates are also installed at both ends of the motorway tunnel. These gates are operated using a hydraulic system.

• 3 automated flood gates at both end of motorway

• 2 automated road gates at both end junction boxes

14 | P a g e

3) Alam Flora Road Sweeper

Alam Flora Road Sweeper is a vehicle which is responsible to clean up the road in SMART tunnel. SMART has legally binded a contract with Alam Flora to developed road sweepers especially for SMART Tunnel. Every day, the cleaning will be done at night to reduce the disruption of the road user in the SMART tunnel. The Road Sweeper has a hopper capacity of +/- 5.0cu.m. It has a water tank and would be able to carry around 1000 litres per session.

The sweeper has a suction capability via the vacuum type “true flow” air system using a fan blower output of +/- 450m3 per minute. Besides that, it fitted with a dual sweep brooms on both sides of the vehicle, the speed can be changed and the pressure of the brooms can be controlled. The dimension of the main broom is 1500mm in length and 400mm in diameter while the gutter broom measures around 500mm in diameter.

4.Other Emergency Equipment’s

The person in charge also increase the safety measure to avoid any accident happen around the tunnel. In the tunnel there are fire fighting equipment, telephone and surveillance at 1 km interval. Every 90m there will be a hydrant and fire extinguisher place along slow lane of both tunnel road decks. Hose Reel, Fire Extinguishers, Break glass and Emergency Telephone located within each cross passages, ventilation shafts and escape shafts.

5. Radio Re-Broadcasting Services

15 | P a g e

Radio re-broadcasting is an audio (sound) broadcasting service, used to broadcast through the air as radio waves (a form of electromagnetic radiation) from a transmitter to an antenna and finally to a receiving device. Stations can link in radio networks to broadcast common programming, either in syndication or simulcast or both. Audio broadcasting also can be done via cable FM, local wire networks, satellite and the Internet. With the radio re-broadcasting services now accessible in Smart Tunnel, user should be able to receive the radio channel, hand phone and other maintenance communication reception without any interference.

6. Ventilation/Escape Shafts

Ventilation/ getaway shafts at 1km interims. These capable air ventilators will continually maintain the air quality inside of the motorway. To secure the ventilation framework amid the flooding, the framework comprises of a progression of shafts every containing a fumes and outside air injector. This configuration empowers the fans to be introduced outside the SMART passage to make a longitudinal stream in the passage between the poles that allows the air in the passage to be ceaselessly recharged and the extraction of the fumes exhaust. The component likewise takes into consideration smoke control in the case of a flame.

7. Cross Passage

Cross Passage between decks at 250m intervals: the passage is also use as one of the emergency exits during an emergency.

8. Air Quality Monitoring Equipment (AQME)

16 | P a g e

In the tunnel there are 38 sets of AQME monitoring carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and particulate. They are place in the upper and lower decks. The ventilation framework will be worked naturally taking into account the air quality checking framework yields. The ventilation will accommodate the supply and concentrate of air for both the upper and Lower Street decks and comprises of 4 nos. of ventilation shafts and each consists of 8 arrangement of fans.

9. SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance

State-of-the-art SCADA monitoring and surveillance of SMART at its 24-hour SMART Highway. In the Smart Tunnel there are more than 212 units of Closed Circuit Television and BARCO Wall is able to show 70 CCTVs screen at one time in the SCADA Monitoring & Surveillance room. The technology that high enough to use laser beam and automatic detection to identify any kind of strange occasions.

10. First Responder Vehicle (FRV)

• Custom-Built Fire Engines for SMART Highway

• The Fire Responder Vehicles are specially designed for accessibility into SMART Highway and equipped to perform any necessary fire and rescue emergencies in the dual purpose tunnel. Manufactured in accordance with international standards of MS ISO 9001 for quality assurance and under the special requirements of the National Fire Protection Agency, the vehicles aim to assist the current SMART Highway’s Emergency Response Patrol team’s rescue operations.

• The FRVs were customized to meet the sophisticated designs of the SMART Tunnel such as height limitations, tunnel manoeuvrability, special equipment housing, and is powered by an engine that produces minimal carbon emission in order to ensure safety in the tunnel is maintained throughout an emergency operation.

• The purpose for the custom build for this fire engine is to get into the destination in a shorter time since the fire engine has been park at different and specific locations smart tunnel in each deck to gain access to upper and lower deck respectively.(Taman Desa and Jalan Hang Tuah Fire and Rescue Departments respectively).

17 | P a g e

• The powerful 2.5 litre DOHC 4 x 4 vehicles with customization are the first of its kind, Malaysian fire engines that will be used solely for SMART Highway operations.

