Development and Governance of

the Internet Where we came from and where we are going to?

Challenges and Opportunities

BHN APT SeminarJan 28, 2013

Izumi Aizu

iza@anr.org

2

Suggestions

Think hard!Make your own memoPrepare comments & questionsDon’t hesitate to ask questions or

make comments any time

3D Printer, Laser cutter

“FabLab movement suggests the new direction of the Information Society as a whole”

Prof. Shumpei Kumon

3May 22 2010

4May 22 2010

Telecom or Internet?

TelecomNetwork

Internet Services

InternetTelephony

Fixed Line Services

Mobile/wirelessServices

YouTubeFacebook

Twitter

AmazonBlog

SkypewwwEmail

Four Questions

1.Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?

2.What is your professional goal?

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Telecom or Internet

3. Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?

6May 22 2010

Internet Governance

4. Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?

7May 22 2010

Wahyu Winarto, IndonesiaWhy did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?Because I got scholarship from PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (incumbent telecommunication company in my country) in 1992, then I started to join PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia since 1997.What is your professional goal?I want to be a Professional HR Practitioner, specially in Telecommunication industries.Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?In my opinion, at this time, internet services become very much important because of emergent of digital economy, but digital economy can only has significant contribution to GDP if there are sufficient telecom network.Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?No, I haven't, but in my perception, it's related to how to govern the internet. In Indonesia we have such law. It's Law of Electronic Information & Transaction.

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O.Babakulov, UzbekstanWhy did you get Telecommunications / Communications?Because, I have grown fond of technology. And then, the modern trends in the global market, there is innovation in the field of information and communication technologies, and their effective use in more efficient management and technological processes in enterprises, the creation of new and expansion of existing markets for goods and services in different areas.Telecommunication services are increasingly intertwined with the concept of the Internet and its availability promotes more intensive exchange of information and knowledge between people, leading to a society based on knowledge. Consequently, the development of telecommunications services, including the Internet contributes to higher living standards.Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network orInternet services?Why do you think so?Because the telecommunications and Internet related to many. Internet - without telecommunication networks represent is difficult. I think so.

Aminur Rahman, BangladeshWhy did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?Now is the age of Telecom/ICT. ICT plays the key role in today’s economy. No matter what industry people are in, it’s unlikely that it is untouched by the advent of Telecom/ICT – which is mostly the preserve of techies. Telecom/ ICT jobs can be very rewarding. After all, it’s the hot growth sector of the 21st century. Things are changing constantly. Technology is ever improving. Business models are rushing to keep pace with technological developments, which sometimes can be highly disruptive. If this is the kind of challenge that one enjoys and the kind of environment that he wants to thrive in, then he should consider a career in Telecom/ICT. Moreover, an EEE graduate dreams to innovate and serve in his own field. Considering the described matters I got involved with Telecom/ICT.

What is your professional goal?

My professional goal is to be a resource personal in Telecom/ICT sector. Especially, I want to be a professional in the management/administration of ICT in a broader sense.

Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh, 2

3.  Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?Now a days people talk which is more important, telecom network or internet services? I say both of them are important. As telecom network is obviously necessary for enter into the server to retrieve information, internet services are necessary to make peoples’ life easier using those data communication. Internet services have no meaning if there is no network to use those services. On the contrary, telecom network has no uses if there is no internet services. Now people do not want to talk only, they like to use online services using telecom network and internet services. In some extent, services are more desirable to people rather they bother what network they are using.

4. Have you heard the term "Internet Governance”?If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?Yes, I have heard the term “Internet Governance”. Internet governance is the development and application of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programs that shape the evolution and use of the Internet. This article describes how the Internet was and is currently governed, some of the controversies that occurred along the way, and the ongoing debates about how the Internet should or should not be governed in the future. Internet governance should not be confused with E-Governance which refers to technology driven governance.The definition of Internet governance has been contested by differing groups across political and ideological lines. One of the main debates concerns the authority and participation of certain actors, such as national governments, corporate entities and civil society, to play a role in the Internet's governance. A Working group established after a United Nations-initiated World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) proposed the following definition of Internet governance as part of its June 2005 report:Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.

