FLOOR PLAN FOR ADP AND THE FOYER IN FRONT OF ADP

ADP

SCALE 1:100

BUILDING MATERIALS ASSIGNMENT 1

VENUE:

FOYER IN FRONT OF ADP

TIMBERTimber is another name for wood, whether still standing in the form of trees or felled and turned into boards for construction. Some people may also refer to it as lumber, or differentiate between unprocessed wood and lumber as cut wood packaged for commercial sale. The timber industry around the world is huge, providing wood for a variety of products frompaper to particleboard. • Healthy. Timber is natural, hard wearing

and when maintained and kept clean it avoids carrying dust and allergens which promote asthma and other respiratory problems.

• Ecological. Timber Floors are ecolog-ically friendly. Since it is a natural re-source, timber is both renewable and recyclable. Timber Floors have an envi-ronmental impact which creates 5 times less carbon emissions than ceramic tiles.

• Durable. Timber floors are believed to be the most durable and low mainte-nance floor covering of nowadays.

• Variety. There are a lot of styles, colours and species of timber flooring available than ever before. You can find the colour and style of timber floor to fit your interi-or.

• Affordable. With the correct coating for your circumstances and regular cleaning your timber floor finish may last for up to 8 years before you need to consider recoating. The cost of recoating a timber floor is far more affordable than replac-ing carpet which begins to look worn, in many cases after 5 or so years.

• Easy to maintain. Maintenance of to-day’s timber floors is easy. New technol-ogy in stains and finishes that takes little more than sweeping and with occasional use of a professional timber floor clean-ing product.

SOFTWOODS HARDWOODSUsed For Finishing Floorings Used For Finishing FlooringsDouglas Pecan

LongLeaf Pine Red Oak

Sugar Maple

• A wooden beam or board used in building a house, ship, or other structure.

• In construction, it is a natural building material that offers superior performance and environmental advantages.

• The use of timber as construction material is the only chance to save the world’s forests. The use of timber is directly linked to forest conservation and the planting of new trees.

Advantages and sustainability of having timber floor

Disadvantages of having timber floor• Timber floors require regular polishing every 3-4 years to maintain its

finish especially if it is high traffic area.• They also require regular maintenance to prevent termite attack if your

house is located in an area which is prone for termite attack.• Timber floor is advised against for usage in Indian kitchen and bath-

room.

STAIRS HAND RAILINGA handrail is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide stability or support. Handrails are commonly used while ascending or descending stairways and escalators in order to prevent injurious falls. Otherapplications include bathroom handrails—which help to prevent falls on slippery, wet floors—and barres, which serve as training aids for bal-let dancers. Handrails are typically supported by posts or mounted directly to walls.

Consideration When you need handrail for stairs, It is important to consid-er all of the options. Handrails are commonly made out of wood, steel, aluminum, and vinyl. All of these materials can be used inside and outside.Your choice may depend on looks, cost, functionality, ease of installation, strength and durability.Looks - Some people love the look of wood. They love wood decks, rails, balusters, and handrail. However consid-er the following. The wood and metal fusion can be a very desirable look. Even if you have a wooden deck or porch you may want to consider metal for your stair rail. Metal rail-ings have several advantages over wood.Cost - Upfront costs for wood can be considerably less than for metal. If you upgrade from less expensive pine to oak or another more durable type of wood those savings can quick-ly disappear.Functionality – There are places where wood will be easier to use than metal and vice versa. If you are building a deck it is much easier to install a wood perimeter railing but what if you need a rail for a concrete slab or on concert steps. Wood rails anchored directly to concrete often don’t work out well. The railing remains wobbly despite your best efforts.Size verses strength advantage - In order for wooden rail-ings to achieve the same strength ratings as metal you must use much thicker wood. This results in large railings that are often unsightly and therefore, may be hard to grip. Metal railing retains a much smaller profile that doesn’t detract as much from the look of its surroundings.Durability - Metal railings can be as durable or more durable than wood railings. If properly maintained there is no reason your metal railing wouldn’t last for decades. Wood regard-less of how it is treated eventually cracks and warps and is more subject to mold. Another concern is some wood rail-ings can become give users splinters if not in frequent use.