11. Medical Response Vehicle (MRV)

• Custom-Built Ambulance specialise for SMART Highway

• MRV is a custom made vehicle which is capable in giving the first responder services or further emergency treatment. The advantage of the MRV is it can transport the medical team or the Emergency Medical Specialist to the scene area. The MRV can be used on the wet, skidded and limited eye vision and also at the off road situation. For urban situation or metropolitan condition, MRV is capable to use the road curbs in reaching the incident area.

• MRV is a heavy-duty load carrying chassis and it can be used for on and off road situation for example in the SMART Tunnel, flood condition or off road. It is fully equipped with medical respondent equipment based on what needed. MRV can carry 6 persons at one time including the medical equipment.

• Come with a powerful engine to cater during the difficulties situation. Inside the MRV it have provided with the various patience seating configuration based on treatment needs, MRV are also able to carry the listed medical equipment such as:

o Emergency Medical and Trauma Bag

o Emergency Drugs

o Emergency Airways Management

o Immobilization Set

o Automated External Defibrillator

o Triage Card

o Other equipment’s carried along to safe guard the incident area include emergency cone and etc.

DISADVANTAGES OF SMART TUNNEL

18 | P a g e

1. Not all smart tunnels solve all problems

• We must not throw litter and clog the tunnel. Smart does not necessarily try to solve all the flood problems in the city.

• If an integrated approach is not taken on the handling of the urban drainage, then floods will continue to hit the city. The smart tunnel is to mitigate floods in the city.

2. Smart tunnel alone cannot curb floods

• Provide a storm water management system to mitigate flooding problems, it is one of the two components needed to solve flash floods.

• The other component includes the construction of some 200 dams and flood retention ponds.

• The Smart tunnels and the ponds are supposed to complement each other and only then would the problem be solved.

3. Desalination

• Desalination is the process of removing mud and other debris from a flooded area.

• During a major rain event, the SMART Tunnel will be filled with flood waters along with mud and debris picked up from the run off.

• After the rain has passed and the water has been channelled to the reservoir, mud and debris that weren’t carried away will be left in the tunnel.

• The process of cleaning up the mess will take a considerable amount of time and many will believe that the desalination process was not tested and planned thoroughly.

4. Increased Road Capacity

• Induced congestion is when capacity is added to a freeway and essentially invites more people to drive.

• When more people begin to drive the freeway will once again become overloaded and congested

5. Delayed opening of tunnel

• Delay in opening the tunnels will cause floods to occur.

6. No response

• Numerous attempts to contact SMART has been futile.

Case Study

19 | P a g e

Objective

This aims in studying stormwater management (SMART) in Kuala Lumpur. The detailed

objectives of this study include:

1) To provide a comprehension of the cause of flooding happens in Malaysia.

2) To study the relevant stormwater and flood risk management in Kuala Lumpur.

3) To evaluate the effectiveness of the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel

(SMART).

Overview

Malaysia has an equatorial climate with constant high temperatures and high relative

humidity. The climate is influenced by the northeast and southwest monsoons. The

northeast monsoon prevails between November and February, brings heavy rainfall

predominantly to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia and to Sabah and Sarawak. Rain

bearing winds also comes with the southwest monsoon from April to September, though

rainfalls during this period are generally less than during the northeast monsoon. The

storm occasionally brings intense rainfalls, severely overloads the drainage systems,

results in localized ‘flash’ floods.

Back in few decades, Kuala Lumpur, the Federal capital, suffered the wrath of the flood

due to the urbanization of Kuala Lumpur that has encroached on the Klang and Gombak

rivers, which merge in the center of the city. Diagrams on the following page illustrate the

loss suffered from natural disaster from 1990 to 2014. It shows that storm and flood

dictate the frequency of natural disasters, mortality and economic downfall.

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), a project under the Federal

Government initiated to alleviate the flooding problem in the city centre of Kuala Lumpur.

The project is implemented through a joint venture pact between MMC Berhad and

Gamuda Berhad with the Department of Irrigation And Drainage Malaysia and the

Malaysian Highway Authority as the executing government agencies (SMART,2006).

20 | P a g e

21 | P a g e

Diagrams above shows frequency of natural disasters happen in Malaysia, the mortality

caused by the natural disasters and how much they affect economic issues. ( RED EM-

DAT, 2015 ).

Causes of Flooding

According to the previous diagrams, of all disasters in Malaysia, floods are most frequent

and bring the greatest damage annually. As far back as 1886, Kelantan experienced

disastrous floods and gale-force winds. Then, the flood of 1926 affected most part of

Malaysia, resulting in extensive damages to property, road systems and agricultural land

and crops. In 1967, severe floods surged across Perak, Terengganu and Kelantan river

basins, claiming 55 lives. In 1971, a catastrophic flood swirled across many parts of the

country. Pahang was severely affected, suffering great economic losses in the form of

property and crops, as well as a death toll of 24. At the meantime, Kuala Lumpur, the

Federal capital, suffered the flash flood as well. Flood occurrences seem to be getting

more frequent in recent years, especially in city like Kuala Lumpur where rapid

urbanization is taking place.

