SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR IN QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

BUILDING SERVICES 2 (BLD 60503)

Lecturer: Dr. Kam Kenn Jhun

Case Study: One City Sky Park, USJ 25

Calvin Chin Wei Long: 0326086

Claire Celine Dorothee Lasne: 0325486

Haji Muhammad Syafiq Bin Haji Abdul Zariful: 0314702

Hazim Bin Abdul Aziz: 0315773

Yap Hong Wai: 0325228

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Table of Contents

Content Page

1.0 Introduction 32.0 Purpose of The Building as A Case Study

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3.0 Air Conditioning system 5-144.0 Vertical Transportation 15-365.0 Fire Protection System 37 -

486.0 Electrical Supply Systems 49-517.0 Conclusion 52

8.0 Reference 52-55

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1.0 Introduction

Figure 1: One City Logo

One city, also commonly known as One City Sky Park, is a multipurpose building development, occupying approximately 311608 square meters of freehold land. The development comprises of shop-offices, Grade A office suites, retail lots, serviced apartments, corporate offices, shopping malls and hotels. It was estimated that the gross development value (GDV) of the entire project is at RM5 billion. This integrated mixed development by One City Properties Sdn. Bhd., can be located at Jalan USJ 25/1, 47650, Subang Jaya, Selangor and it can be easily accessed through highways such as, ELITE, LDP.

Photograph 1: One City Sky Park

One of the main attractions of this green building is the up-to-date appearance, like the see-through elevators, column free Sky Walk etc. With just 12 floors, it consists of 222 office suites on the upper floors and 250 retail shop lots on the lower floors, where most of the shop lots are restaurants and cafes.

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Photograph 2: Site Plan

2.0 Purpose of The Building as A Case Study

Our search for buildings and complexes ended up in this development as we find that the buildings are very modern and beautiful as well as it seems to have green building features. The moment we saw the building, we foresee that it should be having good and up to date building services. Upon entering the building, we were happy to note that the buildings were well equipped as expected. Additionally, the location of the building is easily accessible by all of us in the group as it is also quite near to our University.

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3.0 Air Condition System3.1 Water Chiller System (Centralized System)

Figure 2: Water Chiller System

According to the mall that we had visited; Sky Park @One City, the air-conditioning system which they had applied in the building is water chiller system (Centralized system). Centralized system is also known as the heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system which only suitable for large building, especially commercial buildings like Shopping malls (Sky park @One City) and it consists of chiller room and cooling tower to operate.

Besides that, this system is excellently high technologized for indoor as well as vehicular environment comfort. However, this system not just only providing cool air to remove the thermal energy from a low temperature region and transfers heat to a high temperature region through a medium to cool the room, but at the same time, it also helps maintain and balance the air quality and quantity same goes to remove the unpleasant smell, excessive moisture, bacteria and heat as well. Other than that, this system usually has air conditioner monitors to control the air temperature or maybe the automatic system such as the thermostat. The benefits to use this water chiller system in this building; it is because it can dehumidify the excessive moisture of the room, even the edge of the corner but still it’s very efficient.

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3.2Water Chiller System with cooling tower

Figure 3: Refrigeration Cycle3.3 Refrigeration Cycle and Components

The major components in an air-conditioner are the compressor, condenser, expansion valve and evaporator. Those components are located inside the chiller room to process the refrigeration cycle. The compressor is a motorized equipment that circulates the coolants through the system. However, for the condenser, it is a part of the system that pressurizes refrigerant to cool it by changing it from a vapor to a liquid as well as expansion valve is to control the pressure for the refrigerant. Last is the evaporator which is a system of coils that, when it's filled with cold refrigerant then cools the air around it as well as convert the low pressure liquid refrigerant into low pressure vapor refrigerant.

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3.4 AHU RoomThe Air Handling Unit (AHU) room is a plant room which is an integrated

piece of equipment consisting of fans, heating and cooling coils, air-control dampers, filters and silencers. But sadly we couldn’t have a photo of it due to the management office for this mall is not allowing us to visit it, but still we do manage to ask some information about the AHU room as well as HVAC system of this building.

Based on the info that was shared by the management office as well as our researches, the purpose of this AHU room or equipment is to circulate and condition the air by collecting and mixing the outdoor air with that returning from the building space. And then the air mixture will be cooled or heated, after which it is discharged into the building space through a duct system.

By the way, the chilled water from the cooling coil are taken from the cooling tower, which is supplied and returned with the specific pipes in the building. However, the air handler is normally associated with the heating/cooling (HVAC) systems in commercial buildings. The AHU room, usually will be mounted on the top of the roof or in large mechanical rooms located in the building. Not only that, it often has an economic or inlet damper inside the AHU room which can allow for a small amount of outside air or make-up air to be pulled in through the air handler. Lastly, the fresh air will be conducted to each single floor level as well as balancing the quantity and quality of the air inside it.

