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Designing AQuestionnaire

Submitted by

Priyanka agarwal

Rajan SharmaRitik Vermani

Ritika Malhotra

Rohit Arora

Rohit Todi

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Topics to be discussed

1. What is Questionnaire? Why it is necessary?

2. Steps for designing questionnaire.

3. Types of questionnaire.

4. Types of questions asked in a questionnaire.

5. Guidelines for writing questions.

6. Initial draft to final version.

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QUESTIONNAIRE

A Q uestionnaire is a research instrument

consisting of a series of questions and other

prompts for the purpose of gathering

information from respondents.

An instrument to

collect answers to the questions

collects factual data

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WHY ??

A well designed questionnaire :

Gives accurate and relevant informationMinimizes potential sources of bias

Time saving

Easy method

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ADVANTAGES

Can reach to large number of people relatively

easily and economically.

Provide quantifiable answers.Relatively easy to analyze.

It is relatively quick to collect information

through questionnairesAnswers are collected in a more standardized

way.

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DISADVANTAGES

Open ended questions generate large amount

of data which is hard to analyze.

Response rates can be poor, people may lack

the motivation to complete or return thequestionnaire

The complexity of designing, producing,

distributing, and analysing the questionnairesmay make them expensive and time

consuming

Reasonable sample size is needed.

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Steps for designing Q uestionnaire

What are you trying to find out?

How are you going to use the information?

Telephone, Postal, Web, Face-to-Face?

Qualitative or Quantitative?

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(Contd..)

Keep it short.

Start with something general.

Place the most important questions in the first

half of the questionnaire.

Test your questionnaire on your colleagues.

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TYPES OF QUESTIONNAIRE

Self-administered questionnaires

On-line Questionnaires Postal or mail Questionnaires

Delivery and collection questionnaires

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Interviewer-administered Q uestionnaire

(Responses are recorded by interviewer)

Telephonic Questionnaires

Structured Interviews

Interviewers physically meet respondents

ask questions face to face.

Contd..

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A QUESTIONNAIRE

IS ONLY AS GOODAS THE QUESTIONS

IT ASKS

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Types of Q uestions Illustrated

1. Pre-coded, single-choice questions

2. Open-ended questions

3. Presence-absence questions4. Rank-ordering questions

5. Likert-type questions

6. Index development

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Pre-Coded, Single-Choice

Pre-coded, single-choice questions askrespondents to indicate which one categoryapplies

Categories should be mutually-exclusive

Example

What year are you in?

Freshman 1Sophomore 2

Junior 3

Senior 4

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ADVANTAGES The respondent is restricted to a finite set of

responses therefore it is manageable.

They are easy and quick to answer

They have response categories that are easy

to code.

DISADVANTAGES

They can introduce bias They do not allow creativity

They require skill to write and frame

questions.

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Open-Ended Q uestions

Excellent way to explore new areas

Use open-ended questions when:

± Too many response categories (year of birth)

±You dont wish to impose categories onrespondents

± Qualitative source of quotations

± Determining appropriate categorization

±You want a change in pace for respondents

Example: what are your favorite TV programmers?

...

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ADVANTAGES

They allow respondents to express their ideas

spontaneously in their own language.

They can add new information.

DISADVANTAGES

Difficult to answer and analyze.Require effort and time.

Respondent should be able to write.

Are more likely to be left blank

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Presence-Absence Q uestions

Presence-absence questions ask respondents

to check off which items in a list do or do not

apply to them

Less commonly used than other types of

questions

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Presence-Absence: Example

Have you ever had contact with a physically handicapped

person in any of these groups? (Circle to indicate yes or

no for each group)

Yes NoCommunity ----------- 1 0

Family ----------------- 1 0

Relatives -------------- 1 0

Elementary school -- 1 0

High school ----------- 1 0

University class ------ 1 0

As a co-worker ------- 1 0

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Rank-Ordering Q uestions

Rank-order questions ask respondents to

indicate an ordering of response items, usually

from most preferred to least preferred

Must be done with great care

Ask for only three most important items

Must make instructions explicit

These types of questions should be avoided or

minimized because they take time.

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Rank-Ordering Q uestions: Example

Rank-order the three most important characteristics you want in the

job you make your lifes work. (Place a 1 beside the most important

one; a 2 beside the second most important one; and a 3 beside the

next most important one.)

High salary.. ____

Security... ____

Continued interest.. ____

Power.. ____Prestige ____

Excitement.. ____

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Likert-Type Q uestions

Likert-type questions ask respondents toindicate how much they agree or disagreewith a statement

Response options originally included: stronglydisagree, disagree, are undecided or neutral,agree, strongly agree

Today often used with numbered responseoptions

Used in the development of indexes

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Likert-Type Q uestions: Example

In the following, circle a number to indicate the extent to

which you agree or disagree with each statement:

I believe capital punishment represents the most effective

deterrent to murder.Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strongly agree

I believe a murderer can be rehabilitated to become a

responsible, functioning member of society.

Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strongly agree

I believe a life sentence is a satisfactory penalty for

murder.

Strongly disagree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Strongly agree

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Guidelines for writing questions

1. Keep the vocabulary simple

a. Narrative

b. Expositoryc. Documents

Example: how often your students typically involved in the following

activities?

Silent reading in class

Learning new vocabulary systematically(for ex from lists)

Learning to use illustrations(for ex graphs, tables)

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(contd..)2.Keep the question short.

For ex. When affluent from a paper mill can be

drunk and exhaust from factory smokestacks can be

breathed, then human kin will have done a good job

in saving the environment.dont you agree that

what we want is zero toxicity: no effluent?

3.Avoid double barreled questions.

For ex. Are you satisfied with the present system of

handling closed reserve and open reserve readings?

________yes ____________no

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Contd..

4.Avoid hypothetical questions.

For ex. If you were governor what would you do to

stop crime?

5.Dont overtax the respondent memory.

For ex. Do you recall any commercial on that

program?

6.Avoid double negatives.

For ex. Student self-evaluation should not be

allowed

7.Avoid overlapping response categories.

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8.Beware of leading questions?

Example: You wouldnt say that you were in favour

of school on Saturday morning, would you?,

might read in in a more subtle form:

Would you say that you are not in favor of school

on Saturday morning?

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INITIAL DRAFT TO FINAL VERSION

Pattern of questionsFunnel and Inverted funnel sequence

Guidelines for item placement

- non sensitive and demographic questionsshould be placed first

- items of major interest to the research

should be placed next- controversial topics should be placed last

- same topic items should be grouped

together

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Contd..

Covering letter should be there if it is to bemailed or distributed as it includes the objectiveof doing research.

In a mailed or self-administered questionnaire,writing instructions for answering questionsshould be there.

The interviewer should be instructed on theamount of direction to give to the respondent.

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Pre-testing the questionnaire is an essential

step before its completion as it helps

-To reformulate or eliminate ambiguous or

superuous questions

-To provide material to design the answercategories for open questions that need to be

closed.

- To determine whether the questionnaire isbalanced in its structure, and to discover

whether instructions were properly followed

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CODEBOOK

- A codebook should be prepared in order

to enter the data into a computer.

- The codebook is a computer-based

structure le designed to guide data entry.

- It contains a eld for every piece of

information which is to be extracted from the

questionnaire starting from the

identication code which allows each

respondent in the sample to be uniquely

identied.

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