OUTDOOR RAILINGS INDOOR RAILINGSTypes Of Railings Types Of Railings

Wrought Iron Railings

Stainless Steel Railings Modern Stainless Steel Railings

Traditional Wrought Iron RailingsWrought iron railings are typically associated with elegance. You will often see them on out-side stairways near glass doors and painted to match the pastel shades of nearby walls and trimmings. The fabricated, hollow rods of wrought iron railings are usually chosen for a lighter, more delicate appearance.

If you’re looking for durability, strength, or less frequent maintenance in your outdoor railings, you will probably want to consider those made of metal. They are typically used more with more contemporary designs. Some are simple and unadorned, while others may be pre-molded in various designs.

For well over a century, builders and craftsmen have relied on wrought iron to create decorative elements like stair railings for the home. This hefty material offers superior strength and durability, allowing it to last for many years when properly maintained. Typi-cally finished in black, wrought iron stair railings may also have a decorative finish, giving them a shimmery silver or gold hue.

This blend of steel and chromium resists rust and corrosion, making it appropriate for both indoor and outdoor use. When used indoors, stainless steel rails help to complement the look of stainless steel appli-ances or metal furnishings. They are often combined with glass panels for a spacious, modern style, though stainless steel rails were also common in art deco de-signs. This material may have a muted satin surface or highly polished mirror finish.

TILESA thin, flat or convex slab of hard material such as baked clay or plastic, laid in rows to cover walls, floors, and roofs. Alternatively, tiles sometimes are refer to units that are made from lightweight materials such as wood, and mineral wool, typically used for walling and ceiling. Tiles are also material for construction. It can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaic.

Tiles are manufactured by hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass. For floor tiles, it is often made of ceramic or stone. For tiling stone, it is typi-cally marble, onyx, granite of slate.

Ingredient Of Making Tiles

• Mining• Blending and Mixing• Pressing• Glazing• Firing

FLOOR TILESTypes Of Floor Tiles

Natural Stones TilesIt is beautiful but less uniform in colour and pat-tern. Some stone tiles such as polished granite, marble, and travertine are very slippery when wet. Stone tiles with a riven (split) surface such as slate or with a sawn and then sandblasted or honed surface will be more slip-resistant.

Rubber TilesRubber floor tiles have a variety of uses, both in residential and commercial settings. They are especially useful in situations where it is desired to have high-traction floors or protection for an easily breakable floor.

Plastic TilesCan be installed without adhesive or glue. It is suitable to wet areas, heavy traffic, and floors that are subject to movement, damp or contam-ination from oil. It is common used in old factory floors, garages, gyms and sports complexes, schools and shops.

Ceramic TilesCeramic tiles are thin slab of clay or other inor-ganic materials. It is hardened by oven firing and coated with some kind of glaze. It is suggested to use in bathroom and kitchen because it does not harbor germ and easy to clean.

Pros And Cons Of Ceramic TilesPros• Low maintenance requirement.• Good water resistance.• Glazed ceramic tiles can protect the floor

from damage and grout.• High durability and versatility.• Easy installation.• Low cost.

Cons• Cold surface of the tile because of its nature.• Furniture may slide due to the slickness of

ceramic tiles.

CONCRETEConcrete is a composite material composed mainly of water, aggregate, and cement. Often, additives and reinforcements (such as rebar) are included in the mixture to achieve the desired physical properties of the finished material. When these ingredients are mixed together, they form a fluid mass that is easily molded into shape. Over time, the cement forms a hard matrix which binds the rest of the ingredients together into a durable stone-like material with many uses.

Maintenance Of Concrete Floor1. When ModernCrete completes your floor, make sure that

you wait at least 3 days before allowing water to touch the floor – this gives the sealer/stain protectant time to cure.

2. If covering your floor to protect it, never apply tape or tape anything to the floor.

3. Daily dust mopping removes the fine dust and grit that can act as sandpaper grinding away the floor finish. The best results can be obtained by using a Micro-Fiber Dust Mop.

4. To clean a polished floor, use water and a cleaner made for polished concrete or a Neutral P.H. all-purpose clean-er. Either one is available from any Janitorial supply house. (NOTE: Always use clean water for your mop bucket. Follow the dilution recommendations for your cleaner. Too much cleaner or dirty water will create a haze on the floor.)

5. DO NOT USE ANY DEGREASER OR ACID BASED CLEANERS. Please check the label on the cleaning agent to confirm the product’s ingredients. These clean-ers will etch the concrete and significantly reduce the gloss. (Examples of degreasers NOT TO USE: Pine-Sol, Mop-N-Glow, Lysol, Orange-Glow, etc.

