battery storage technology improvements and cost ...€¦ · battery storage technology...

Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive

International Renewable Energy Agency Workshop

Dusseldorf, 17.03.2017 Kai-Philipp Kairies, ISEA / RWTH Aachen

International Renewable Energy Agency

Agenda

2

Technology

IWHH#E --

Application

17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies

• Battery performance and cost

o The current and future cost and performance of

battery electricity storage for electric power

• Calculating the cost of service of electricity

storage

• Example calculations

o Load leveling

o Rural electrification

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) �IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

Overview: Storage Technologies

• Mechanical Storage Systems o Pumped Hydro Storage

o Compressed Air Energy Storage

o Flywheels

• Lead-Acid Batteries o Flooded / VRLA

3 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

• High Temperature Batteries o NaNiCI / NaS

• Flow Batteries o Vanadium Flow / ZnBr Hybrid Flow

• Lithium-Ion Batteries o NMC / NCA / LFP / Titanate

~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

Overview: Storage Technologies

• Cost development • Performance development o Energy installation costs [USO/kWh] o Cyclic lifetime

o Power installation costs [USO/kW] o Calendric lifetime

o Round-trip-efficiency

• Electrochemical properties o Self-discharge

o Energy density D .. .

o Power density

o Power dynamics

4 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA


Overview: Power Conversion Units

• Power conversion units can have a • Inverter significant influence on the cost of o Small scale <= 30 kW service, depending on the o Large scale > 30 kW application

• No inverter • Electric machines o For DC applications

o PHS / CAES / Flywheel



Overview: Methodology

6

> 150 literature sources

Tt<:hnology ~ on Ele(:trld!yS~ ________ .. _ _ ,,,..._ .... _..,..

- ··-·-......... ---·--·--

17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer

Background report

(t® IRENA Inferno 0001 ~·/Obie E"lergy Agency

9 Events

IRENA event on 'Battery storage cost and market outlook 2030' 15 - 16 March 2017 Dosseldorf, Gem1any

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

Expert interviews

~ [2]


Cost development of different storage technologies USO/kWh

1.200 ~-----~---------r--------------------

Lead-Acid High-Temp Flow Batt Lithium-Ion 1.000 -+-------+------~-----~---------------I

800 -+-------+-------+-----I

600 -+-------+-------+-----I

400 -+------~-.....-----------i

200 -+--------I

0

• 2016

• 2030

Flooded LA VRLA NaNiCI NaS Vanadium ZnBr Flow NCA NMC/LMO LiFeP04 Titanate

0%

-58% -64% -64% -58% -58% -58%

-100% ~---------------------------------



Potentials of multi-use of electric vehicles

-60 60 .r::.

e ~ I.!) - .._..

~ 55 55 0 cYl (.,? e 0 ........

0 (\,I

M 50 50 C:

0 ('\J Location a: C: a:

Metr ic China Germany California UK LL a: 45 Assumed share of electric cars in 2030 30% 20% 20% 20% 45 ~ a: Q. l-

Average battery capacity of electric cars [kwh] 20 20 20 20 Q.

>, :::;

a. 40 Average charging power [kW] 40 Vl 22 22 22 22 0 a. ....,

:J Average percentage of cars connected to charger at all times 5% 5% 5% 5% -:I 1/)

0 35 Inhabitants (Mio] 35 Q)

1,357 80 39 64 1/) ...., ::l

"O Number of automobiles [Mio] 175 45 29 32 (I) Q) .c Vl ::, 30 30 s::: (l) ro .c V

C: ...., CD ro 25 25 .c: u ....

..,J >, ro ...., .r::. u ...., 20 20 nJ i,..

Q. Q)

~ ro u 0 15 15 (l) a. Cl ro ca

i,.. ...., 0 C: 10 10

...., (l) 1/) ....,

(t) 0 Cl. '..:;

5 5 C: <lJ ....,

0 0 0 Q.

China Germany Cal1forn1a UK

8 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA


Performance: Batteries are already offering excellent lifetimes {cyclic lifetime, 2016)

max. cycles 14.000 -.-------------,------+---------+-------------

Lead-Acid High-Temp 12 .000 -+-------------,------+----t

10 .000 -+------------<------+-----I

8.000 -+------------<------+-----I

6.000 -+------------<------+-----I

4. 000 -+--------------<----

0

Elow Batt Lithium-Ion

Flooded LA VRLA NaNiCI NaS Vanadium ZnBr Flow NCA NMC/LMO LiFeP04 Titanate

• Calendric aging most important factor

• Stationary applications: Storage systems often do not utilize their maximum cycles