Aminur Rahman, Bangladesh, 3

Gayan Munasinghe, Sri Lanka1. Electronic and telecommunication was my favorite subject/topic  from my school life to date. Therefore I selected Telecommunication sector as my carrier2. Updating  my knowledge on new telecommunication based technologies to serve the society as possible as I can3. Telecommunication is the most important. It is the infrastructure to deliver the internet services. There is no internet services at all when there is not a Network.4. I have heard little bit about internet governance. It says about the requirement of Common way of communication among all the users in the global intranet.

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Vongketh Phitsarath, LaosWhy did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?I can face many new difference things, new opportunities & challenges, learning of new knowledge of technologies and can communicate with new peoples.What is your professional goal?To make a positive impact in the company though my expertise and ethics. I also look forward to develop myself in leadership areas and can leading my team to new innovations and growthWhich one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?Internet service is more importance. It’s the greatest development in the domain of communication industry while it functions as a valuable resource of information. To communicate with unlimited people in the same time. A wide variety of entertainment including video games, music, movies, chat room, news and others can be accessed through the Internet. Business transactions that entails transmission of data from one corner of the world to another such as e-commerce. To community by discussions, express their views and gather valuable knowledge. Beside that it’s more comfortable such as A variety of services are offered via Internet, for example job searching, online banking, buying movie tickets, hotel reservations and consultation services etc. When you avail these services offline, they become more expensive. Have you heard the term “Internet Governance”? No, never

Anna Marie Fernando, The Philippines

Why did you get involved with Telecom/Communication?I got involved in Telecom/Communication when:a) I worked for the Philippine National Economic Development Agency (the economic think tank government branch of our country) andb) I worked for the Philippine Long Distance Telecommunications Company (the dominant telco player in the Philippines to date). I wanted to get involved in Telecom/Communication because I think it's a economic infrastructure for nation building. As an enabler of a lot of possibilities, I think Telecom/Comms will also provide good learning opportunities for me.What is your professional goal?To have a successful career and find meaning in the work I do.

Anna Marie Fernando, The Phillipines, 2Which one do you think is more important, Telecom network or Internet services? And why do you think so?Both since I think lines between Telecom and Internet is blurring as the ICT sector evolves.Have you heard the term "Internet Governance"? If so, what is your understanding of Internet Governance? What is the problem?Yes, in my reading for the BHN CyberLaw Subject. In my understanding, Internet Governance is about establishing standards and regulations that would promote usage while serving the interest of the consumers.  However, I think there's a huge debate on this one because it's difficult to strike a balance between the 2 (e.g. internet regulation on internet libel vs. right to freedom of speech, etc.)

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In the beginning…Few people believed that ordinary people

will use computers Very few people believed that people will

use computers to communicate In the Telecom world…Internet was

regarded as “dirty”, “not secure”, not suited to serious business

Governments, Telco, ITU, Business, Academia - all main stream people were against the Internet

IntroductionThe user is the center

PC enabled people to control computers

“Counter-culture” from West Coast“Hackers”, Steven Levy” “Tools for Thought”, Howard Rheingold

Linking computers made users more powerful“Virtual Community”, H. Rheingold

Internet empowering people & society

Free communication, action, inter-action“Smart Mobs”, H. Rheingold

ITR at WCIT/ITU, just finished• ITR: International Telecommunications Regulation

an International Treaty, revised since 1988 version• WCIT: World Conference on International Telecommunication, held in Dubai, Dec 2012

New global telecoms treaty agreed in DubaiWorld Conference on International

Telecommunications forges solid new framework for tomorrow’s hyper-connected world

News Release by ITU

Dubai, 14 December, 2012 – After two intensive weeks of negotiations, delegates from around the world have agreed a new global treaty that will help pave the way to a hyper-connected world that will bring the power of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to people everywhere.

Over 2,000 delegates were registered for the conference, which was held by ITU at the request of its 193 Member States to renegotiate the International Telecommunication Regulations (ITRs), the binding global treaty facilitating global interconnection and interoperability of information and communication services, their efficient operation and their widespread public availability.