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3.5 DiffuserInside this building (Sky park @ One City), there are 2 types of diffusers which is:

Multi-direction (The blade is individually adjustable which is provided for the positive directional control of air discharge, so that it can ensure the air distribution is effective.)

Linear diffuser(It is made up from air control blades which is inserted within the slot of diffuser to control the direction of the air discharge which can be adapted to the room conditions, however, it is suitable with high cooling load/ air velocity to the rooms.)

Photograph 3: Multi-direction diffuser Photograph 4: Linear diffuser

Photograph 4: Multi-direction diffuser (Centralized system)

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3.6 Problems and Solutions3.6.1Problems of Existing Air-Conditioning SystemAccording to this Sky park @ One City Mall, we do discover some of the problems within it. However, there are two main designs which we had to be consider about it like the active design and passive design of the building. Active design strategies are usually used to obtain energy to keep the building in the comfortable condition and the strategies which include forced-air HVAC systems, heat pumps, radiant panels or chilled beams, and electric lights. Other than that, the passive design strategies are used for ambient energy sources electricity or natural gas, which is included the strategies of day lighting, natural ventilation, and solar energy. Active Design IssuesHeat LossThe air inside the building is usually providing the cooler air and then it will have mixed with room air in a proportion, then it will be balancing to arrive at the desired temperature. But because there is any leakage occurs in the ductwork which is based on the diagrams below, therefore it will cause 20 - 45% of cold air losing which is supposing transfer to the room then the room will become warmer or hot.

Photograph 5,6,7: Air leakage of ductwork & unfixed ductwork

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Static Pressure loss or “Head Loss”The static pressure loss, or also known as “Head Loss” usually will occur when the fluid is dragged against the walls of the pipe itself. The major head loss usually will have caused by the fluid going around the corners. However, if it is through the valves and joints of ductwork and it is called as the minor head loss.

Zones & Air Distribution EquipmentThe floor layout of the mechanical air distribution in the Sky park @ One City Mall is not constructed well. Because the location of the mechanical air distribution which is installed are mostly neglected the human comfort. The places which, had I mentioned are in the concourse area, lift waiting area as well as the corridor. However, the mainly concerns of the concourse area are the heat gaining from roof glazing.

Cleanliness of EquipmentThe mechanical air distribution in the Sky park @ One City Mall is obviously dirty which I can see, for example the photo stated at below. Due to the dirtiness of the diffuser and it will also influence the unhealthy air quality which can easy causes the occupants get ill.

Photograph 8: Dirty Diffuser

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Passive Design IssuesGlazingThe roof glazing of the Sky park @ One City Mall is constructed at the ceiling in the concourse area which allows transmission of solar radiation into the building. Because of this, it will cause an increase to the indoor air temperature as well as when the sunlight and heat are penetrating into the building.

Photograph 9: The roof glazing (At the top floor of building)

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3.6.2 Solutions and Recommendations for Existing Air-Conditioning System: Active Design IssuesHeat Loss

The supply ducts must be insulated and well-sealed. The leakage of ductwork can be easily detected by using the duct leakage

tester. The economizer can apply to preventing the heat loss. (It is a unit that

switch between using outside air, and recycled inside air to improve indoor air quality by providing more fresh air, however it only requires less electric energy.)

Photograph 10: Duct Leakage Tester

Figure 4: Economizer

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Static Pressure Loss or “Head Loss”To reduce the major head loss by: -

Making the ducts smoother so that it can reduce surface friction of it. Reducing the length of the ductwork. Increasing the sizes of the ductwork. Reducing the air velocity in the ductwork.

To reduce the minor head loss by: - To create a layout which is fewer bends, fewer valves, larger radii of

bends, and fittings or other interruptions to air flow in the air ductwork.

Zones & Air Distribution EquipmentTo improve the air distribution to achieve the desired and comfort of temperature, then the layout of mechanical air distribution must be reconstructed or planned wisely because it is known as the important components for the building. For keeping the occupants to feel comfortable, we need to understand where and when that we need to cool and setting up an appropriate zoning strategy same goes into the HVAC system.The zoning will occur by providing different cooling rate needs in different area of the building. For example, at the concourse area which has a lot of occupants and roof glazing top need to be considered and design with a better distribution system so that the building can maintain the desired temperature which can let others feels comfortable in this building.

Figure 5: Good strategy of zoning and air distribution system

Cleanliness of Equipment Hire and request the cleaner to clean up the equipment, for example

diffuser and others every twice a month, so that the air quality in the building is concerned.