There are a few of main causes of flooding in Malaysia. The primary reasons are due to

the increased runoff rates and loss of flood storage as the consequence of development

extending into and taking over flood plains and drainage corridors. Furthermore,

inadequate drainage systems and failure of localized drainage improvement works also

results in flood problems. Apparently, localized continuous heavy rainfall and inadequate

river capacity are also the causes of flooding in Kuala Lumpur. ( Chia Chong Wing,

n.d. ).

Stormwater and Flood Risk Management in

Kuala Lumpur

22 | P a g e

Indeed, any region faced with high annual rainfalls, increased populations, and

expanding cities will be called upon to place increasingly great focus on flood control.

In 1982 the government conducted a National Water Resources Study on structural and

non-structural measures for flood mitigation and management. Subsequently, a number

of flood mitigation projects were completed, such as canalization of rivers, raising river

embankments and multi-purpose dams. ( Asian Disaster Reduction Center , n.d. )

According to Tan Keng Chok ( 2014 ), the Kuala Lumpur City Hall (DBKL) civil

engineering and drainage department director, land clearing for development had

caused the surface run-off coefficient to

increase, causing drains in the city to overflow.

It was told that the current drainage system

was designed a long time ago and its existing

capacity cannot cope with the high density of

rainfall. Hence, drain upgrading projects have

been undertaken to alleviate the flooding

issue. For example, two drainage projects at

Jalan Chan Sow Lin and Kampung Dato’ Keramat as well as the drainage tunnel from

Jalan Duta which would carry rainwater through Jalan Bangsar to Sungai Klang were

constructed.

Next management method is the construction of flood detention or retention ponds.

Ponds such as disused mining

pools can be used for flood storage.

The objective is to divert the flood

water through such ponds and thus

regulate the outflow so that the

flood peaks are attenuated. This

strategy has been used in the case

of Batu/ Jinjang Pond Project in

Kuala Lumpur where excess flood

water is diverted from Sg. Gombak to Batu Pond for temporary storage and from Sg.

Keroh to Jinjang Pond. Water in the pond will be released slowly back to the river after

the flood flow has subsided. ( Chia Chong Wing, n.d. ).

23 | P a g e

Flood control strategies usually cover a whole city or region. In practical terms, the

solutions typically involve multiple pumping stations at several locations to ensure

sufficient flood management when required. Pumping stations have been systematically

required at irrigation canal intakes. The existence of the floating pump, which is an

unique equipment, with unmatched capabilities & applications. The pump is a complete

and integrated operative unit, designed for continuous operation, capable of handling

very large flows. It can be installed and placed in operation in a short period of time,

without the need to make civil constructions, required for other type of pumps of similar

or even inferior flow rates. It is suitable for flooding control or emergency operations

where its structural design and construction materials are designed for long term,

continuous operation. Hence, it is one of the sustainable stormwater and flood risk

managements. (Wintima Corporation Sdn Bhd, n.d. )

Undoubtedly, there is also the need for maintenance of main drains, rivers, ponds and

pump houses. This is to ensure the consistency and efficiency of the operations so they

can function at their best.

24 | P a g e

Barrier to Stormwater Management System

Based on a survey done for 1st International Conference on Managing Rivers in the 21st

Century ( 2004 ), concerns over education, lack of information regarding stormwater

management, funding and enforcement are three main barriers to manage stormwater in

local Malaysia communities.

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART)

- Flood incidences before operation of SMART

- Overall performance of SMA

Graph above shows the result for survey question : What barriers may exist for

stormwater management in your community? (1st International Conference on Managing

Rivers in the 21st Century , 2004 ).

The lack of education or information regarding stormwater management concerns were

indicated by 39% of respondents. To increase the awareness, the Government must

actively provide a variety of information by means of local council public relation

activities. The motivation and awareness of people is essential for wider acceptance of

stormwater management concept to ensure the successful of Urban Stormwater Manual

for Malaysia ( MSMA ) in Malaysia.

Next, 35% of respondents cited funding as a barrier for the implementation of

stormwater management in their community. In order to encourage people to install

stormwater facilities in their community is to provide them subsidy. The Government

should appropriates the construction cost of infiltration facilities in its budget to provide

subsidy for local authorities to actively encourage the construction of such facilities. This

subsidy can motivate the people and accelerate the acceptance of stormwater

management concept in Malaysia.

Many respondents felt that a lack of information or clarity about who was responsible for

adoption and maintenance of MSMA facilities had been the main deterrent to their use.