The treaty sets out general principles for ensuring the free flow of information around the world. New provisions in the text place special emphasis on future efforts to assist developing countries, on promoting accessibility to persons with disabilities, and on asserting all people’s right to freedom of expression over ICT networks.

Other pioneering new provisions include a Resolution to create a single, globally harmonized number for access to emergency services, new text mandating greater transparency in the prices set for mobile roaming, and new provisions to improve the energy efficiency of ICT networks and help combat e-waste.

Tough issues that provoked considerable debate at the conference included network security, unsolicited bulk content such as spam email, the definition of entities providing services under the terms of the treaty, the principle of non-discriminatory access of countries to each other’s networks, and whether or not to include language on freedom of expression in the Preamble text of the treaty.

A true success?Chairman Mohamed Nasser Al Ghanim (UAE) succeeded in breaking a

seeming deadlock on Thursday, after discussions late into the night on Wednesday 12th failed to make headway on the few remaining sticking points. Coming back to the meeting on Thursday evening after a tense start to negotiations earlier that day, Mr Al Ghanim presented a new ‘consolidated package’ containing all agreed compromise texts that had been negotiated painstakingly section by section over the past two weeks at Committee, Ad Hoc Group and informal group level.

ITU Secretary-General Dr Hamadoun Touré called the signing of the treaty this afternoon a “momentous occasion and historic opportunity to bring connectivity to the two thirds of the world’s people who are still offline.”

Speaking to assembled delegates at the closing ceremony this afternoon, he said: “As you look back today on your very intensive, very long days of work, you can hold our heads up high – proud that you have triumphed over adversity and delivered the goods.” He added that he regretted that some countries have so far declined to ratify the treaty, and hoped ITU will  continue to work constructively with those nations going forward.

Or a true failure?WCIT collapses: US, UK, allies refuse to sign treaty

after Africa wins floor vote commsday.com

The International Telecommunications Union and World Conference on International Telecommunications was in crisis as we went to press at 6am AEST, with the United States, the United Kingdom and several of their allies declaring that they would refuse to sign the proposed International Telecommunications Regulations.

The crisis erupted last night when the African bloc attempted to have its preferred form of words over the rights of member states to access telecommunications networks accepted in the treaty. The US and other allies saw the language as an unambiguous attempt to open the ITRs up to governance and content regulation.

Iran took the unprecedented step of calling for a vote, against the oft-stated intentions of the ITU to forge a consensus on the ITRs. The vote was won 77-33 by the African bloc with 6 abstentions.

The US then immediately declared it would not sign the treaty. Ambassador Terry Kramer said “It’s with a heavy heart and a sense of missed opportunities that the US must communicate that it’s not able to sign the agreement in the current form.”

“The Internet has given the world unimaginable economic and social benefit during these past 24 years. All without UN Regulation.”

“We candidly cannot support an ITU Treaty that is inconsistent with the multi-stakeholder model of Internet governance. As the ITU has stated, this conference was never meant to focus on Internet issues. However, today, we’re in a situation where we still have text and resolutions that cover issues on spam and also provisions on Internet governance … the United States continues to believe that Internet policy must be multi-stakeholder driven. Internet policy should not be determined by Member States, but by citizen, communities, and broader society. And such consultation from the private sector and civil society is paramount. This has not happened here.”

UK, Canada, Sweden, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Denmark followed

Then, UK head of delegation Simon Towle backed the US position. “My delegation came to work for revised ITRs. But not at any cost. We’re not able to sign a bad agreement that does nobody any favors and makes nobody happy.”

“We all agreed that content was not intended to be part of the ITRs, but content issues keep coming up. We preferred no text on security but in the interest of compromise we worked towards language we could accept. Unfortunately, the language that we proposed and the various alternatives we proposed were constantly rejected and the compromise that we have before us we could only possibly accept in the context of a treaty that was acceptable in all other respects. On the Internet itself, our position is clear. We do not see the ITRs as the place to address Internet issues. The proper place is multistakeholder fora, the IGF, the ICANN GAC.”

Other countries including Canada, Sweden, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Denmark also said they would not sign the treaty. Poland, Kenya, Costa Rica and New Zealand said they would need to consult their governments. Australia did not declare a position before the plenary was suspended.