Regular maintaining or checking equipment with the specific technical, so that the equipment will remain in better condition and function.

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Passive Design IssuesThe double glazed glass (Low- E glass) can be substituted by the current glass which is used as the roof of the concourse area. The Low- E glass can offer an environment friendly and it can also block away at least 80% of heat from sunlight to penetrate it but only light can enter into the building. Therefore, it can provide the building sufficient light and the desired temperature of the building. Besides that, it also can maintain the aesthetic value too.

Figure 6: Low E Glass

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4.0 Vertical Transportation System

Photograph 11: Vertical Transportation

One City Sky Park Mall consists of 15 floors (including basement floors) comprising 222 office suites on the upper floors and 250 retail shop lots on the lower floors, where most of the shop lots are restaurants and cafes, the majority of the areas in the building is for commercial purposes and is considered a commercial type of building. In a building where a big number of people generally come over daily, it is a must to have efficient transportation system for them for convenience.

Vertical transportation systems in a building refer to a system that can carry passengers or freight from one level to another. In this module we learnt two main types of vertical transportation, which are escalators and elevators. Both of these two systems serve the same purpose but in a

different way on how they transport the passengers or freight and in each of them comes a variety different types and designs nowadays as they seek further improvements aesthetic-wise and efficient-wise since the two systems were invented. For example, as mentioned before in the introduction, one of the main attractions of this building is the see-through elevator.

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Figure 8

4.1 ESCALATORS

When you go to a mall, department store, or airport, people generally use escalators to get from one floor to another.

Escalator, one of the main types of vertical transportation and can be described as a continuously moving stairway on an endless loop for carrying passengers up or down at high volumes through a limited number of floors.

There're three different types of step width purposes where the limit of the size can either provide: -1) One passenger only2) One passenger and 1 child, side by side3) Two passengers, side by side

It will provide shorter travel time than elevators because elevator cars are limited in size and passengers have to wait longer for the service.These are commonly used in high density areas or where sudden traffic surges are expected at times; most notably, for shopping malls.

The mall consists of 3 different types of escalators with 16 numbers in total: -

Type 1: (Assumed to be) One - way traffic, Single unit arrangementIt is used to link two levels. This arrangement is suitable for buildings with

Figure 9: 1 way traffic

passenger traffic flowing mainly in one direction. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.The assumption is to be explained later on.

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Type 2:Two-way-traffic Crisscross, continuous arrangementThe arrangement allows customers to travel quickly to upper floors

Figure 10: 2 way criss cross

without any waiting time and is used mainly in major department stores, public buildings and public transport buildings where transport times between several levels should be kept to a minimum. Travels in two directions to limit the traveling time between floors. This type is widely used in shopping malls and now being used more and more in government institutes and public places.

Type 3:Two-way-traffic, Continuous arrangement

Figure 11: 2 way continuous It is used mainly in smaller department stores to link three sales leves. It requires more space than the interrupted arrangement.

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4.1.1 Research and Specifications

Type 1:One-way traffic, Single unit arrangement• 0.6m step width (measured by measuring tape) shows that it achieves

the minimum requirements for the length of the step width which is about 0.6m - 1.2m. It also tells you that, with the step width being lesser than 1m, it allows only for one person to stand in each steps.

• Located at one side of the middle of the building with 2 numbers at 1st floor and 3rd floor, nearby Type 2

Photograph 12: site plan

• Interestingly, the 2nd floor doesn’t have an escalator and instead, a staircase. In its place of it being called continuous arrangement, we assumed it to be single unit arrangement which is more reasonable if we look at the layout between 1st and 2nd floor so in this case we can refer to it as 'two-way traffic, single unit arrangement in two different floors (1st & 3rd floor)

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Photograph 13 Photograph 14

Type 2:Two-way-traffic Crisscross, continuous arrangement• 1m step width (measured by measuring tape) shows that, as mentioned

in Type 1, it meets the requirements of the step width which ranges from 0.6m - 1.2m. For the step width to be 1m long makes it available for two persons to stand side by side.

• Located at the center of the building with 6 numbers starting from ground floor to 3rd floor. Photograph 16 shows that 2 escalators are located in each floor.

Photograph 15: Site plan

• This type of escalator allows customers to travel quickly which is the reason why it’s placed in the middle of the building and only until 3rd floor. From the ground floor to 3rd floor, it is where most of the shop lots are located and from that point the floor levels above are for other purposes such as offices which does not really require this type of escalator for them to travel quickly to floors without any waiting time where the elevators provides sufficient transportation.

Photograph 16: 2 way Criss Cross elevators

• With the assumption of this type of escalator with low inclination (assumed to be 30 degrees) the fact that lower inclination provides highest traveling comfort and maximum safety for the user makes it reasonable for Type 2(Criss-cross) to be located where there is high traffic flow.