Land take was also found to be a significant deterrent. This indicates that whilst designer

25 | P a g e

or developer could identify potential improvements to guidance but the most deterrent is

the worry of adoption and maintenance of the facilities. Another deterrent is the

procedure of obtaining approval from relevant authorities.

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART)

The Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) is an innovative project of the

Government of Malaysia which consists of a flood bypass system in combination with

regulated release. The main function is to mitigate over-bank flow nearby Tun Perak

Bridge located at Kuala Lumpur city center by diverting flood flows from entering the city

centre at the Klang/Ampang confluence through a bypass system before finally release it

downstream of the city. ( Zainab, Nor & Larry , 2013 )

Flood incidences before operation of SMART

The city of Kuala Lumpur (KL) is located at the confluence of the Klang and the Gombak

rivers in the Klang River Basin. Founded in the late 19th century, KL has now become

Malaysia’s largest and most important city. Being the nation’s capital city, KL has

undergone rapid development. Most of the area has been built-up into township,

residential and industrial parks.

As a result of the rapid pace of development and its impact on the ground, the existing

capacities of rivers in the basin are no longer able to cope with the flood flows from their

developing catchments. Flood magnitudes keep on mounting year by year leaving far

behind the capability of the city’s river and drainage system to cope with it. KL has

experienced seventeen (17) numbers of major flood incidences and the earliest recorded

incident is in 1926. The largest in recent history was the flood in 1971, which was

widespread and affected not only KL but a few other states in the country. Flash flood is

caused by thunderstorm which are localized rainfall of very high intensity (>60mm/hr)

and short duration (2-5hours). Table below shows the flooding incidences in KL city

before SMART starts operation in July 2007. As can be seen from the table, the

incidences of flood are becoming more and more frequent towards the end of the 20th

century and early 21st century.

26 | P a g e

Table above shows the Kuala Lumpur flood events in the year before the operation of

SMART in Jult 2007.

Overall performance of SMART

Ever since the SMART system was put into operation on July 2007 until 2012, the

system has successfully dealt with a total of 203 storm events, which comprises of 121

numbers of Mode II events, 77 incidences of Mode III, and 5 incidences of Mode IV

events. ( Refer to Possible Problems of SMART system for detailed modes operations. )

All these modes require excess flood water to be diverted into the holding pond at Kg.

Berembang. Refer to Figure 3 for the SMART operational Modes from 2007 to 2012.

Scientific Paper The Journal of Water Resources Management : Vol 1 Number 2 2013

25 Year 2008 recorded the most numbers of Mode II and Mode III events, while year

2012 recorded the most numbers of Mode IV events. Mode IV is the most severe mode

since the whole tunnel will be used to divert excessive flood waters from entering Kuala

Lumpur City Center. Mode IV events occurred once in 2008 and 2011 and three times in

2012. This makes year 2012 a very challenging year for SMART Control Centre.

27 | P a g e

Conclusion : Why Kuala Lumpur special case?

From the case study, it appears that since 1950s there has been a rise in the number of

reported flood disaster events and since 1980s this increase has been more significant.

City like Kuala Lumpur is particularly vulnerable to flooding because of few reasons :

1. Direct impacts on the citizens. The scale of population at risk. A large and growing

proportion of the population concentrates in Kuala Lumpur.

2. Direct impacts to physical infrastructure; buildings, urban services ( e.g. roads, railway

lines, embankments, public water supply and sanitation ) and specific industries.

3. Indirect impacts to economic sectors : change in productive capacity as a result of the

change in resource productivity or market demand.

The adoption of SMART system approach is one of the sustainable effective stormwater

mangements as can be seen from the overall performance of SMART discussed

beforehand. The implementation of SMART should not be seen as a one-off activity but

as a part of process that will semi-continuously produce feedbacks and updates to the

plan of management interventions in order to facilitate continuous adaption as

necessary. New information and data, technological developments, and new or modified

drivers of change may all lead to the need to revise and update the plan.

28 | P a g e

Possible problems to the SMART Tunnel in Malaysia

1. Limitation

In Malaysia, SMART tunnel can only mitigate flooding in the city center due to

overbank flow of Klang River between Tun Perak Bridge and Dang Wangi Bridge, one

option is to increase the capacity of the stretch of Klang River concerned, and the other

option is to reduce the flood flow passing through it. However, it is not 100% prevent big

flood. It just reduced the percentage of big floods and damages by flood. It used to face

only big flood in Kuala Lumpur before the SMART tunnel was build. (Feekle, 2011)

It is realized that the discharges from the tributaries of Klang River downstream of the

diversion point, condition and capacity of the receiving rivers, Kerayong River and Klang