The WCIT chair immediately went into damage control, calling for a break and hoping to reconvene the event at 11.30pm Dubai time (6.30am AEST) but all signs were that the event had collapsed.

Posted on: Friday, 14th December 2012 http://www.commsday.com/uncategorized/wcit-collapses-us-uk-allies-refuse-to-sign-treaty-after-africa-wins-floor-vote

Countries voted for ITU ITR

ITR SignatoriesNon-signatories

Member States signed for ITRAFGHANISTAN ALGERIA AZERBAIJAN ANGOLA SAUDI ARABIA ARGENTINA

BAHRAIN BANGLADESH BARBADOS BHUTAN BOTSWANA BRAZIL

BELIZE BENIN BRUNEI DARUSSALAM

BURKINA FASO BURUNDI CAPE VERDE

CAMBODIA CENTRAL AFRICA CHINA COMOROS REPUBLIC OF

CONGO COTE D'IVOIRE

CUBA DJIBOUTI DOMINICA EL SALVADOR EGYPT GABON

GHANA GUATEMALA GUYANA HAITI IRAN INDONESIA

IRAQ JAMAICA JORDAN KAZAKHSTAN KOREA KYRGYZSTAN

KUWAIT LEBANON LESOTHO LIBERIA LIBYA LUCIA

MALAYSIA MALI MAURICE MEXICO MOROCCO MOZAMBIQUE

NAMIBIA NEPAL NIGER NIGERIA OMAN PANAMA

PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY QATAR RUSSIAN

FEDERATION RWANDA SENEGAL

SIERRA LEONE SINGAPORE SOMALIA SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH SUDAN SRI LANKA

SUDAN SWAZILAND TANZANIA THAILAND TOGO TUNISIA

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TURKEY UGANDA UKRAINE UNITED ARAB

EMIRATES URUGUAY

UZBEKISTAN YEMEN VENEZUELA VIET NAM ZIMBABWE

www.itu.int/osg/wcit-12/highlights/signatories.html

States not signed for ITRALBANIA ANDORRA ARMENIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELARUS

BELGIUM COLOMVIA BULGARIA COSTA RICA CANADA CHILE

CROATIA CYPRUSCZECH REPUBLIC

DENMARK ESTONIA FINLAND

FRANCE GAMBIA GEORGIA GERMANY GREECE HUNGARY

INDIA IRELAND ISRAEL ITALY JAPAN KENYA

LATVIA LIECHTENSTEIN LITHUANIA LUXEMBOURG MALAWI MALTA

MARSHALL ISLANDS

MOLDOVA MONGOLIA MONTENEGRO NORWAY NETHERLANDS

NEW ZEALAND PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND PORTUGAL SERBIA

SLOVAKIA SLOVENIA SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLANDUNITED

KINGDOM

UNITED STATESOF AMERICA

Debate onInternet Governance

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It all began withthe World Summit on the Information

Society (WSIS)

Summit: United Nation’s high-level event with Head of States to discuss matters of mutual concerns, mostly global emerging issues

WSIS – proposed by ITU, adopted by GA 1st phase 2003 - in Geneva, 2nd 2005 in Tunis Objective:

Close the digital divide in developing countriesTake advantage of digital economy for further

developmentAddress new issues of information society

“Internet Governance” became the hottest issue

Emerged during prep process in 2002, the hottest of all issues

Developing countries wanted to change the international system around ICANN

“Internet is a global public resource that requires governments to manage”, calling for formal intervention of governments in the management of the Domain Name System, under the UN System by international intergovernmental body

“Replace ICANN with ITU”, “UN to take over ICANN”USA and many Western countries argued for “No regulation” by

governments, let private sector to manage Internet resourcesLong and winding debate continued among

governments as well as business and civil society participants in the preparatory process

04/12/2023 31

What is “Internet Governance”?

