Scientific Watch (La Veille Scientifique)

1. General Description of Scientific Information

1.1.1. Introduction

1.1.2. Flow of Scientific Information

1.1.3. Distribution of Information

1.1.4. Typology of the Source of Scientific Information

1.1.5. Sources of Scientifics

2. Concepts of the Scientific Watch

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Performance of wake-fullness of Scientific Watch

2.3. Prediction of Scientific Watch

2.4. Information and Indicators of the Scientific Watch

3. Description of the Scientific Watch

3.1 Supervision of Environment

a. Search of Information

b. Collection of Information

c. Diffusion of Information

3.2. Exploitation of Information

a. Treatment of collection the Information

b. Analysis and Validation of Treatment

c. Utilization of Validity Information.

Scientific Watch1. General Description of Scientific Information

1.1. Introduction

Information is a strategic matter which has a cost, sometimes high cost and indispensable . ( Dou 95 ). A scientific writing is the production of thinking. The activity of scientific publication is a confrontation perpetual between the peculiar reflex of the actors and the acquired knowledge through the lecture of the eminent works of other actors ( Rost 96 ).The scientific and technique information are the product abundant archive quasi systematic ( bank data, documentations, technic documentation ), signals (based on bibliographic data, based on patent data) and broadcasting ( CDROM, internet, receiver) under electronic formation., By the scientific information, people can know the scientific activity.

1.2. The Flow of Scientific Information

The production acceleration is possible of return by the constantly drop of technique cost as well as through the specialization which more and more push the actors. This tendency, far away of weakness, only confirm in many years. The difficulty will localize and standardize the good information. The Figure 1 shown the growth of Scientific Information.

Number

PRICE 1950

Constant Growth

Diversity of

Support Diversity of

Source Law of

Bradfort

Dispersion

Growth of Budget

Times / Years

Figure 1. Volume Growth of the Scientific Information

1.3 Distribution of Information

Information can be included into 4 (four) group according to Hunt and Zartarian :

a. Type of Text Information (formal) (40%) is structured information generally by

computer.

This information can make subject of various statistical treatment of information

which allow the global analysis to answer the question : Who make What, Where

and When ( Qui fait Quoi, Ou et Quand )

b. Type of Flux information (40%) is an information non structural come from outside

of the institution.

c. Information type expertise (10%), i.e. memory of a firm, knowledge of experts,( their

situation and location).

d. Information type fair and salons (10%)

1.4 Typology of the source of Scientific Information

Formal information: books, catalogues, regulations, standards (norms), brevets, reports,

journal, norms, thesis, market revue, summary of congress, etc.

Informal information : various information stockiest in the individual dissertation of

experts, consultants, and research worker.

Exchange information from the manifestation of seminaries congress, professional

meeting, exposition, fair. (LEV, 2010)

1.5 Sources of Scientific Information

Traditional Publishing :

Journals, encyclopedic, summary of congress, these, reports of research, and pre-

publication

Other source of scientific information, patent, reports of Ambassador Consulate, annual

reports of company / society.

Library

Producer of data bank

CD Room and Internet.

Figure 2. Distribution of Information.

type TEXTEtype Flouetype expertisetype foires et salon

2. Concepts of the Scientific Watch

2.1 Introduction

The scientific watch is the unity of activities, the acquisition analysis and evaluation of

the carried out information at sight of decision and from the choice affected the scientific

effort.

In absence of normalization of the designation, the translation and the definition only

make reflection the nature to change the concept and the practical relative to reflection by

the future of utilization in the decision. This practical concept was not stable yet because

it has met a certain number difficulty and submitted to a shed of question which is not

finished.

The anticipation of the future, it is necessary that it is however not enough for justified

the decision which has to catch at present. The future cannot be participated as the light

of information before and present, the information which is not the question to describe

and enumerated in detailed as the extension of domain of the science and technology and

especially the reason of diversity and number of actor in which the decision have been

supported by the scientific watch. But the watcher not only an activity of information, but

an activity information for decision the mechanism of watch are also important the

contain of information.

2.2 Performance of the Scientific Watch

The scientific watch is a continue activity and in grand itinerary included the process that

described in figure 3 (Process of Scientific Watch) which is composed of several phases.