River downstream of the Kerayong/Klang confluence, have influence to the flooding at

city center. SMART tunnel alone is not able to fully offset these influences. A huge

project costs a lot of money and might not be economical viable. SMART tunnel is not

the only solution to the flood problem, but people would say this is a project worth

billions built to relieve the situation in a big way. The SMART tunnel is designed to

handle only 45 per cent of floodwaters coming from the rivers. When people look at the

tunnel and the high cost, they think it would cover all, but in fact, it only takes care of 45

per cent. (New Sunday Times, 2007)

Another case in Malaysia, which was the day Jalan Tun Razak, Jalan Semarak and

Kampung Baru were flooded just like how it was in 2006, when the worst flood ever hit

the city center. It also seems that the river that burst its bank was Sungai Bunus. It flows

through the Kampung Baru - Jalan Tun Razak - Jalan Semarak area and this waterway

was not covered under the SMART Tunnel scope. So, there is now a need to come up

with a flood mitigation project to resolve this "new problem". (The Star Online, 2011)

29 | P a g e

2. Ineffectiveness

Another aspect to the problem emerged is SMART tunnel management's slowness in

reacting to downpours leading to flash floods in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur has

angered residents. Residents in the vicinity of Ampang Jaya and Pandan who have been

inundated by flash floods in recent months have accused the management of the

SMART Tunnel of inefficiency. The continuous downpour had affected housing estates

in the whole of Ampang area and in Kampung Pandan Dalam, Bandar Baru Ampang,

Lembah Jaya, Taman Nirwana, Taman Putra Sulaiman, Taman Dagang and Bukit

Belacan. (Pragalath, 2012)

SMART company delay in opening the tunnels is what caused the floods. On that

day, there was six inches of water on the ground and it was raining from evening until

9.30 p.m. at night. This was not the first time that SMART had neglected its duties.

SMART company should be prepared to guard the city (around the clock) but they are

not. (Thomas, 2012)

3. Less Use

People are saying that government refuses to operate the tunnel now because the

government wants to collect toll through SMART traffic operations. If we had this tunnel,

how often would it be used? The tunnel would be used once, or three times yearly.

Spending RM1.3 billion for something which would not be used the whole year needed

re-evaluation. (New Sunday Times, 2007)

4. Road Traffic

In addition, SMART tunnel requires times to clean up thus it will be closed to public

and re-open back after 48 hours of major storm. This will cause the traffic congestion

problems remains unsolved during the major stormwater discharge by the tunnel.

According to Ariffin, motorists complained of constant traffic jams in the Sungai Besi

area ever since the tunnel was closed at 6pm last Saturday following a heavy storm. The

two pictures below reveal the effectiveness of the tunnel in reducing traffic congestion.

(2008)

30 | P a g e

(Website, The Star)

Figure 1(a) : The picture was taken during the morning rush hour

(Website, The Star)

Figure 1(b) : The picture was taken soon after the tunnel was reopended to traffic

5. High Maintenance Fees

Another problem with SMART tunnel is the high maintenance fee. A RM2.8 billion

SMART tunnel comes with a hefty maintenance fees which costing RM20 million per

year. (Big boy big toy, 2011) Such sum of money comes from our pocket as taxpayers.

Once these roads are ready to be used, we have got to pay money to use it

notwithstanding that we have already contributed to its constructions financially through

our tax money.

According to Works Minister Datuk Seri Samy Vellu, SMART Tunnel toll rate will be

set at RM2 and will be effective from 11:59pm, June 14 2007. (Paul, 2007) If the tariff

number is low, it is hard to believe it can earn back the investment and keep good

31 | P a g e

maintenance. As we all know that the toll rate would be increased from RM 2 until RM4

or RM5 in the future.

6. Accident

Road accidents occurred in the SMART tunnel. An average of five accidents

occur in the tunnel monthly and most are caused by drunk drivers travelling at night on

weekends. Unthinking fiends are speeding in the motorway tunnel. What is worse, there

is little the authorities can do about it. As it also doubles up as a floodwater tunnel, there

are no speed trap cameras in the tunnel and police cannot put up roadblocks. A casual

observation at the Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) showed that

most cars are clearly disregarding the 60kph speed limit, with some obviously going at

more than 100kph. SMART public relations manager Mohd Noor Mohd Ali said enforcing

the speed limit remained a difficult task. He said the design of the tunnel made it tough

for traffic enforcement efforts to be carried out as the road shoulders were too narrow to

ensure the safety of traffic policemen. (Shaun and Austin, 2011)

7. Bumpy Road

Many of the road users complained about the bumpy road in the SMART Tunnel.

The bumpy road may be a minor nuisance to all the drivers that would cause minor

damage to cars and even result in a car accident. However, that is always a reason

behind everything that has happened. According to Mohd Noor Mohd Ali, the tunnel is

designed with features to reduce speed, like the special rough road surface and yellow

transverse bars painted across the road. (Shaun and Austion, 2011)

8. Safety Check

A typical tunnel or SMART tunnel has to go through the safety check due to it

confined structural nature when accident happens. For example, Burnley Tunnel

Tragedy in Melbourne which occurred on the 23rd March, 2007 is a good example. Due

to the smart safety system which are TROX fire and smoke dampers installed in the

smoke extract system installed in the tunnel, all passengers were able to evacuate in 15

minutes to avoid the suffocation.

