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Bio 101

Laboratories 11 & 12

Muscle HistologyGross Human Skeletal MuscleCat Muscle Dissection I & II

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What you should do in labs 11 & 12 …

• Today (Lab 11)– Muscle Histology (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)

– Human gross skeletal muscle anatomy

– Begin cat muscle dissection

– Get tested on histology and human skeletal muscle before leaving

• Next Lab (Lab 12)– Finish cat muscle dissection

– Review muscle histology

– Review human gross skeletal muscle anatomy

– Get tested on cat muscles before leaving

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Histology of Muscle Tissue

• Three types of muscle tissue you will need to view under the microscope– Skeletal (slide # 1310)– Cardiac w/intercalated disc (slide # 1790)– Smooth (slide # 1250, 3008 – histological preparation)

See Activity 4 (pp. 83-84) in Marieb’s Lab Manual Muscle Tissue Characteristics

Complete #19 (table), Review Sheet 6, page 88. This will give you a good comparison table to study for the lab exam

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Skeletal Muscle

• Major characteristics– Contractile– Voluntary– Striated– Multinucleated– Unbranched

• Major Functions– Voluntary movement– Heat generation

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Skeletal Muscle

Notice that this tissue is: Striated, multinucleated, non-branched

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Cardiac Muscle

• Major characteristics– Contractile– Involuntary– Striated– Single nucleus– Branched– Intercalated discs

• Major Function– Pump blood

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Cardiac Muscle

Notice that this tissue is: Striated, mononucleated, branched, and has intercalated disks

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Smooth Muscle

• Major characteristics– Contractile– Involuntary– NOT Striated– Single, centrally located nucleus– Unbranched

• Major Function– Controls size/shape of organs– Constricts blood vessels

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Smooth Muscle

Notice that this tissue is: Not striated, mononucleated, and non-branched

Cytology

Histology

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Human Gross Skeletal Anatomy

• Use Figures 15.2 (page 200) and 15.3 (page 201) in Marieb’s Exercise 15 for an overview.

• Look at your Study Guide for a list of the muscles for which you’ll be responsible on the lab exam

• Refer to the Human Muscle Table in your Study Guide for more specifics on the muscles you need to know.

• Look at Exercise 46, Surface Anatomy Roundup, beginning on page 679 in Marieb’s Laboratory Manual to view the superficial anatomy of the human skeletal muscles. (Especially important for clinical practice)

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Human Skeletal Muscle Gross Anatomy

• Muscular system– All skeletal muscles that can be controlled

voluntarily– Approximately 700 skeletal muscles in humans

• Shape or appearance give clues to function– Locomotion and posture; work across joints

• Origin – point of muscle attachment that moves least

• Insertion – point of muscle attachment that moves most

– Support soft tissue; sheets between bony tissue– Guard body entrances/exits; encircle opening

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How Skeletal Muscles Are Named

• Characteristics used to name skeletal muscles– Direction

• Orientation relative to body midline

• Rectus, transverse, oblique

– Size• Relative size of muscle

• Maximus, minimus, longus, brevis, lattissimus, vastus

– Shape• Relative shape of muscle

• Deltoid, trapezius, serratus, rhomboid

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How Skeletal Muscles Are Named

• Characteristics used to name skeletal muscles– Action

• Principle action• Flexor, extensor, abductor, adductor, rotator

– Number of origins• Number of tendons of origin• Biceps (2), triceps (3), quadriceps (4)

– Location• Temporalis, femoris

– Origin and insertion (Origin is always first in name)• Sternocleidomastoid, stylohyoid

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Muscles of the Head

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Notice how the origins and insertions work…

http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/muscularsystem/menu/menu.htmlAlso see the PAL in Mastering A&P for skeletal muscle

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Muscles of the Upper Body

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Muscles of the Upper Body

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Muscles Acting on Femur, Tibia, and Fibula

Figures from: Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

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Muscles that Move the Foot

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Muscles that Move the Foot

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Cat Dissection

• Refer to the Cat Dissection Exercise 1 on page 697 of Marieb’s Laboratory Manual.

• Refer to your Laboratory Guide for a list of the cat muscles you’ll need to identify for the lab exam.

