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Presentation

on

Measurement of Variables

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Presented To:

Mr. Tazanfal Tehseem

Presented By:

Friends Group

MBA 3rd (Evening)

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Group Members

M.Haroon 10607

Faisal Awan 10615Zawar Hussain 10597

M.Haroon 10618

Farman Ali 10609

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Muhammad Haroon

Roll # (10607)MBA 3rd (Eve)

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Objective

Able To know the characteristics and power of scales Able to operationally define concepts.

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Measurement of variables

Variables:

A variable is any thing that can take on differing values.The values can differ at various times for the same object or person or at the same time for

different persons.

Example:

Production of units, absenteeism, motivation.

Measurement of variable is an integral part of research.

Important aspect of research design.

Without measuring, not able to test hypothesis & complex research.

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How variables are measured

Some objects pose no measurement problem

Example: Floor area, length & width of table.

Data representing several demographic characteristics of office can also

obtained by asking simple & straightforward questions.

Example: How long you have been working in this organization?

How long you have been working on this particular assignment?

What is your job title?

What is your marital status?

Any one can check company record to obtain certain type of information, the

absenteeism, the production .

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Easy measurement of physiological phenomena like as blood pressure, pulse

rate, body temperature.

Subjective feelings are not easy to measure like emotions, attitude, feelings.

Objective variable has precise measurement.

Subjective variable is more nebulous & not accurate measurement

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Faisal Shahzad Awan

Roll # M10615

MBA 3rd (Evening)

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Operational Definition: Dimensions and Elements

Operationally defining a concept to render it measurable is done by looking

at the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties denoted by the concept.

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Dimensions and Elements

Dimensions

Driven by work

No mood to relax

Want to be achieving and accomplishing

Engage in challenging jobs

Seek Feedback

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Dimension 1:

Be at work all the time

Reluctant to take time off from work

Persevere even in the face of some setback

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Dimension 2

The degree of unwillingness to relax can be measured by asking person such

question as

How do you think about work while you are away?

What are your hobbies?

How do you spend your time when you are away from the workplace?

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Dimension 3

Individuals with high achievement motivation have no patience withineffective people and are reluctant to work with others.

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Zawar Hussain

Roll # M10597

MBA 3rd (Evening)

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Dimensions 4:

Low Level Challenge

Medium Level Challenge

High Level Challenge

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Dimension 5

Always seeking feedback, positive or negative.

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Muhammad Haroon

Roll # (10618)

MBA 3rd (Eve)

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Scales

Scales:A scale is a tool by which individuals are distinguished as to how they differ from one

another. The scale or tool could be a gross one in the sense that it would only broadly

categorize individuals on certain variables.

There are four basic types of scales:

Nominal

Ordinal Interval

Ratio

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Nominal scale:A nominal scale is one that allows the researcher to assign subjects to certain categories or group.

Example:If we had interviewed 200 people and assigned code number 1 to all male respondent and number 2

to all female respondent, then computer analysis of the data at the end of the survey may show that 98

of the respondents are men and 102 women. This frequency distribution tells us that 49% of the survey

respondents are men and 51% women.

Note:

Other than this marginal information, such scaling tells us nothing more about the two groups. Thus

the nominal scale gives some basic, categorical, gross information.

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Ordinal Scale:An ordinal scale not only categorizes the variables in such a way as to denote

differences among the various categories, it also rank orders the categories in some

meaningful way. And it provided more information than the nominal scale.

Example:

Rank the following five characteristics in a job in term of how important they are for you.

You should rank the most important item as1 the next in importance as 2, and so on, until

you have ranked each of them 1, 2, 3 , 4 and 5.

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Job Characteristics:

The opportunity provided by the job to:

1. Interact with other.

2. Use a number of different skills.

3. Complete a whole task from beginning to end.

4. Serve others.

5. Work independently.

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Interval scale:An interval scale allows us to perform certain arithmetical operations on the data

collected from the respondent. it lets us measure the distance between any two points on the

scale. This helps us to compute the means and stander deviation of the responses on thevariables.

Example:

Employee think that,

it is more important for them to have a variety of skills in their jobs than to complete a task from

beginning to end. It is more important for them to serve people than to work independently on the job.

Interval scale indicate that first preference is same extent, lesser extent, greater extent than

second.

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Example:

It indicate the extent to which you agree with the following statements as they relate to your job.

1 2 3 4 5

Strongly Disagree No agree Agree Strongly

Disagree & Disagree Agree

1. Interact with other. .

2. Use a number of different skills. ..

3. Complete a whole task from beginning to end. 4. Serve others.. .

5. Work independently. ....

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Farman Ali

Roll # 10609MBA 3rd (Eve)

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Ratio scale

Ratio scale are usually used in organizational research.

The ratio scale measure the magnitude of the differences b/w points on the scale but

also taps the proportions in the differences.

The ratio scale overcomes disadvantage of the previous scale.

It is the more powerful, unique and subsumes all the properties of the other three

scales.

The ratio scale has natural origin 0, which is meaningful.

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Example

The weighing balance is good example.

A persons weighing 250 kg is twice as heavy as one who weighs 125 kg. note thatmultiplying and dividing these two numbers(250and150) by any given number willpreserve ratio of 1:2.

Ratio scale used when exact numbers on objective factors are called the following

questions:1. How many other organizations did you work for before this joining system?

2. Please indicate the number of children you have in each of the following categories:

______below 3 years of age.

______between 3 and 6

______12 years and over

1. How many retail outlets do you operate?

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Properties of the four scales_______________________________________________________________________________

Highlights

___________________________ Measure

Unique of Central Measures of Some test ofScale Differences Order Distance Origin Tendency Dispersion Significance

______________________________________________________________________________

Nominal Yes No No No Mode ___ x2

Ordinal Yes Yes No No Median semi-interquartile rank-order

range

Interval Yes Yes Yes No Arithmetic standard deviation t, f

Mean variance, CV

Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes AM, GM SD, v or CV t, f

______________________________________________________________________________

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summary

The issue of scaling also needs to addressed in cross-cultural research. Different

cultures react differently to issue of scaling. For instance, a 5-point or a 7 point may

make no difference in the united states, but could in the responses of subjects in other

countries a7-point scale is more sensitive than a 4-point scale.

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Any Questions ????

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