The characteristic which is distinguished from other intellectual performance

(performance of traditional documents, performance of advice in technology or in

strategic, etc) (AFN 98)

The placement of a system the scientific watch in an organism which is more autonom

and more effective in its important process of supervision for the decision relevant of the

short, middle or long term. Preliminary development of the realization performance

process has to provide requirement of volunteer the direction in value of the project in the

system of watch and the perfect implication of collaboration. This condition constitute

pre-required outline of the good execution of the performance and the working of the

proposed system. The realization of the performance in the system of scientific watch can

be split on 10 (ten) successive phases where certain phases can be concomitant and put

for a validation (Fig. 4)

Figure 4 . Organization System of Scientific Watch

Sensitivity

Taken of Knowledge of the situation

Definition of the Stakes

Translation into the axis of watch

Evaluation of the gaps

Recommendation

Hierarchy of the source

Hold on

Accompaniment

Diagnosis of the organization and the practice Census (list) of the source

Categories of collector information Proposition of tool

2.3 Prediction of Scientific Watch

The scientific prediction is not inexistent, but it remains long time implicitly and has been

realized in the introduced study as the outcome rather than the prediction. But with the

connection between science and technology of the member of domains, the development

of the political will shown the science contributed more strongly and more directly to the

growth (increase) of economy, with the corollary appearance of concept such as the

strategic scientific recherché, the ideas of walk of the technologic prediction should be

spread out systematically and more explicit to the science which has been demonstrated

of many resumption on the latest years.

Three points of the prediction to the specified scientific watch:

a. The objective of the reflection by the future which has to involve the scientific watch

not to solve the enigma insoluble of the future, but the contributed of lightning less

imperfect of the selection which will be influenced the future, necessary for moment

in the fixed situation.

b. This reflection on the future will not be able to reduce of the only exercise or

exceptional, sometimes the form which has taken, but in fundamental as the

permanent spot which the conclusion are provisory and have to deliver on question,

specialize on knowledge of change which is the progress of science.

c. The future of utilization in the scientific watch is not only bordering the scientific

evolution. Even when it was in the watch of environment as much as possible the

capacity of collection and treatment the scientific information as a central role which

is not dilute it is important to provide sufficient interaction with other themes of the

prospective.

2.4 Information and Indicators of the Scientific Watch

The reflection of the future only realized when it is based on the knowledge at

present, the knowledge of trends through observation in the real composition of the

nations in the world and of different institutions, the knowledge of forces and the

weakness of scientific system where it will take bodies of decision which will be

inspired the activity of watch.

As the extent of domain of the science, specifically the diversity of actors of which

decisions have to nourish the watch, it is not obviously question to examine in less

detailed information and the source of information which are the matter of the effort

of watch. It is indeed the totality of the system of scientific information in the large

meaning and the system of information by the scientific effort which has implicated

the subject as shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 . Implication of the Scientific Information

Text of Patents

Press of Scientific

and Technology

Data bank of all

kinds

Scientific and

technical

meetings and

Publication of

document and

reports

Exposition of fair

and salon

Direct exchange

of information

among the

Activity of

scientists

Scientific Information

.

When there is a problem in this respect, it is certainly not by the absent of information, but rather

the accelerate explosive of the volume of in formations which more and more difficult and costly

to extract while is useful and pertinent for every discussion maker. It is the response of that

problem which has created in many countries o the private service whose the function is

precisely to gather the scientific information, but also economic and legal, related to an interest

question specially the responsible of a firm.

The fundamental response of the problem of the reasoning information to the scientific is above

all expertise, which means the scientific or the engineer which is finally of its non job supposed

to collect daily, to analyze and evaluate the unity of those important information in its domain of

competence and to whom it was asked to gather those information of the mechanism of decision.

For instance, it is well known that among the factors while we basically, of the success of the

Japanese enterprise, because of their engineers and scientists must known incorporated in their

work remarkable and systematic afford of information for what is more precisely of this respect,

the mechanism of scientific watch in the level strategic and politic, which will be evoked in the

following section to answer all under the form or under other form by the expertise.