• Note:– Some muscles are superficial and some are deep – It’s best to do superficial dissection on one side of

the cat, and deep dissection on the other

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Gastrocnemius

Sartorius

Xiphihumeralis

Pectoralis major

Pectoantebrachi

alis Pectoralis

minor External oblique

Gracilis

Tibialis anterior

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**

*

**

*

*

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Biceps femoris

Tensor fasciae latae

Gluteal muscles

Lumbodorsal fascia

Acromiotrapezius

Spinodeltoid

Clavodeltoid

Clavotrapezius

Levator scapulae ventralis

Spinotrapezius

Latissimus dorsi

External oblique

Sartorius

SemitendinosusGastrocnemiu

s

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*

**

*

*

**

*

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Acromio-, clavo-, and spinotrapezius = Trapezius

Acromio-, clavo-, and spinodeltoid = Deltoid

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Clavotrapezius

Sternomastoid

Mylohyoid

Digastric muscles

Sternohyoid

ID neck muscles by photograph only

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Pectoralis minor

Pectoantebrachialis

Pectoralis major

Xiphihumeralis

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*

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Rectus abdominis

Xiphihumeralis

Pectoralis major

PectoantebrachialisPectoralis minor

External oblique

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Pectoantebrachialis

Xiphihumeralis

Latissimus dorsi

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Internal oblique

External oblique (cut and reflected)

Rectus abdominis

Transversus abdominis

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Serratus ventralis

Rectus abdominis

Pectoralis major

Pectoantebrachialis

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Lumbodorsal fascia

Latissimus dorsi

Spinotrapezius

Acromiotrapezius

Spinodeltoid

Clavotrapezius

Clavodeltoid

Acromiodeltoid

Levator scapulae ventralis

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*

*

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Latissimus dorsi

ClavotrapeziusAcromiotrapezius

Spinotrapezius

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* *

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Acromio-, clavo-, and spinotrapezius = Trapezius

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Clavodeltoid

Acromiodeltoid

Spinodeltoid

Latissimus dorsi

Spinotrapezius

Acromiotrapezius

Levator scapulae ventralis

Clavotrapezius

Acromio-, clavo-, and spinodeltoid = Deltoid

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Pronator teres

Triceps brachii (medial head)

Biceps brachii

Brachioradialis

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Triceps brachii

Epitrochlearis

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Palmaris longus

Flexor digitorum profundus

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis

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Epitrochlear

is Flexor carpi ulnaris

Pronator

teres Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum profundus

Brachioradialis

Biceps brachii *

*

**

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Extensor carpi ulnarisExtensor digitorum

lateralisExtensor digitorum communis

Triceps brachii (lateral head)Triceps

brachii (long head)

Spinodeltoid

Brachioradialis

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Clavotrapezius

Acromiodeltoid

Clavodeltoid

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Triceps brachii (lateral and long heads)

Clavodeltoid

Brachioradialis

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Gracilis

Sartorius*

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PectineusTensor fasciae

lataeRectus femoris

Fascia lata

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Semimembranosus

Adductor femoris

Adductor longus

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Pectineus

Adductor longus

Adductor femoris

Rectus femoris

Vastus medialis

Semimembranosus

Vastus lateralis

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Flexor digitorum longus

Plantaris

Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

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*

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Gastrocnemius

Tibialis anterior

Flexor digitorum longus

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Biceps femoris Tensor fasciae latae

SemimembranosusSemitendinosus

Caudofemoralis

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

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*

* *

*

*

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Caudofemoralis

Semitendinosus

Gastrocnemius

Biceps femoris

Gluteus maximus

Gluteus medius

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*

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Soleus

Extensor digitorum longus

Fibularis muscles

Gastrocnemius

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For next regular lab…

• For Brain and Cranial Nerves; Sheep brain

– Read Exercises 24 and 25 in Wood’s Lab Manual• (Ex 24) Spinal cord anatomy: pp. 361-366

• (Ex 25) Human Brain anatomy: pp. 377-389

• (Ex 25) Cranial Nerves: pp. 389-394

• (Ex 25) Sheep brain: pp. 395-398