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Type 3:Two-way-traffic Parallel, Continuous arrangement

• 1m step width (measured by measuring tape) which allow two persons to stand side by side.

• Located at the basement of the building until the ground floor, specifically from B3 Floor to Ground Floor with 8 numbers (two in each floor).

Photograph 18: Site plan

• Compared to Type 2, this type of escalator is shorter with proven tests that we conducted during site visit where it took 17.20s - 17.70s to travel from one floor to another whereas Type 2 took 30.00s to 30.70s. The difference in time it took between them is about 12.80s gap which had us assume that the floor level where Type 3 located is shorter compared to where Type 2 is located.

• This also tells us that the escalators (Type 2 and Type 3) inclination is different between them where Type 3 has a higher angle than Type 2, a higher inclination (assumed to be 35 degrees) means that it provides most efficient solution as it requires less space and can be implemented more cost-effectively.

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Photograph 19: 2-way traffic

Photograph 20: 2 way traffic

4.1.2 Major components in an Escalator

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Infrared motion sensor which indicates which direction that the passenger should go to, and if the passenger goes to the wrong side of the escalator, an alarm will trigger to warn the person from entering, the motion sensor's purpose in this case is only for that and not where you generally see where the other purpose is to put the escalator in motion when the sensor is triggered which is energy efficient. The escalator in this building will be in constant motion.

Photograph 23: BalustradePhotograph 22: Handrail

Photograph 24: Comb plates Photograph 25: Floor plates

Photograph 21: Motion Sensors

4.2 ELEVATORS

Photograph 26: ElevatorsEvery day, hundreds of people go to shopping malls, many using the two main types of vertical transportation, Elevators and Escalators.Elevators are, like Escalators, a type of transportation that gets you to point A from point B. Can be described as a moving platform or cage for carrying passengers or freight from one level to another. Most modern elevators are propelled by electric motors, with the aid of a counterweight, through a system of cables and sheaves (pulleys).

Photograph 27: site planOne City Sky Park mall consists of 20 lifts in total which includes 4 fire-fighter lifts.

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Lift arrangement - 3.67m width in-between. (measured roughly by measuring tape)

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6 traction lifts (Lift Lobby 1),2 fire-fighter lifts

6 traction lifts (Lift Lobby2),4 traction lifts (Office Lift Lobby)

1 fire-fighter lifts

3 traction lifts, 1 fire-fighter lift

Photograph 28: zoomed site plan

Photograph 29: zoomed site plan 2

Photograph 30: zoomed site plan 3

There’re different types of elevators and the two that are mostly well known are: 

1.Traction Lifts - Traction lifts consist of a lift car and a counterweight attached to separate ends of a cable which travels over a large pulley wheel called a Sheave at the top of the lift shaft. The counterweight and the lift are intended to balance each other out which means that only a small amount of power is needed to move the lift car up and down. The major components of an electric lift are, machine room, hoist way and pit, lift car and landing. When the lift car goes up, the counterweight goes down and vice versa. The lift car and counterweight are usually mounted on guides which are like rails that run vertically inside the shaft to ensure they do not stray from their path. It is important that traction elevator ropes and sheaves are checked for wear on a regular basis.

2.Hydraulic Lifts - Hydraulic lifts are powered using a hydraulic ram rather than being suspended. They are generally suitable for low-rise buildings of 2-8 stories. Have a low initial cost and their ongoing maintenance costs are lower compared to the other elevator types. However, hydraulic elevators use more energy than other types of elevators. The environmental risk and high-energy use are two main reasons that hydraulic elevators are not being installed as

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Figure 12: traction lift section

Figure 13: hydraulic lift cross section

In this building we've found two types of elevators which are:

Type 1:Machine Room-Less elevatorCommonly used around this time. Machine room less elevators (usually shortened to as M.R.L. or MRL) are a type of traction elevator which do not require a machine room at the top of the hoist way, instead the traction hoisting machine is installed either on the top side wall of the hoist way or on the bottom of the hoist way. In this case the machine is located at the top side wall of the hoist way. Like normal traction elevators, machine room less elevators use the conventional steel cord ropes used as the hoisting cables. Usually serves up to 20 floors.

Figure 14: traction lift section

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Type 2:Fire-Fighting elevatorIt is a lift that the Fire Service can utilize. It will be solely under their control, that can access all floors and opens into the protected lobby/corridor, it will have a duplicate power supply.

Figure 15Fire, heat, and water can cause lifts to malfunction. This can, and has occurred regardless of fire service control. Fire fighters should expect that if a lift has been subjected to any of these conditions, a possibility exists of malfunction.