Performance: Batteries are already offering excellent lifetimes {calender lifetime, 2030)

Years lifetime 25 ~-----------------------------

10

5

0



Detailed information for 15 storage technologies available

11 /

Pum1

• DevE

Compresse<

• Adiabatic CAE

Improve effici energy

• Only two facili

a Huntdorf (Ge,

Flywheel Electricil

• Very high self-<lischa1

a Used in high frequen, applications

• New concepts

a High density fly-whee

" Superconducting bea

Cycle life

Lead-Acid Batteries !Gel/AGM\ Lead-Acid B,

• Extens ive ope, many stationar

n Requires refilli

• New concepts

u Carbon electrc

- Copper stretcl

Cycle life

Calender life

Round-trip elf1ele1

• Extensive operat many stalionary

a No refilling requ

• New concepts

o Carbon electrod

c Copper stretch ,

Cycle Ide

Calender life

Round-trip effic1en

Lithium-Ion Batter

• Substantial scale effe internat ional transitio, elect ro mobility

• New concepts

c Silicon anode

" 5 V electrolytes

Cycle life

Lithium-Ion Batteries (LFP)

• Comparably low energy density

o Lower effic•---..

" Increased·

• No expensh required

Lithium-Ion Batteries (Titanate)

• Excellent cycle life and high-power performance

o Used in electric busses for fast chargi

o No a Mel ntosh (U~ Calender life

Round-trip efficiency

Self-discharge

Sett-discharge Sett-discharge

Energy installation I

Calender life

Round-trip efficiency

Sett-discharge

Cycle life

calender life

Round-tripeffi

sett-dischargE

Energy instal~

Power lnstalla

0 ~~~r'; Lithium-Ion Batteries (NCA) • New Cycle life

a US< Calender me o Util Round-tnp effic,e - Sett-discharge

Energy installat10n costs

Power installation costs

Energy installa Power installation c

Power installatlor

" " 1&0370171~ --1'031<t171Ke!-"'1 ----------

) ! ~1::::::::~::-::,::":":.,---------...

Energy 1nslallat10n costs

Power installation costs

Cycle I Energy installatK -:;:;:;--~;;:;;~-=~""';:':;""~~-=~:--':!:"'111111••••• .... , » 140,~11 I r,c catenc PowerinstaJlationcosts USO/kW 945,0 781,6 712,7 693,4 -27% ._ _____ ..,"'

Roun~ .., :.:_ro.=.,1,::::t:;~.,tR~I (t~ ... IR~L' Sett-die_~----------.... --.... - -,,--...,---....,-..--'

Highc -Cycle life

Calender

Round-tr!

Self-<lisct

Energy I~

Powerim

• Substantial scale effects due to international transition towards electro mobility

High-Temperature Batteries (ZEBRA)

• -350°C operating temperature n Th.i:>rm:111 m:11n:11n,:.~nt r,:.,,11irM

Energy ,nstaffation costs USO/kWh 21,0 21,0 21,0 21,0

Power installation costs USD/kW 840,0 840,0 840,0 840,0 +0% +0%

High-Temperature Batteries (NaS)

29 1'012011 I Ka~II.M1

- - ,-, Battery Inverters (> 30kW)

• Synergies with PV inverters and traction converters (e-mobility)

• New concepts

o Improved capacitors

c Innovative topologies (e.g. feedforward controls)

I unit I 2016 I 2020 I 2025 I 2030 I delta

Cycle Ille

Calender life years

Round-trip efficiency %

Sett-discharge %per day

Energy installation costs USO/kWh

Power installation costs USO/kW

" 1,0020,,1~ ..... Nll'IM .,_...,,.,,..~EIWll'9'f~'l41tDW

15,0 16,8 19,3 22,3

98,0 98,0 98,0 98,0

105,0 89,5 68,9 53,1

~ IRENA

14 00'8HI N11'!1t!PO ~ ~~ E'*DY>ottt'ftRHAl

17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

' EmfflllfflTlam!I 10k 10k 10k +0% ,0

11,4 13,5 16,0 +60% ,0 72,2

72,2 75,1 78,1 +12% ,2 0,2

15,0 15,0 15,0 +0% 7 268

696 475 324 -64% ,5 1063,8

~ IRENA __ __,....,_~

+0%

16,2 +60%

75,1 78,1 +12%

0,2 0,2 +0%

183 125 -64% 818,2 660,7 -50%

~ IRENA -- ... -·-"-""

21,4 24,3

83,2 85,0

7,0 7,0 7,0

436 326 243

~ IRENA


Main Development Drivers Lead-Acid Batteries {Flooded and VRLA)