32 | P a g e

SMART is one of the first type of tunnel that has dual functionalities on storm

management and traffic, thus it should be allocated for this tunnel for trials and simulate

the storm situation. It is because if a car gets trapped inside the tunnel when the gate is

closing, the whole system will be considered as failure and departments and authorities

concerned have to be bashed by the public and the losses are astronomical.

(Johnsonooi, 2007)

9. Blind Corner

Ultimately, the exit of tunnel is concealed behind the blind corner hence this problem

would possibly cause the drivers to stop suddenly in the middle of the road because they

have no idea which road to exit. This caused the other cars behind to honk profusely as

it is a blind corner. Hence, more notifications or sign ages are required to inform the

drivers before they reach the exit. (Marmitecarb, 2007)

33 | P a g e

Recommendation for future improvement

As the SMART tunnel is a multipurpose mega structure built to prevent flash

floods that may occur and to solve the congestion in Kuala Lumpur city, extending or

renovate the SMART tunnel may affect the existing buildings and structures. On the

other hand, it is high cost to improve or restructure SMART tunnel. Hence, alternatives

should be taken to improve storm water management in Kuala Lumpur city and Low

Impact Development (LID) is highly recommended.

LID development or improvement in which it brings less or no harm to the

environment which in this case it basically means development to storm water

management which is green and environmental friendly (Maxey, 2009, p.8). One of

methods is infiltration practices. It is a practice that constructs structures or landscapes

to infiltrate runoff water. It reduces the volume of discharged storm water and

infrastructure required to conduct, cure or manage runoffs (United States Environmental

Protection Agency, 2007).

Infiltration trenches is one of the examples of infiltration practice. The trenches

serve as a basin to trap runoff storm water, temporary storage before infiltrate into the

soil (Nieber, Erickson, Weiss, Gulliver & Hozalski, 2012). Besides controlling the flow

rate of discharged storm water, it also provides aesthetic landscape and may can be

used for recreational purposes (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007).

Moreover, the deposited runoff storm water can either be infiltrated into the surrounding

soil or discharged through underdrain (Pekarek, Shelton, Feehan & Holm, 2011).

34 | P a g e

Infiltration trenches (Website, Temple – Villanova Sustainable Stormwater

Initiative)

Porous pavement is also known as permeable pavement is another structure that

implements infiltration to discharge storm water from surface. It functions the similar way

as the infiltration trenches whereas the trapped water can either be infiltrate into the soil

or be discharged through underdrain. According to the research of University of

Maryland Extension (2013), permeable pavement is more efficient in terms of removing

contaminants in runoff storm water. By using permeable concrete for paving, water is

able to seep into the ground, passing through layers of aggregates and sand before

reaching the underground basins hence the water are consider naturally filtered before

infiltrating into surrounding soil or discharged through under pipes. Moreover, it can be

built as open space car parks and pedestrian pavements while it serves as storm water

runoffs.

35 | P a g e

Porous pavement (Website, Metropolitan Area Planning Council)

Besides infiltration practices, there are also another low impact development

(LID) alternative. Runoff storage practices is one of the common practice used as it does

not take up much space. One of the examples of such practices is the green roof or eco

roof. Instead of using only concrete or glass for roof finishes, the roof is planted with

plants and the plants serve as storm water management purposes. The plants are able

to trap rain water for storage to be reused and at the same time it waters the plants

(United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). According to the United States

Environmental Protection Agency (2009), 8 cm deep of media beneath the plant is able

to reduce 38-54% and 38-45% of rainwater runoffs annually. A 6.5cm deep of media can

stop 40% of rainwater being discharged at the storm rate of 50mm. From these statistics

shown, it proves that green roof may serve the purpose of reducing the volume of

discharged storm water and hence controls the flowing rate of storm water.

Green roof (Website, Bronx Council for Environmental Quality)

Similar to permeable pavement, runoff storage practices can also be

implemented in car parks, streets and pedestrian paths by installing storage tanks below

them (Novotny, Ahern & Brown, 2010). However, the differences are that permeable

pavements undergo infiltration whereas runoff storage is a direct discharge from the

surface to be stored temporarily in underground storage tanks in order to control the flow

of storm water drainage. Hence, permeable pavement provides aesthetics landscaping

and infiltrated storm water is cleaner as compared to runoff storage storm water.