1. Governance of Internet infrastructureDomain Name System, IP number allocationStandardization process (IETF vs. ITU etc.)Access – to close digital divide

2. Governance of Social activities over InternetIllegal & harmful content (for minors)Spam, cyber security

3. Governance of Information SocietyE-commerce, digital economyDigital cultureSocial inclusion – no one should be left behind

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Working Definition of Internet Governance:

“Internet governance is the development and application by Governments, the private sector and civil society, in their respective roles, of shared principles, norms, rules, decision-making procedures, and programmes that shape the evolution and use of the Internet.”

from the WGIG Report

Why it became so hot?

Facing new challenges with changing realities From research network to global Public & Economic infrastructure

Uneven framework with USG holds discretionary power Historical legacy became political concern

Inadequate current systems “North” dominates the “South” – less participation in ICANN process

from developing countries – appeal made by G8 DOT Force with no result

From governments to civil societyLack of proper understanding about Internet and ICANN

(history, role and functions)Distrust created by politically motivated actors

ITU to regain control over “telecom” “Politics” inside UN system

Internet empowers the users/individuals/citizens

Politics behind

Anti-US, anti globalizationagainst US dominance in military,

technology & economyDemonstration against WEF, IMF, WTO, G8

Summit…

US invasion to Iraq after 911Competition for world hegemony for digital economy

Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) – 2004-05

Outcome of WSIS negotiation on IG 40 members, from South and North,

governments, civil society and private sector Open and closed meetings

Sep 04, Nov 04, Feb, Apr, Jun & July 05

Online consultationsContributions, questionnaire and forumWebcast and real-time captures

2006 ～Internet Governance

Forum （ IGF ）

A “Product” of WSISMulti-stakeholder set-up

Gov, Biz, Civil Society – on equal footing

MAG （ appointed by SG)5-year mandate, with scheduled

reviewGreece, Brazil, India, Egypt,

Lithuania, Kenya, AzerbaijanIndonesia (2013)

http://www.intgovforum.org//

IGF Improvementafter 5 years

UN GA agreed to continue IGF for another 5 years with improvements

EcoSoc, CSTD - formed WG to make report on IGF Improvement in 2011 (after negotiation)CSTD WG Report finalized in Mar 2012Adopted at CSTD, May 2012

Improve Outcome Shaping, Outreach, Support Developing countries’ participation

No major change in nature and structure of IGFJust adopted at UN GA, Dec 16?

04/12/2023 WSIS - Politics of Internet Management

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Conventional regulatory framework(at ITU)

Governments to regulate; business and technologist participate and form international organization (ITU)

Civil Society/individual users have no role Inter-national, but not Global

GovernmentsInt’l Orgs

Technologist

IndustryCivil Society

04/12/2023 WSIS - Politics of Internet Management

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Internet governance old model ：private sector self management（ IETF, ICANN, W3C, Unicode Consortium)

Self-management led by technologists Engineers, pioneers form “private club” to manage Looks global, but lacks legal and political legitimacy Not scalable, little civil society involvement

Int’lOrgs

Governments

TechnologistsNew industry

Traditionalindustry

Civil Society

Self- management

04/12/2023 40

New Model: Multi-stakeholder governance

Net governance cannot exclude users Not “consumers” or “mass”, but Netizens who have power

All stakeholders to get involved with proper balance Minimize government involvement, support participation from

civil society and developing countries

Government

Civil Society(Netizens)

TechnologistsIndustry

Multi-stakeholder Governance

Int’l Orgs

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My 　 Commitment to Internet Governance

’80s – promoting PC Networking ’90s – promoting the Internet Principle

People to People Communication is the base For the better society User centric perspective

Practice ’96 organized “Netizen Forum” – mailing list discussion, TV live debate Promoting Internet in Asia 　’ 97-2000 　 ARN in Malaysia ’98 – SG for APIA, participated in IFWP

Bring voices from Asia, users and citizens into ICANN formation process （ MAC 、 AtLarge)

’99 – promoted Global Internet Y2K Campaign ’00 – participated in G8 DoT Force representing NPOs from Japan ’03-05 participated in WSIS, from Civil Society ’04 - IGTF WGIG process