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Photograph 31: Fire Fighting Lift

4.2.1 Research and Specifications

Type 1:Machine Room-Less Elevator (MRL)• The lift can support up to 1365kg which can take up about 20 number of

passengers one time.

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Photograph 32: glass elevator

Photograph 33: weightage limit

• During our site visit we can determine that the type of elevators that the building uses is a traction elevator (electric) because the elevator is in a high-rise/mid-rise building, contains sheaves and cables to move it up and down, to sum it up, it contains a counterweight which is what a traction elevator should have 99% of the time.

Through research we have found that there exists a traction elevator without a counterweight which comprises of at least a control unit and other components as the support

• The counterweight is attached to opposite ends of hoist ropes. The hoist ropes pass over the motor that raises and lowers the car. As we went to the top floor we found out that there is no motor room and instead the motor is located on the topside wall of the hoist way and thus the elevator is to be considered as 'Machine Room-Less Elevator' in which we soon figured it out after we met an elevator mechanic.

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Photograph 34: counter weight

• During the research on-site we happen to meet an elevator mechanic (also known as Elevator Installer/Repairer) in which he was on the process of checking or updating the system. Fortunately, we were able to informally request the elevator mechanic to show and talk to us about the elevator system in this building in which he agreed.

One of the first few things that they showed us is the lift controller from the outside of the car that can determine whether the lift functions properly or not. From that they were able to open the landing door without the lift arriving, the lift happens to be below the floor that we were in where we were able to have a close-up look of how the top of

the car looks like, interestingly it contains, on what we thought was a scaffolding and later on we've clarified that it is not what we thought it was. What the elevator mechanic mentioned is that the component is called ‘transom’ (upper), other than that we were able to see the motor since we’re at the top floor and with that we can determine that the building doesn’t have a motor room. In some cases, the motor room is located below the lift shaft rather than above it, in this case, during our research we found out that the lift without a motor room is called MRL(Machine Room-Less) elevator. 

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Motor located at the topside instead of having a motor room

Photograph 35: top of elevator

Photograph 36: elevator motor

He later on mentioned that the possibility of the lift cables from snapping is extremely unlikely as the suspension cables are made of high tensile steel and designed to be ten times stronger than they actually need to be. As long as lifts are inspected regularly, any damage to cables can be identified and remedied. Even if the cable was to snap, there is an over speed governor and buffer at the bottom of the lift shaft which would stop the lift from plummeting

It is also complete with lights and ventilation fans which kept the lift in bright condition and good ventilation. On a side note, it doesn’t have elevator railings, which is questionable because railings are generally required in a lift for the disabled people and for other purposes such as where handrails in elevators were required for people to hold onto incase of elevator slippage or falling. Though it is not a must to install them as it is not under the U.B.B.L requirements.

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Photograph 37: Suspension Ropes &Guide Rails

Photograph 38: Lights & Ventilation fans

• In case of emergency, this lift provided an intercom button which allows the communication between the people inside the lift and the people outside. A bell button is provided that can alert people from the outside that there are people stuck in the lift.

• Other components:

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Lift car Buffer located at the bottom of the hoist way.(The counterweight also has a buffer)

Landing doorssingle speed centre opening.- opening time is faster than closing time in which we assumed where closing time needs to be slower for safety purposes

Photograph 39: Keypads

Photograph 40:

Photograph 41

The lifts that are under the office lift lobby are inaccessible but it is ensured that (based on the elevator mechanic's explanation) it is the same type as the ones in the lift lobby 1 & 2 above ground floor which is a Machine Room-Less Elevator. The only difference is that the lifts in this lobby operates slightly faster than the others in terms of travel time.

• U.B.B.L Clauses:• According to U.B.B.L, Clause 124; for all non-residential buildings

exceeding 4 storeys above or below the main access level at least one lift shall be provided.

• According to U.B.B.L, Clause 152(1), states that 'Every opening in a lift shafts or lift entrance shall open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S.

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Photograph 42

Type 2:Fire-Fighting Elevator

Unfortunately, this type of elevator is inaccessible as the lift is located where only the staff can enter.In general specs:

At least 680kg (9 persons) capacity. (assumption) 800mm width for doors Enables firefighters to use in order to rescue people who may be

trapped on upper floors during an event of fire in a building. The elevators are, like typical normal elevators, used for

passengers/freight but comprise of the fireman's service mode. In every fire-fighting elevator, Two-power supply is needed, normal

and emergency power generator.