As Kuala Lumpur city is an urban city with many tall buildings, green roof is a

suitable application to most of the buildings such as hotels, shopping malls etc. The

application of green roof should be implemented because the buildings in the city are

36 | P a g e

close to one another. Hence, the efficiency of drainage holes by the road curbs might not

be able to sustain the runoffs of storm water during a heavy rain which might lead to

flood. Therefore, the green roof may act as a detention to control the flowing rate of

runoff storm water.

Permeable pavement should be built as pedestrian walkways and open space

car parks for the runoff of storm water on the surface. Besides giving aesthetic view of

the city, it also reduces the drainage holes by the curbs needed. At the same time, runoff

storage underground tanks should be installed in order to split runoff storm water into

different compartments where some will be used to infiltrate into the soil and some will

be stored temporary in the storage tanks to control the discharge rate and later

discharged through under pipes.

In conclusion, SMART Tunnel is not the only way that can solve flooding issue in

Kuala Lumpur city. By implementing low impact development (LID) methodology, flood

issues can be overcame, no big infrastructures required and most importantly it is more

environmental friendly. Moreover, it also reduce the reliance and burden to the SMART

Tunnel.

37 | P a g e

Learning from the group work project

Our group consist of 5 members which are Yong Seen Yee, Thun Shao Xun,

Khoo Xin Yee, Lee Pei Gee and Shane Sim Ee Han. Since there are 5 of us, work load

are distributed evenly among us with the agreement and consent from each and every

one of us.

As this assignment comes to the end, there are many things that we learnt

throughout the assignment. First of all, we are able to understand how storm water

management works and the importance of it for a city. Storm water management mainly

is to control the flow rate of storm water runoff and distribute the runoff evenly to prevent

flood. At the same time, it is also to maintain the water quality for drinking purposes and

daily usage.

Meanwhile, we also get to know in detail the operation of the SMART Tunnel and

hence it also shows us how advance in terms of technology that Malaysia had achieved.

From the case of SMART Tunnel, we get to know about Tunneling Boring Machine

(TBM). It is a heavy, advance machine used to bore underground tunnels without

affecting existing structures. We also get to know that SMART Tunnel is not only a

channel for storm water management but it is also a traffic diversion to reduce the

congestion in Kuala Lumpur city.

On the other hand, we also learnt how to analyze and interpret data in order to

determine every piece of information is usable. For example, there are limitations to

some technologies that is not conventional to be used in Malaysia due to the weather

and geometric factors. Hence, it is a challenge to our critical thinking skills when it

comes to applying those technology from the information found from the Internet.

38 | P a g e

Last but not least, we learnt the importance of cooperation among members to

accomplish a task. Cooperation and tolerance is needed to assist each other to finish the

task on time. Cooperation is needed when it comes to attending group discussion

sessions and participate in the discussion. Tolerance is much needed to avoid conflicts

especially when exchanging ideas and expressing own opinions.

References & Bibliography

1) Abdullah, K. (2004) What is SMART? ( Website ) Retrieved from

http://smarttunnel.com.my/smart/what-is-smart/

2) Abdullah, K. (2004). Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART) A

Lateral Approach To Flood Mitigation Works. (Website) Retrieved from

http://www.smarttunnel.com.my/construction/images/news/special/SR02.pdf

3) Agency, U. S. (2007). Reducing Stormwater Costs through Low Impact.

Washington. Retrieved from

http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/green/upload/2008_01_02_NPS_lid_costs07ument

s_reducingstormwatercosts-2.pdf

4) Angus, H. J. (2008). Photos Don't Lie But They May Not Tell the Whole Story.

(Website) Retrieved from

http://malaysiawatch3.blogspot.com/2008_03_01_archive.html

5) Asian Disaster Reduction Center ( n.d. ) Total Disaster Risk Management

( Website ) Retrieved from

http://www.adrc.asia/publications/TDRM2005/TDRM_Good_Practices/PDF/PDF-

2005e/Chapter3_3.3.6.pdf

6) Berghage, R. D., Beattie, D., Jarret, A. R., Thuring, C., & Razaei, F. (2009).

Green Roofs for Stormwater Runoff Control. Cincinnati: United States

Environment Protection Agency. Retrieved June 10, 2015, from

http://nepis.epa.gov/Adobe/PDF/P1003704.PDF

7) C..Zevenbergen, A. Cashman, N. Evelpidou, E. Pasche, S. Garvin & R. Ashley

(2011) Urban Flood Management. United Kingdom. CRC Press/Balkema.

39 | P a g e

8) (n.d.). Retrieved June 21, 2015, from

https://eprints.usq.edu.au/617/1/RamKumarM.KANNAPIRAN-2005.pdf

9) Chia Chong Wing ( n.d.) Managing Flood Problems in Malaysia. ( Website )

Retrieved from http://www.bem.org.my/publication/juneaug04/F(Flood)(38-

43).pdf

10) Gamuda. (2012). Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART).