The concern of international dimension of the scientific watch is also of the main reason for

many countries and specifically the north countries, make call systematically to the foreign and

sometimes exclusively for the evaluation of academic research or financial research through the

council in different fields of science and technology. The concern of internalization dimension of

the scientific watch is also of the principal reason for many countries; and in specifically the

Scandinavian country, has systematically made. And sometimes exclusively to call up the

foreign people for evaluation the researcher of university or the financial needed by the advice of

research in different domain of science and technology.

For that reason, and maybe also because of the image view punctually, which pleasure wrongly

or the reason of graduation indicator, the idea has been developed since some years of applied

the bibliometry in general, neither on the different methods which has been and has still imagine

to measure such aspect of the evolution of the science and technology.

People will remind that the bibliometry put down again by the hypotheses that the publication is

the production of the scientific research. And the patent the other hand by the development since

25 years of the data bank in form tic through the publications and the patents.

Many problems can be limited the validity of those applications of the bibliometry :

a. The existence of the quantities do or step number of publications or the patents under the

indicator statistic are not significant.

b. The difficulty was existed on the nomenclature ( key-word, identification of the domain,

etc) which resulted of the difficulty of structured the science and also the technology, as

well as the rapidly evolution of the structures.

c. The considerable difference between countries, between scientific domains and between

industrial sectors in the practical and political of publication and the patents.

d. Pre-dominant of the English publications in the data base through the publications and in

the American data base for the patents.

e. The gap of time between the moment where the scientific needed was carried out the

moment where the publication and the patent which has been indicated. And the result of

analysis.

The reminder of those problem are most really implicate those constitute of the defect teaches

and definitive in the application of bibliometrics on scientific watch. They indicate rather a

direction which has to consequence numbering in the conception of the methods and also in the

civilization the tined results. Specifically it is generally electiveness of recognized that the

bibliometry, to utilized consolation of expects, it has to combine rather substitute.

3. Description of the Scientific Watch

There are too principal for the supervision of the environment and the exploitation of those

provided in formations.

3.1. Supervision of Environment.

a. Research of Information

Research of information is real sometimes on the level of the references. And sometimes, either

by the interrogation of the data base, either by the bereavement of the reviews, the summary les

the secondary reviews, by verse the scientific reviews of the press communication.

Researcher of information is interest with the working of observer, destitute mainly with the

published information, from the specialist of the documentary information.

Table 1 shown under the synthetic form the utilized sources for the researcher of information. It

has to point out that other sources can be utilized more of been after the stage of researcher down

the level of collection.

Sources Investment of the

Researcher

Consecution of

The Researcher

Frequent of

using the source Commutative

Data base Profile of the

Logic equation

Centralized(major

pole network 1)

Very

systematically

Major sources of

inform motion in

front complete

with others many

cases

Second Review Index Decentralized

enough

Frequent

relatives

Equivalent of

data base

Summary of

Review

Section Decentralized Frequent enough

little

Can bring the

rapid little costly

and decentralized

of researcher

information

Primary Review Index, Summary,

Benefit

Fixed, Utilized,

by Net 1 and 2

Enough Frequent All of the result

collected are also

utilized by some

body for are

researcher, the

publication

Patents Review Benefit of by

theme

Centralized

(network 1)

Very frequent Indispensable in

completely of

data base

Review of the

Scientific Watch

Total Lecture Centralized

(network 1)

Very frequent Indispensable on

the level of

responsible

Table 1. Research of Information: the utilized sources (JACO 91)

b. Collection of Information

There is the distinguish diversely categories of collective inside of organization systematically of

the scientific watch :

Consecutive collection has a documentary responsible

The consecutive collection has a research documentary generally carried out by an I.D

(Intelligence Division) specialist it consist of the obtaining of completely text with the

corresponding documentary. Of a certain responses transmit to the expertise, generally

under the forum of resume; in reading these those specialists judge necessary to take the

naissance of the whole certain number of references. By the intense it is more frequently

to need directly of the completely document at the conclusion of the on line research.

The internal documentary of the big company is well known content of mildly consult,

the subscribe of many certain magazine is important and conducted into the formation of

collection which is widely utilized by the services. And the researcher for the collection

of the completely test following to an documentary research.

The periodical collection of the certain data

The periodical collection of the certain data is inevitably to inscribe on the program of

system of the scientific watch system.