• Production automation o Stationary lead-acid batteries are

often produced in semi-automated plants

o Scales and production automation can substantially decrease prices

• Further optimization of the cell design and additives promise to increases performance

• Largest risk: Competition of lithium-ion batteries in traditional lead-acid applications

12 / 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

• Innovative developments o Copper stretch metal

o Carbon added electrodes

o Hybridization (e.g. combining with lithium-ion or flywheels)


Main Development Drivers Lithium-Ion Batteries

• Differentiation between 4 different technologies o NMC/LMO, NCA, LFeP04 and

Titanate

• International transition towards electro mobility leads to substantial scale effects (NCA NMC/LMO) o 70°/o price reduction since 2012

• > 170 GWh / year production capacities projected for 2020 o Tesla Gigafactory /BYD/ CALB / ...

o LG Chem / Foxconn I CATL / ...


• Innovative developments o Mass production

o Utilize silicon in anode

o Durable LMO cathodes

o 5 V electrolytes

o Lithium-Sulphur

o Lithium-Air


Main Development Drivers High-Temperature Batteries {NaS and ZEBRA)

• Sodium Sulfur (NaS) o Potential for very low cost active

materials

o Corrosion needs to be controlled

• "Low temperature" electrolytes (-150 °C) can o Reduce corrosion I Increase lifetime

o Reduce thermal self-discharge

o But low max. power, only stationary applications


• Innovative developments o Larger cell stacks promise cheaper

production costs

o Development of low cost corrosion resistant materials (e.g. coatings, joints, ... )


Main Development Drivers Flow Batteries {Vanadium and ZnBr)

• Flow batteries offer an independent design of storage- and power capacity o Optimal for high E/P ratio

applications

• Production of larger cell packs promises higher outputs at lower costs

• In order to compete, electrolyte and active material costs need to fall below 100 USO/kWh


• Innovative developments o Improved membrane production

o Improve calendric lifetime of electrolyte

o Aqueous electrolytes (saltwater) flow batteries


Agenda

16

Technology

IWHHi!E

--Application


• Battery performance and cost o The current and future cost and performance of


• Calculating the cost of service of electricity storage

• Example calculations o Load leveling


International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

Calculating Cost of Service for ESS

• Definition of ,,Cost of Service"

o Different value of storage depending on application ( energy vs. power)

o Different battery lifetime depending on application

• Applications defined by four parameters

o Power

o E/P ratio

o Cycles per day

o Electricity price

17 17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer International Renewable Energy Agency (!RENA)

Cell prices

Efficiency

Technology

Balance of System

Lifetime

Application


Calculating Cost of Service for ESS

• Definition of ,,Cost of Service"

o Different value of storage depending on application ( energy vs. power)

o Different battery lifetime depending on application

• Applications defined by four parameters

Cell prices

Efficiency

Technology

Balance of System

Lifetime

Application

+ Invest (Energy Storage Unit) + Maintenance (Energy Storage Unit)

18

+ Invest (Power Conversion Unit) + Invest (Other, i.e. planning, land) + Conversion losses + Self-discharge losses

17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer International Renewable Energy Agency (!RENA)

+ Maintenance (Power Conversion Unit) + Running costs (Other, i.e. rent)


Storage Application

• Grid Services o Enhanced Frequency Response

o Frequency Containment Reserve

o Frequency Restoration Reserve

o Energy Shifting

• Behind-the-meter o Solar Self consumption

o Community Storage

o Increased Power Quality

o Peak Shaving

o Time-of-lse

• Off-grid o Nano-grid

o Village Electrification

o Island Grid



Effect of different locations I countries

• Local conditions can have a significant impact on the calculation of Cost of Service o Land costs

o Interest rate

o Grid connection point

o Electricity price

o Maintenance costs

• Temperature I Humidity/ Salt spray

• Costs of labour

• Different storage system design for different parts of the world



Agenda

21

Technology

IWHHi!E

--Application


• Battery performance and cost o The current and future cost and performance of


• Calculating the cost of service of electricity storage

• Example calculations o Load leveling


International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency

Example 1: Peak shifting {,,power applications")

Application

• Industrial peak shaving o 200 kW rated power

o 5 kWh nomical capacity

o O ,6 cycles per day

Storage Technologies

• Li-Ion (LFP)

• Li-Ion (Titanate)

• Redox-Flow (ZbBr)

Results

• Cost of power per year [USO/kW]

22 I 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA


Cost of service: Peak shifting USO/kW

140 ~-----------------------------

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 2016 2020

23 17.03.2017 I Dirk Uwe Sauer International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)