6. When using a buffer or auto scrubber only use a very soft bristle brush, white pad or beige pad. All other color pads will result in a decrease of gloss.

7. Do not wax a polished floor. Polished concrete is a low maintenance floor. Applying wax to the floor unnecessar-ily adds to its maintenance. Waxing a polished concrete floor voids all warranties.

Sustainability Of Concrete Floor1. Step 1 – Floor Mats. Stopping dirt or mud from entering

your house is the starting point for protecting floors. Out-door Scraper Mats at each entrance take off debris such as mud, small pebbles, etc. that stick to the bottom of shoes and can severely scratch flooring. Indoor mats at each doorway help stop dust and moisture on shoes from reaching floors.

2. Step 2 – Floor Protectors. Be sure to apply floor pro-tectors to all furniture, such as chairs, couches, etc. to protect your floor from dents, scratches and rust stains, as well as reduce noise. Felt protectors are available in several styles. Stick-on protectors work well for lighter furniture that doesn’t get moved a lot, while tap-in pro-tectors will work better for furniture that does get shifted around. Slip-on protectors are for metal legs and Grippers for furniture that you want to stay in place.

3. Step 3 – Dust Mopping. Dust mopping is an essential step in all floor maintenance and needs to be done rou-tinely. Dust mopping removes the sand, silt and clay that will abrade, scratch and grind away floor seals and finish-es if left unattended.

4. Step 4 – Damp Mopping. Now that you have gotten the dust off the floor, it’s time to mop. The Flat Mop System is growing in popularity and has proven to be a great sys-tem for concrete flooring. Available in 18” or 24” widths, Flat Mops make mopping easy with machine-washable microfiber mop covers.

5. Step 5 – Refinishing. When concrete floors are done, a floor finish is applied to protect the sealer as well as to add shine. This “top coat” will need to be reapplied de-pending on the amount of traffic on your floors; generally this needs to be done once or twice a year. The Cleaning House recommends Thoroughbred, a 23 percent solid floor finish. This high performance floor finish is ready to use and adds protection and shine to concrete floors. Thoroughbred is easily applied with a Nylofoam applica-tor.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES1. Durability: Concrete flooring

is extremely tough and resil-ient, and is able to withstand the pressure from very heavy equipment such as cars, trucks, forklifts, and stacked crates. That is why it is such a popular material for hard working commercial areas such as garages and ware-houses.

2. Easy to Maintain: Keeping a concrete floor looking its best will only require a minimum amount of maintenance. It will need to be sealed or waxed every 3-9 months depending on the level of traffic in order to maintain the protective layer over its surface. Other then that you can use a neu-tral cleaning agent to mop the floor clean periodically.

1. Hardness: The strength and durability of this material can also be a liability. The surface of a concrete floor is very hard. If you trip and fall on one then you are probably going to hurt yourself. Items dropped on these surfaces are also more likely to shatter or crack. That is why these floors are not recommended for areas which will be fre-quented by children or elderly people.

2. Uncomfortable: The hard-ness of concrete also makes it uncomfortable to stand on for long periods of time. Con-crete doesn’t yield, and if you are forced to stand on it for an extended period your feet wills feel the fury of its stoic stony demeanor.

ALUMINIUMAluminum is a relatively soft, silvery white metal with a dull lustre that is caused by a thin coating of aluminum oxide. It is the world’s most abundant metal and is the third most common element, comprising 8% of the earth’s crust. The versatility of aluminium makes it the most widely used metal after steel.

Properties of AluminiumLow density and therefore low weight, high strength, superior malleability, easy machining, excellent corrosion resistance and good thermal and electrical conductivity are amongst aluminium’s most important properties. Aluminium is also very easy to recycle, is a non-magnetic material and zero toxicity.

USAGE OF ALUMINIUMIn HouseHoldThis metallic element is used for door knobs, window frames and kitchen utensils. The element is applied in kettles, saucepans, toasters and refrigerators. It is also used in indoor and outdoor furniture. Some sports equip-ment like golf clubs and tennis balls also use it.