Beside the research on the basic and data bank, the supervision close the certain sector is

indispensable. People has to dream particularly to the concern company and bring their

press communicate and their annually report.

The reading and analysis of these are always interested. For the knowledge of results but

also of the doctrine the companies and of the its evolution, it is easily obtain with direct

address to the companies overload by the intermediate of scientific reviews, or by the

interment, through the web.

The catalogues of supplier (apparatus, primary materials, elaborated products), were

equally to take account.

Collection, continently of the Scattered Information

The collection, continuously of the scattered information, collection in continuously of

the scattered information constitute the third category of collection which is, from form

among, the more difficult to define firstly them to organize.

DIFFUSION

COMMANDES

DIFFUSION

It is there who interview (occured) the “other observations”, those who come contribute

their institutional, the services of info commentary information.

NATUREDesDOCUMENTS

SPECIALISTES I.D

(RESEAU 1)

EXPERTS

DU DOMAINE

(RESEAU 2)

REFERENCES

DOCUMENTS

COMPLETS

INFORMATION

ANALYSEE ET

CONDENSEE

RAPPORT POUR

ACTION OU

DECICION

Figure 6. Diffusion of different flux (JACO91)

There are the frame work or agencies mastery which by their function in the company have

brought to have the interesting contact with outside, do they are trade agent, do they receiver,

they meet the remind the customer, the applied manufacturer or directly with the competitors.

They are various specialists: researcher or conception of participant in the congress, commercials

or marketing people and developer meet in the clients. All of these agents of the society

company could obtained the legally of the world of interesting data, expenses but of variable

quality therefore has been controlled.

The “complicity networking” can constitute a structure from where will construct the general

device of the informal information, the clarification the plan of action, which will main take

RECHERCHE CAPTATION

SELECTION

COLLECTE

ANALYSE

apart of the system of documentation information and the it’s associate networking of

professional observatory. The collection of information makes the subject of a specific module.

c. Diffusion of Information

It exists of several forms of concerned diffusion of three families of actor on the strategic

watch or the economic intelligence and various classes of information: from rough secondary

information (references) or primary completed documents, or from the elaborated

information.

Figure 6 present the schematic representation of information. After the operation of research

and the search of references, those have diffused under the form of resume in the immense of

analysts, in general by courier or sometimes by telescopic.

The debit is correspond considerable and necessary adapted organization for fixation of

ideas, for instance, the grand firm of chemist may diffuse that level, more than million

resumes weekly. From the concerned experts, scattered together the countries and also from

outside of the border of the countries and also from outside of the border. This is not surprise

when people say that more than six hundred thousand references from the scientific types and

techniques were published annually in that field (domain).

It has to add also the publications according to the technologic information, economic

technology, regulations and legalities, of environment and the security.

By reading the summary of conducted references, in the network 2, to a certain selection; it is

the result of the order of completed documents, transmit to the network 1, which make the

operation of collection in the previous paragraph.

The order of the completed documents concern with a proportion variable of diffused

references. It can be proposed an average estimation of the order of 10 to 20% at general

rule. For the patents, people closed to the superior boundary marker, for the articles more

close to the inferior boundary marker.

At the conclusion of the collection, a new form of diffusion appeared, those are the

completed documents, the observers of the network 2. It consists of order of one hundred

fifty texts within one week for the case of a company which diffused around thousand

references within one week of its experts. In generally, it realized by post/mail, directly from

the exterior source to the destination if it possible. On the contrary case, people utilize

frequently the “facsimile” between the network 1 and the network 2 for the efficiently times.

The analysis and validation of that concern completed documents and the certain summarize

from the diffusion of the first level. It consists also another fundamental component: the

collected informal information then it diffused by “the other observation”. It has emanated

the report of syntheses, very condense, content of the precise opinion and the proposal of

action: the form as of syntheses – action. Those documents, very confidential and elaborate

which constitute of the tools assist the decision for the responsible of the high level of the

superior hierarchic level.

The diffusion of correspondent very confidential, it has done in the control condition of

discrete. People utilize the preference courier with double envelope. The first envelope is

banal, the second envelope remarks “confidential”.