Network Security, IPv4 depletion, NGN issues

Development of Internet

History to learn

May 22, '10 43

Early history of Computer NetworkingInternet was not the only game

ARPANET 1969 ARPA, US DoD JC Lickrider

Com 1970s Uppsala U. /Stockholm U. Jacob Palme

Community Memory 1972 Berkrey, US Mark Szpakowski

UUCP 1977 Bell Lab

CBBS 1978 Generated many “hobbyists” Christensen/Suess

UseNet 1979 U. North Carolina/Duke U. Source of “Netizen”

Electronic Information Exchange System (EIES) 1979 Computer Conferencing, NJIT Murray Turoff

The Source 1979 Online Utility

CompuServe 1980 Forum

TCP/IP 1982 CNRI Vint Cerf/ Bob Khan

Confer U Michigan/MTS Bob Parnes

CoSy 1983 U. of Guelph, Canada Alastair Mayer

Fidonet 1983 Linking BBS globally Jenkins?

Well 1985 Whole Earth Review S. Barnd etc

BITNET 1981 City U. of NY / Yale U. I. Fuchs / G. Freeman

World-wide Web 1980-90 CERN Tim Berners-Lee

Mosaic 1993 NCSA Marc Andreesen

May 22, '10 44

Some Pioneers Vannever Bush: “As you may think” Douglas Engelbart: ARC, NLS, Mouse, Word Processor,

Computer Conference J.C.R. Licklider/ Robert Taylor: “Computers for

communications” Vint Cerf/Robert Kahn/Dave Farber/Larry Landwieber/Jun

Murai/Kilnam Chon/Jon Postel/Steve & Dave Clocker/Daniel Karrenburg – Built 1st Internet

Rick Adams- UUNet – 1st Commercial ISP Frank Burns/Lisa Kimball/Jeff Shapard/Joi Ito –

MetaNet/ENA (Electronic Networking Association)

Internet became the main stream1992 “Information Super Highway” Al Gore Presidential campaign

INET92 in Japan

1993 National Information Infrastructure (NII)UN online

1994Global Information Infrastructure (GII)APII/KII, proposed by President Kim of Korea at APEC Mosaic/Netscape, YahooJapanese PM office, US Whitehouse online

1995NSF backbone quietly retired, Commercial Internet to bloomNRI, Iran’s first ISP onlineAmazon.com, eBay, Vatican, Canadian Gov online

1996 “Internet Boom” in Japan, NTT:OCN startedE*Trade IPO

1997 Clinton “E-Commerce” strategy

1998 ICANN est.

May 22, '10 Internet History & Governance 46

“ICT for Development”1991- Networking Training Workshop at INET etc,

1992 Sustainable Development Network Program (SDNP), by UNDP as outcome of Earth Summit

1993 Asia Pacific Networking Group (APNG) (APCIRN ’91)

1995 “GII Summit” by G7, Brussels, EU: “Information Society”

1995 PAN Asia Networking /IDRC SingaporeMongolia, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Sri-Lanka, China…

1996 Information Society and Development, South Africa

1996 Acacia, IDRC

1996 Multimedia Super Corridor (Malaysia)SingaporeONE (Singapore)

1997 APDIP by UNDP

2000 Okinawa Summit, IT Charter, DoT Force

2001 DoT Force Genoa Action Plan

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Global trend around “Information Society”

1993 NII – Clinton/Gore

1994 GII – Gore proposed at ITU Development Conf 　

1995 G8 Information Society SummitJapan – promoted “Advanced Info Society”

1996 MSC/Singapore One 　 spread to Asia

1997-98 IFWP – ICANN Governance became the issue

1999 Y2K, Dot Com boom

2000 G8 Okinawa Summit – “New Economy” recognizedDigital Divide - DoT Force 、“ e-Europe”

2003 WSIS Geneva

2004 WGIG

2005 WSIS Tunis

2006 Internet Governance Forum （ IGF ） started

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My encounter to Internet (1)

1985 Asked Jun Murai to talk about “Academic Network” in a study group meeting

1986 Established Institute for Networking Design, promoting PC Networking

1987 Organized Networking Forum in Tokyo and Oita1988 Jun Murai presented in Networking Forum in Sendai1990 　 Found the strange use of Email