In ConstructionAluminum is necessary in construction. The metal is used in practically all elements: skylights, building bridges, shutters, ladders and railings. The element is present in rods, doors, stampings, wiring, bars, tubing, sheets, pipes, casting and scraps. Aluminum is applied in a wide array of industrial applications. Staircases are sometimes made of aluminum too. The metallic element is found in many buildings. They are low maintenance. The light weight is also used for gutters.A layer of insulated aluminum cladding is as efficient as stones or bricks. Aluminum can be painted and joined with other materials. This can be used to change the looks of edifices. Carpenters and builders prefer alumi-num because it is versatile. It can be cut, bonded, weld-ed, tapered and curved in various shapes.

Pros And Cons Of AluminiumProsOne of the biggest advantages of aluminum is that it’s very light but still strong. It’s durable and doesn’t require much maintenance, especially with a factory-baked or anodized finish. If you have windows with unusual shapes, you might consider aluminum because it can easily be manipulated into the shape you need.

ConsThe great problem with aluminum is that it doesn’t hold heat in well. The thermal conductance of aluminum is high. Thus aluminum windows may not work well in cold climates. Condensation or even frost forms inside the windows and can present a variety of problems.

You can improve the problem by using non-conductive material between the two panes. The break between the two panes needs to be at least 1/4-inch thick. There has to be a complete break between interior and exterior aluminum parts; otherwise a thermal bridge will be established, and you will lose heat.

Usage Of AluminiumAluminium Frame Sliding Door

Aluminium Frame WindowSUSTAINABILITY FOR ALUMINIUMAluminum combine with other metals such as boron, copper, lithium, magnesium, manganese, silicon, tin, and zinc to make aluminum alloys (an alloy is a metal mixed together with other elements to make a new ma-terial with improved properties—it might be stronger or it might melt at a higher temperature).

GLASSThe major ingredient of glass is sand (silicon dioxide). Sand is mixed with soda ash (sodium hydroxide or sodium carbon-ate), lime, and small amounts of alumina, potassium oxide, and various elements to control color, then heated to form glass. The nished material, while seemingly crystalline and convincingly solid, is actually a supercooled liquid, for it has no melting point and open, noncrystalline microstructure.

When drawn into small bers, glass is stronger than steel, though not clearly as stiff. In larger pieces, the microscopic imperfections that are an inherent characteristics of glass reduce its useful strength to signi cantly lower levels, particularly in tension. When a suface of a sheet of glass is placed in sufficient tension, as happens when an object strikes the glass, crack propagate from an imperfection near the point of maximum tension and the glass shatters

Double Glazed GlassInsulated glazing more commonly known as double glazing is double or triple glass win-dow panes separated by a vacuum or oth-er gas filled space to reduce heat transfer across a part of the building envelope.

Insulated glass units are manufactured with glass in range of thickness from 3 mm to 10 mm (1/8” to 3/8”) or more in special applica-tions. Laminated or tempered glass may also be used as part of the construction. Most units are manufactured with the same thick-ness of glass used on both panes but special applications such as acoustic attenuation or security may require wide ranges of thick-nesses to be incorporated in the same unit.

Advantages• Heat loss through single glazing will be at

least halved with double glazed units • Draughts through windows caused by

sinking cooled air will be less with double glazed unit

• Rooms will be warmer with double glazed unit

• Outside noise can be reduced with double glazed unit

• Increase the saleability of the property with double glazed unit

Disadvantages• Can’t be repaired : The space between

the two panes of glass traps air , forming a layer of insulation . If the seal isn’t air-tight , condensation will appear between the panes .Once sealed , the panes can’t be pulled apart and repaired. The window will have to be replaced

• Trap heat : During the winter months , the heat trapping benefit is an advantage , but during the summer months , trapping heat inside can lead to a stuffy and uncomfort-able room .Many homeowners tint the windows to block the heat , but this added feature will costs extra

• Not a good match for older homes : Double glazed windows are modern look-ing , so they can clash with older styles . And if a homeowner decides not to re-place every windows with double glazed windows , the overall appearance of the home will look mismatched .

Types Of GlassLaminated GlassLaminated glass is made by sandwiching a transparent polyvinyl butyral interlayer between sheets of glass and bonding the three layers together under heat and pres-sure and is not as strong as annealed glass of the same thickness.

Fire-Rated GlassFire-rated glass in fire-doors, fire-windows and fire-resis-tance rated walls must maintain its integrity as a barrier to the passage of smoke and flames even after it has been exposed for a period of time. Some tempered or laminated glass products can achieve test ratings of up to 20 minutes of fire-resistance.