The informatics diffusion: it can be put in the proposal of the decision maker an informatics

system; an internal database constitutes the finance report resulted by the analysis and the

validation. It is distance interrogative by the central network informatics of the company, in

these case we have to recommend an extreme wisdom for the access model which two works

in series and obligation of frequent change of those case;

The informatics system can be dispersed outside by broadcasting/diffusion regularly for the

local information. We preferred the process for final diffusion because it presents a big

guarantee of confidential. This confidentiality is one of the aspect of the very important

aspect of the operation of diffusion the report for action or decision; that neglect conducted to

the extreme seriously boring. We recommended to develop a plan of broadcast / diffusion

expediters and recipients under form of matrix where every couples of expediters – recipients

will be exanimate, case by case to that determine the model of diffusion holding the diffusion

and the correspondence precaution

3.2. Exploitation of Information

After the collection of information, it has to know all the suitable because if not we will

spend the effort vainly and should have questioning on the method of development the

previous operations.

a. Treatment of the collected information

The treatment which in the concern of the classification or the selection is a preparation

operation in giving the information of a certain added value. When people searcher the

information it is for its utilization and that implication in general various operations of

treatment, that results a central importance, considerable, of those operations which can

cover an automated character, where ever completely, plus or minus or definitely

intellectual, specifically for the scientific and technical information, we can consider that

there will the successively of the placement of treatments, of the analysis statistical and

of the other informatics treatments.

b. The Placement of Treatments:

Those treatments concern of various family of user it can be illustrated through two

successive examples :

1. On the term of its search operation.

In term of it search operation when it has been realized by computer communication

of data bank, the professional of the documentaries realization of frequently

information of the treatment operation :

- By loading television of the references and the resume up respondent, the return

of channel type (by discovery lecturer), the serum, the selected summary.

- The elimination (by the selection of notes follow by un assuming manner of those

are demonstrated not attractive.

- Copy and electronic collection of all together restraint in the document under

software of treatment text.

- Writing of a subject / title for the unity of selection, sub title on the character

more or less thick on the function of the size such and such page

- Addition of documentaries if these are considered necessary or really interesting.

2. Final User

The final user (the experts) realize of the frequent operation of the information which

have transmit by the specialist Of IST or by someone has collected. Taken into

account of the big verities of those treatments, it is difficult to give on exhaustive

panorama.

For example, an important title of the creation of the switch board operator, contain of

a limitation number of field, attached the personal file of the experts. To keep under

the form of paper when the general volume is not exceed in hundred, the pitches are

suitable element of work.

It is opened to consider the creation of the data bank if the number of recording

exceeded widely thousands, that’s why it is advisable recommended to the experts a

standardized format(of maximum twenty fields) which external or internal references

in a society or an organism.

The Statistical Analysis

The important intellectual treatment for the system exploitation of the industrial

information is no doubt the statistical analysis of the patents, as has presented in two examples

which has made the operation in respect research, this treatment is always analyzed by a

specialist of the documentaries information because it necessities a good knowledge of the

documentary technique and the International Classification of the patents (CIB).

Analysis and the validation of the treated information the operation of analysis imply on a

dept steady for drawing the main thing and create the tools of aid the decision or the strategic

action, it will not make by the competent persons in the domain, by a credibility judgment

firstly, then by entrance into other sources to confirm the first one. The experience prove that

validation is not a large conduct to a category judgment, sometimes it can be associated to the

information an estimation of value; it is possible, for example, attribute (assign) of there or four

levels of pertinence by a code 1, 2, 3 or 4. Representative symbolized the example and

respectively certain, probably, doubtful, unspecified.

It appearance of analysis, realization by the experts a form of synthesis-action, capital

document for the prize of decision in economic intelligence.

In the society of important size, this analysis-validation is entrust with the group of

constitute work of the occupant experts of the various function: research worker, conceptor,

producer.

c. Utilization of the valid information

This final stage consist of getting the decision of important strategic for the society /

company:

- The new project of research

- The new program of development

- The transfer of technology; sale or purchase of licensee

- The order or sales of the unit of production

-

- The purchase of the unit of production

It appears That the possible utilizations in strategic watch are two orders:

- Researcher and development and

- Transfer of technology.