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Photograph 43

Photograph 44

4.3 Problems and Solutions

Problem 1

What we have noticed about One City Sky Park Mall throughout the whole site visit process is that there were no hand railings located in the elevator lifts. Despite being a shopping mall with attractive appearances, not having handrails in all the elevators could be a disadvantage for a fair number of people, like the disabled ones, the elderly, the ones on crutches, etc. One of the main reasons to have the elevator hand railing is to avoid one’s self from falling to the floor, which is highly unsafe.It is also aesthetic in value as well as practical. Having said that, handrails in elevators are not a requirement under UBBL.

Photograph 45: Lift with no hand railings inside

Solution 1

As a solution to this problem, we recommend the One City Sky Park shopping mall manager to install hand railings to each escalators to prevent any unnecessary inconvenience from happening and also to make it a more disabled-friendly multipurpose building/shopping mall.

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Problem 2

Another problem noted during our site visit, was that escalator type 1 was not functioning. This situation is very dangerous as the nosing of each step on the escalators are almost very sharp and solid that it is risky to use when it is not functioning. In case of impact, there could be major injuries, most probably fractures on the shin of the victim using the escalator.

Photograph 46: Shopper using broken escalator as stairs

Solution 2

In order to solve this problem and to avoid any potential physical damage to shoppers, the escalator should be closed when not working or functioning. There should also be placed a signage to warn shoppers that the escalator is not functioning or under repair etc.

Problem 3

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Another problem we noticed during the site visit was that the motion sensors on the basement escalators was not functioning the way it is supposed to function. In most other green buildings, motion sensors are used on escalators to preserve energy by switching them off automatically when it is not in use. Instead, the motion sensors on basement escalators were used to only warn users that it is operating on an opposite direction by making alert sounds.

Photograph 47: The motion sensors concerned

Solution 3

To solve this problem and to avoid any unnecessary wastage of electricity, we would like to recommend to the property manager to change the motion sensors to the ones with the same functions as other escalators. This in turn will enhance the features of this so-called green building.

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5.0 Fire Protection SystemFire protection system is a ways that prevent fire to harm the occupants and property. It prevents the fire spread around the whole building, prevent the fire to become a massive fire and minimize or prevent the death of occupants and the destructive of property. There are 3 factors to start the fire. The 3 factors are oxygen, fuel and heat. Without one the factor, the fire will not start. Fire protection system categories into two methods: Active fire protection and passive fire protection method.

5.1 Active Fire Protection MethodActive fire protection method is a method of protecting the building or structure from fire. It can be either automatic or operate manual (Densing,2015). The examples of active fire protection method are fire alarm, sprinkler, hose reel, fire extinguisher and so on.

5.1.1 Fire Extinguisher Fire extinguisher is very important in the fire protection system. It is

used to put off fires to prevent the fire from growing to a full scale fire. It is made of steel and treated to avoid corrosion. The weight of the fire extinguisher is design to be light to enable personnel to hold and use it when fire occurs.

It should be place at a conspicuous location, such as: near the corridor, beside the exit door, stairways and so on. The fire extinguisher should be place within the recessed closets to prevent the obstruction.

Photograph 48: dry powder fire extinguisher use in One City Sky park.

5.1.2 Fire Alarm System

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Fire alarm system is design to warn the occupants that there is fire somewhere within the building or a structure. The fire alarm will initiate when there’s a fire. It allows the firefighting action before the fire is out of control.

Photograph 49: Fire alarm system that locate in the basement parking in the One City Skypark.

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5.1.3 Fire Alarm System – Manual Call Point Manual call point is often the most recognizable component of a fire

alarm system. (Centre, 2011)  It is usually the most visible part of the system and the look of the

call point is iconic and synonymous with fire safety. (Centre, 2011) It should be installed at a height 1.2m above the floor access level

for the personnel to easy access. It should be installed at a conspicuous place, entry of floor landings of staircases and at all exit at the open air. The distance of the installation for every manual call point should be 30m maximum.

Photograph 50: manual call point beside the fire door.

Photograph 51: fragile element that cover the alarm.

Photograph 52: Fire alarm bell.

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5.1.4External Fire Hydrant External fire hydrant should be served at least for every 91.5m from

the nearest point for firefighting engine to access. It consists of a system of pipe-work connected directly to the water supply mains to provide water to each and every hydrant outlets and allow the fire fighter to fight the fire.

The external hydrant locate at One City Sky park is 2-ways external hydrants.

Photograph 53: external fire hydrant located outside the One City Sky park.

Photograph 54: show the fire hose that locate beside the external fire hydrant.

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5.1.5 Breeching Inlet Breeching inlet is a valve that allows the firefighting engine to pump

the water into the pipe and supply the water to landing valve to fight the fire within the building. It should be enclosed into the metal box and marked with the word “Dry/Wet riser inlet”.

It shall be located not more than 18m from the fire appliance access road and not more than 30m from the nearest external fire hydrant. The breeching inlet use in One City Sky park is wet riser breeching inlet.