Jeff Shapard of TWICS introduced the Internet at ENA Symposium, but I could not understand it well. He criticized Japanese networkers as living in “Denshi Shimaguni”

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My encounter to Internet (2)1992 　 Contributed an article to Global Networks from MIT Press,

used Mailing List among authorsINET92 in Kobe, NTT rejected Internet, Clinton/Gore won the

campaign, GLOCOM connected to Internet via 192K 接続　 IIJ est.1993 　 Clinton/Gore started, “NII” announced over the Net, NTT

request to explain Internet, IHNS est. MIC connected to Internet, GLOCOM Web started, wrote to Nikkei Keizai Kyoshitsu, INET San Francisco, visited Mike Nelson at White House, GLOCOM faced crisis, NTT shift to Multimedia, gave presentation to Japan Inc, no good understanding 　

1994 Gore announced “GII”, Executives visited White House, IIJ got license, ODN presentation Multi Media Joint Trial (Oita) APNG Beijing Conf, 「進化するネットワーク」 published

1995 　 Kobe Great earthquake, NTT Break-up debate InfoCom Policy SG proposals 　

1996 　 Netizen Forum, Live TV Debate NTT “Brake-up” report GLOCOM Forum, NTT started OCN 2nd visit to White House, Multi-media Asia in Malaysia with MSC

Internet History & Governance 50

How global are we?From Nepal to Cairo to Jerusalem, to Kuala Lumpur...

51

Evangelizing the Internet in Japan

Promoting the PC Networking (Pasokon Tsushin) since 1986

Shift from PC Networking to Internet, 1992Stand-alone to network of networksLocal to Global, Closed to Open, Physical to

LogicalUS – going ahead with “digital” industry

Japan is getting behind – most people did not take this seriously – until 1995

Spoke with “Japan Inc.”Toyota, DDI, NEC, Hitachi, JAL, Ajinomoto, Seibu…

52

1992Jan-Apr - “Global Authoring Network” for the book “Global

Networks” (Linda Harasim ed. MIT Press 1994)Apr? - Prof. Ishida came asked for participation to INET ’92 Jun - 8 members of GLOCOM went to INET ’92 in Kobe

real encounter with the Internet – many from Africa! GLOCOM decided to link Internet – 1/3 of annual budget

Jul – proposed “Internet” to NTT, strongly rejectedNov – Bill Clinton elected as US President

Watched the ballots counted in Cambridge w/ Mitch Kapor NY Times – “Now Japan’s Turn to Play Catch-up”

Nov - GLOCOM linked to Internet with 192k leased line Using is believing, really!

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1998 - 20121998 IFWP Process, ICANN established

1999 Y2K Campaign

2000 G8 Summit in Okinawa

2001 G8 DOT Force

2002 WSIS PrepCom

2003 G8 Summit in Okinawa

2004 G8 DOT Force

2005 WSIS – Tunis

2006 IGF - Athens

2007 IGF - Rio de Janeiro

2008 IGF - Hyderabad, India

2009 IGF - Egypt

2010 IGF - Lithuania

2011 IGF - Nirobi, Kenya

2012 IGF – Baku, Azerbaijan WCIT – Dubai, UAE

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US Government Involvement

97.7 “Global Framework on E-commerce” announced

98.2 Green Paperhearings & coordination – solicited

global inputs98.6 White Paper98.9 Approve “newCo”?98.11 Hand-over beginning

55

ICANN 1997-20121997 – IAHC process1998 – White Paper, Green Paper, ICANN1999 – DNSO, MAC…2000 – Global Election, G8 DoT Force2001 – AtLarge Study, 9/11 2002 – “Reform” 2003 – ICANN 2.0 w/ ALS/RALO/ALAC WSIS I2005 – WSIS II2006 – IGF started2008 – ALAC completed – ICANN 3.0?2009 – AtLarge Summit, New TLD, AoC2010 – IDNccTLD introduction2011-12 – New gTLD introduction

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Lessons LearnedUsing is Believing – still validBe part of history, not outsideValue of human networkingJapan as closed society – hard to breakHistory repeats

How to prevent same mistakes?

Thank youSee you online!

Izumi Aizu<iza@anr.org>