body movements and muscle histology
DESCRIPTION
Lab # 7. Body Movements and Muscle Histology. Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension. Flexion : Movement that decreases the joint angle in hinge joints . Extension : Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position. Hip flexion. Lateral flexion. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Body Movements and Muscle Histology
Lab # 7
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Flexion, Extension and HyperextensionFlexion: Movement that decreases the joint angle in hinge joints Extension: Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position
Hip flexion
Knee flexion
Extension
Flexion Lateral flexion
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Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position. Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is limited to a few joints.
Extension
Flexion
Hyperextension
Hyperextension
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Abduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Adduction: Movement of a body part in the frontal plane back toward the midline
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Elevation: A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
Depression: A movement that lowers a body vertically part in the frontal plane
Protraction: The anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
Retraction: The posterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
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Supination: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward. The forearm is supinated in anatomical position (the radius is parallel to the ulna)
Pronation: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downward. The radius spins on the capitulum of the humerus. The head spins in the radial notch of ulna and the radius crosses stationary ulna like an X
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Tendons: Narrow bands of connective tissue that connect muscles to bone
TENDONS
Aponeuroses: Bands of connective tissue that attach flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones APONEUROSIS
Ligaments: Bands of connective tissue that join bone to bone
LIGAMENT
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Epicraneal aponeuroses ( Galea )
Lumbar aponeuroses
Abdominal aponeuroses
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Muscle Tissue
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MARTINI page 133
1- Skeletal muscle2- Cardiac muscle3- Smooth muscle
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSCLE
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MUSCLE HISTOLOGY(pages 36-39 and 77-80)
Types of muscle:
1- Skeletal
2- Cardiac
3- Smooth
Long,
Short,
Short,
Cylindrical,
Branched,
Spindle,
Striated,
Striated,
Non-striated,
Multinuclear
Single nucleusSingle nucleus
C e l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
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Muscle fiber (cell)
Fascicle
Skeletal Muscle
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
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MUSCLE FIBER (cell)
Capillary
Sarcolemma
Endomysium
Axon
Sarcoplasm
NucleusMitochondria
Myofibrils
They are involved in the repair of damaged muscle
Myosatellite cell
They consist of bundles of myofilaments (thin filaments and thick filaments)
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Motor Unit (page 79)
Motor neuron Axon terminal
Muscle cell or fiber
Neuromuscular junction
Axon of motor neuron
SarcolemmaMyofibril
Myofilaments
Nucleus
It releases the neurotransmitter
It carries the nerve impulse
(They are organized in sarcomeres)
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Thin filament
Terminal cisterna
Sarcolemma
Structure of the Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Sarcoplasm
They conduct the nerve impulse from the sarcolemma to the interior of the cell
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
T tubulesIt stores calcium for muscle contraction
Triad
MitochondriaThey produce the chemical energy (ATP) for muscle contraction
Thick filamentMyofibril
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Neuromuscular Junction and Muscle Cell or Fiber
Superior view
Myofibrils
It carries the nerve impulse
They release the neurotransmitter
Neuromuscular junction
Axon of the motor neuron
Axon terminal
Endomysium
Sarcomeres
Sarcolemma
Nuclei
Sarcoplasm
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They consist of proteins called actinins, which interconnect thin filaments of adjacent sarcomeres
They are the smallest functional units of the muscle fiber
Sarcomere
A band
H band
M line
M line: It consists of proteins that connect the each filament with its neighbors
H band: It is a lighter region on either side of the M line, which contains only thick filaments
Zone of overlap: It is the region where the thin filaments are situated between the thick filaments
Zone of overlap
Zone of overlap
A band: Its length is equal to the length of the thick filaments. It contains both thin and thick filaments
I band (It contains thin filaments but not
thick filaments
Z lineI band
Zone of overlap
H band M line
Actin (thin filaments)
Myosin (thick filaments)
Z line Z lineTitin (elastic protein
that attaches the thick filaments to
the Z discs)
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I band I band
A band
H band
Zone of overlap
Zone of overlap
M lineZ line Z line
When a skeletal muscle fiber contracts:
1- The H bands and I bands get smaller
2- The zone of overlap get larger
3- The Z lines move closer together
4- The width of the A band remain constant
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Z line Z line
Sarcomere
A band
H zone
Zone of overlap
I band
Thin filament M line Thick filament
Sarcomere Structure
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