Photograph 55: shows the breeching inlet for wet riser and sprinkler system.

5.1.6 Hose Reel Hose reel is a fire fighting first aid for occupant to fight the fire

during the early stages of fire. It consist of hose reel pumps, fire storage (hose reel) tank, hose reels, pipe works and valves. It must be located to the place that stays away from the fire, such as: staircase. The coverage of hose is 30m and should be install one hose every 800m2 of floor space.

Photograph 56, 57: hose reels located at the ground floor and

basement parking in the One City Skypark.

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Figure 16: the installation of the hose reel system. The figure taken from (qecpak)

5.1.7 Voice Communication System Voice communication system is a device for large building and high

rise building. The device is for emergency purpose. It is used as a communication device for fire brigades.

Photograph 58: shows the voice communication installed near the

staircase.

5.1.8 Fireman Switch The fireman switch is design to turn off neon-lighting or other

hazardous electrical equipment in case of fire. (Oy, 2012) These fireman switch will mostly place outside the wall and it should be easily spotted by people.

Photograph 59: fireman switch that is placed on the wall of One City Sky park mall.

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5.1.9 Wet Riser System Wet riser system is constantly filled with water, which is different

from the dry riser system. The water supply pressure for pumping the water is 410 kPa at the highest landing valve and gives a flow rate of 2.3 l/s. One City Sky park is using the wet riser system because the height of the building is exceed 30.5m but less than 70.5m.

Photograph 60: show the One City Skypark use the wet riser system.

Photograph 61: landing valve for wet riser system.

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5.1.10 Smoke Detector Smoke detectors initiates when the smoke is run inside the detector

and initiates the alarm to warn the occupant who nearby the area. It should be install every 100m2 and sited not less than 25mm or more than 600mm below ceiling or roof.

Photograph 62: smoke detector that fit in the lift lobby.

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5.1.11 Sprinkler System A system that is used to control, detect and extinguish fires in case

of an emergency. It also warns the occupants that there are nearby fire. It is an automatic fire suppression system which uses a range of designed pipe work fixed inside a building and water as the firefighting agent.

It consists of fire pumps, water storage tanks, control valve sets, sprinkler heads, flow switches, pipework and valves. The sprinkler head is act as a fire detector and the discharge point of water.

Photograph 63: sprinkler system install in One City Skypark.

Photograph 64: sprinkler system inside the basement parking.

Photograph 65: sprinkler system is install at the bottom of escalator.

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5.2 Passive Fire Protection Method

Passive fire protection method is an integral component of structural fire protection in a building. It is design to contain the fire or slow their spread. The purpose of passive fire protection method is to contain the spread of fire by using the resistant wall, fire door and floors to get enough time for the occupants escape the building, and give the fire brigade got sufficient time to fight with fire. (Sutton, 2011)

5.2.1 Fire Escape Route

Fire escape route is a type of emergency exit for the occupants to escape from the building. The travel distance to escape out of the building must be as short as possible. It should be counted from the farthest point of the room to the door to a protected stairway or the building exit.

Photograph 66: escape plan for Level 1 and Level Roof Top.

5.2.2 Firefighter Lift For the building where the topmost occupied floor level is over

18.5m above the fire appliances access level, the emergency lift should be installed in the building. The purpose of emergency lift is to enable the fire fighter to go any floor level in the case of a fire.

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Photograph 67: the fireman lift in the building.

5.2.3 Compartmentation Compartmentation is to subdivide the building by using the fire

resistant wall, compartment wall or compartment floors in the high rise building. For Terrence or semi-detached houses, it acts as a separating wall to separate the building.

It helps the building to contain the fire and slow the spread of fire within the building to prevent fire spread to another building and enable the occupant to escape from the building.

Photograph 68: fire door that install in One City Sky park.

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5.3 Problem of Fire Protection System This is one of the problem in the One City Sky Park. The door for

the wet riser system room are broken. The landing valve are thrown on to the floor and the room is very dirty.

Photograph 69: Wet riser (broken)Solution of Fire Protection System

The solution for this wet riser system room is that the door should be fix it properly, and the landing valve should fix on the wall so that the occupant or fire fighter can use the landing valve when occur in fire.

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Photograph 70

6.0 Electrical SystemsElectricals systems mean all the installation of cabling underground or over ground in a building. The objective is to transmit all the energy from an electrical distribution or any other electricity supply to every electrical apparatus An electric power distribution system is the final step in the processes. The electricity comes from the transmission systems to the individual consumers. The voltage is more important at the station than the customer delivery.