Retrieved June 14, 2015, from Gamuda - Malaysia's Leading Infrastructure

Group: http://www.gamuda.com.my/smart.html

11) Gamuda. (2007). Stormwater Management And Road Tunnel (SMART)

Malaysia. (Website) Retrieved from http://www.gamuda.com.my/smart.html

12) Hashim, Z., Nor Hisham. G & Siniun , L.(2013) SMART Saves Kuala Lumpur City

Centre From Inundation . ( Website ) Retreived from

http://htckl.water.gov.my/resource/file/Paper-2.pdf

13) Incontrol, P. (n.d.). Tunnel Solution. Retrieved June 2015, 14, from

http://www.psi-incontrol.com/v2/images/brochure/dl_tunnel.pdf

14) Kaushik. (2013, May 29). SMART Tunnel in Kuala Lumpur: A Storm Water

Tunnel With Built-in Motorway. Retrieved June 2015, 14, from Amusing Planet:

http://www.amusingplanet.com/2013/05/smart-tunnel-in-kuala-lumpur-storm.html

15) Lowyat. Net. (2011). SMART Tunnel Not Looking So Smart. (Website) Retrieved

from https://forum.lowyat.net/topic/2157858/all

16) MMC Corporation Berhad. (2010). Solving Two Problems The SMART Ways.

(Website) Retrieved from http://www.mmc.com.my/content.asp?

menuid=100041&rootid=100003&MediaId=492

17) MMC-Gamuda. (n.d.). Tunneling / TBM. Retrieved June 14, 2015, from

Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) Project:

http://www.smarttunnel.com.my/construction/project_tunneling.htm

18) Murad, M. B. (2010). Users Satisfaction of SMART Tunnel Towards the

Maintenance Management. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. Retrieved June 14,

2015, from

http://www.efka.utm.my/thesis/IMAGES/3PSM/2010/JSB-P1/munirahba070113d

10ttt.pdf

40 | P a g e

19) New Sunday Times. (2007). Sunday Interview: Smart Solution To Flood Woes.

(Website) Retrieved from

http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/news_features/sunday_interview_smart_solutio

n_to_flood_woes.html

20) Nieber, J., Erickson, A., Gulliver, J., & Hozalski, R. (2010). Infiltration Practices.

Retrieved June 10, 2015, from Stormwater Treatment: Assessment and

Maintenance: http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/content/infiltration-practices

21) Novotny, V., Ahern, J., & Brown, P. (2010). Water Centric Sustainable

Communities: Planning, Retrofitting and Building the next urban environment.

John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved June 10, 2015, from

https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FPQWoRINgIYC&dq=parking+lot,

+street,+and+sidewalk+storage+as+runoff+storage&source=gbs_navlinks_s

22) Pekarek, K. A., Shelton, D. P., Feehan, K. A., & Holm, B. A. (2011). Stormwater

Management: Terminology. Lincoln: University of Nebraska. Retrieved June 10,

2015, from http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/live/ec701/build/ec701.pdf

23) Pickerill, J., & Maxey, L. (2009). Low Impact Development: The future in our

hands. Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike. Retrieved

June 10, 2015, from http://www.jennypickerill.info/wp-content/uploads/Low-

Impact-Development-Book.pdf

24) Pragalath, K. (2012). Flash floods: Where is SMART ? (Website) Retrieved from

http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2012/03/09/flash-floods-

where-is-smart/

25) Santhiman, M. S. (2006). ITS of SMART. PIARC International Seminar on

Intelligent Transport System (ITS) In Road Network Operations, (p. 15). Kuala

Lumpur. Retrieved June 2015, 14, from

http://www.piarc.org/ressources/documents/actes-seminaires06/c14-

malaisie06/8633,TS45-Weei.pdf

26) Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel (SMART Tunnel). (n.d.). Retrieved

June 14, 2015, from Civil Engineering Society: http://structure-structural-

software.blogspot.com/2010/08/stormwater-management-and-road-tunnel.html

41 | P a g e

27) UNISDR (2014) Disaster & Risk Profile. ( Website ) Retrieved from

http://www.preventionweb.net/countries/mys/data/

28) University of Maryland, (2011, August 13). Permeable Pavement Fact Sheet.

Maryland: University of Maryland. Retrieved June 10, 2015, from

https://extension.umd.edu/sites/default/files/_docs/programs/master-gardeners/

Howardcounty/Baywise/

PermeablePavingHowardCountyMasterGardeners10_5_11%20Final.pdf

29) Wintima Corp. Sdn Bhd (n.d.) Floating Pump ( Website ) Retrieved from

http://www.wintima.com.my/index.php?

ws=showproducts&products_id=458111&cat=Our

%20Products&subcat=#openproducts

42 | P a g e