Figure 17: design for electrical distribution

Figure 16 on top explains the design for electrical distribution for a city or a town. Electricity is generated from the generating station or power plant. We can find different kind of generating stations. Some are with thermal power plant, hydropower plant and nuclear power plant. The power goes through a distribution grid that works by dividing the electrical power into networks that supply electrical power to every building.The electricity supply to city sky park mall comes from Tenaga Nasional. This is the largest Electric company in Malaysia and also the largest power company in Southeast Asia. Tenaga Nasional activities are the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity.

Photograph 71: Substation

The first system we found in the mall was the sub-station. It’s a high voltage electric system which is used to convert, transform and control electrical power. It also can be used to transform alternating current to direct current or to the other way.

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Figure 18: TNB

Then, after the sub-station, the current is going to the tranformer. Below, the picture of the transformer room.Inside the transformer room we can find a step-up or step-down transformer. This one is a step-down transformer. It’s used to convert a system’s voltage from one level to another. In the transformater the current is alternating. It varies in both magnitude and direction ans consists of three overlapping currents.

Photograph 72: Transformer RoomWhen the current has been transformed by the transformer, it’s going to travel into the Main Switch Board. The role of a switchboard is to allow the division of the current delivered to the switchboard into smaller currents. There is also a sub-switchboard but it’s mainly for smaller buildings.

Photograph 73: Main Switch BoardWe found several distribution panels. One was found in the basement and the other one at the ground floor.

A panel distributes power to the consuming loads. It’s an assembly of switches and circuit protection devices that serves final distribution point. The distribution panels are enclosed and are sheet steel fabricated

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Photograph 74 : distribution panel

6.1 Problems and Solutions

Problem

We found in the mall several insecurities problems. There are some cables which should be protected by a protection. Everybody can touch it and that’s a danger for the customers.

Photograph 75

SolutionThe solution to this problem is that we recommend them to for example use this kind of equipment shown below to hide all the exposed cables, which could be dangerous to others.

Figure 197.0 Conclusion51

Throughout this whole case study process, we have learned numerous types of building services in our chosen site, One City Sky Park, in USJ 25. All of the building services include ventilation systems, vertical transportation systems, fire protection systems, and lastly, the electrical supply systems. We managed to gain knowledge briefly on each chapters of the course module.

The One City Sky Park mall was a good choice we made, considering it is a green building with modern appearances. Having said that, all of the building services are up-to-date, which in turn leads us to many new systems to discover and do research on.

Despite it being a good choice, there are still some characteristics of the building that does not fulfill the requirements of a good building. For instance, the motion sensors of some escalators are not functioning as to how other green buildings do, which could lead to high electrical wastages. we really do hope that the property management of One City Sky Park mall to make some improvements to enhance the buildings energy efficient characteristics.

Throughout this whole assignment process, we have also learned some teamwork related skills, which includes, brainstorming, decision making on which site to choose, task dividing between each members, cooperating with group members, and etc.

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8.0 References

Centre, S. (2011, August 22). Siting of Manual Call Points. Retrieved from thesafetycentre.co.uk: http://www.thesafetycentre.co.uk/blog/siting_of_manual_call_points.php

Densing, J. (2015, October 26). What is Active Fire Protection? Retrieved from http://www.wisegeek.com/: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-active-fire-protection.htm

Oy, A. (2012). Fireman switch. Retrieved from library.e.abb.com: https://library.e.abb.com/public/d201a5400aa23001c1257a52004a72d9/2CMC341001L0201.pdf

qecpak. (n.d.). Fire Fighting Systems | Fire Protection Systems - Pakistan. Retrieved from qecpak.com: http://qecpak.com/firefightingsystems.html

Sutton, T. (2011, January). Passive Fire Protection. Retrieved from www.firesafe.org.uk: https://www.firesafe.org.uk/about/

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Beck, J. (2013, November 27). Why Broken Escalators Throw Off Our Balance. Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2013/11/why-broken-escalators-throw-off-our-balance/281731/

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Electric Power eTool: Illustrated Glossary: Substations. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary

Escalator Products | Vibrant Elevators Pvt. Ltd. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://vibrantelevators.com/escalator.php

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http://merseyfire.learnprouk.com/LMS/user/courses/465/page_20.html

Liften op maat van de klant - ALE - All Lift Engineering. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.alelift.be/roltrappen.asp?menu=3

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Thread: Are handrails required in elevators. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.thebuildingcodeforum.com/forum/elevators/6974-handrails-required-elevators.html

What are some reasons to close an escalator that isn't working, instead of allowing people to use it as stairs? (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from https://www.quora.com/What-are-some-reasons-to-close-an-escalator-that-isnt-working-instead-of-allowing-people-to-use-it-as-stairs

(n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2015, from http://www.archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/vertical-circulation/elevatortypes.html

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