2025

• Flywheel

• Li-Ion (LFP)

• NaS

2030


Example 2: Rural electrification

Application

• Large Scale Energy storage: o 1060 GW rated power

o 9 GWh nomical capacity

o O ,8 cycles per day

Storage Technologies

• Pumped Hydro Storage

• Redox-Flow (Vanadium)

• Lead Acid batteries (Flooded)

Results

• Cost of energy [USO/kWh]

24 I 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) ~ IRENA


Cost of service: Rural electrification US Oct/kWh

120 ~------------------------------

• Zn Br Flow

• Flooded LA

• Li-Ion (NMC) 80

60

40

20

0 2016 2020 2025 2030



Image sources

http://mms.businesswire.com/bwapps/mediaserverNiewMedia?mgid=298837&vid=5

2 http://tohami.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/photo _ 538x353.jpg

3 http ://aemstatic-ww2. azureedge. net/content/dam/HRW N olume-23/lssue6/goldisthal_pumped-storage _power _plant_ Source_ Vattenfall .jpg

4 http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/blob.jpg

5 http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/f1ywheels.jpg

6 http://www.multicell.co.uk/images/products/l-marine-FLAjpg

7 http ://www.windpowerengineering.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Enersys 1-battery-edite _ opt.jpeg

9 http://www.batterysupplies.be/sites/default/files/images/Litium-cells.jpg

10 http ://www. sealedperformance. com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Lithium2-4 70x290 .jpg

11 http://foto.genstr.com/upload/c/c5/cc51 ceac 75d9d1 d65bf9c8204e233638.jpg

12 http ://www. metric mind. com/ac _honda/images/zebra .jpg

13 https ://www. energy-storage. news/images/made/assets/images/editorial/xNas _ batteries _low _res_ 750_500_s.jpg.pagespeed.ic.1Uc5YUX6ik.jpg

14 https ://www. frau n hofer. d el d e/p resse/presse informatio nen/201 3/M aerz/Durc h b ru c h-fuer-neu a rtige-Stroms peicher-Redox-F low/j c r _ content/contentPar/pressarticle/pressArticleParsys/textblockwithpics/imageComponent1 /image .img. large .jpg/1446811046399 _ pi 16-g-redox-flow.jpg

15 http://www.energy-without-carbon.org/sites/default/files/Flow%20battery%20redflow.jpg

16 http ://www.kingislandrenewableenergy.com.au/sites/all/files/kireip/imagecache/lightbox _image/images/hero/hydro_ tasmania _ to _install_ australias _largest_battery _ on_king_island/ecoult_battery _ at_hampton_ wind_farm_ 1 .jpg

17 http ://www. presa. com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07 /solar-panels-hail.jpg

18 http://www.erantiengineering.fi/picts/pilot-wind-turbine.jpg

19 https ://www.homepower.com/sites/default/files/styles/article _gallery_ active/public/articles/ images/165-48e .jpg?itok=LMt8pgq2

20 https://www.google.de/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-power.com.au%2FIMG%2Fjpg%2FIMGP3524a.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ev-power.com.au%2F-p ROJECTS-. html&docid=gTOc20j3FivCOM&tbnid=RI PAmmrBn91 wBM%3A&vet= 1 &w=7 40&h=564&bih=770&biw= 1600&q=off%20grid%20solar% 20storage&ved=OahUKEwiuqqKKmdjSAhXDVRQKHd5fBPgQMwhSKCwwLA&iact=mrc&uact=B#h=564&imgrc=RIPAmmrBn91wBM:&vet=1&w=740

21 http ://industries. ul.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2013/11 /UL _Industries_ E NERGYINDUST RIAL SOL_ Segmentlanding_ Batteries .jpg

Unless otherwise stated, all used pictures are property of the Institute for Power Electronics and Electrical Drives (ISEA) at Aachen University (RWTH Aachen)



Battery storage technology improvements and cost reductions to 2030: A Deep Dive


Dusseldorf, 17.03.2017 Kai-Philipp Kairies


Detailed information on storage technologies


Dusseldorf, 17.03.2017 Kai-Philipp Kairies


Pumped Hydro Electricity Storage {PHES):

• Developed technology o No major improvements expected

• New concepts o Use sea water as lower reservoir

o Utilize mining shafts

I

'unit 2016 2020 2025 2030 delta '

Cycle life 50k 50k 50k 50k + OOfo

Calender life years 60,0 60,0 60,0 60,0 +0%

Round-trip efficiency % 80,0 80,0 80,0 80,0 +0%

Self-discharge % per day 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 +0%

Energy installation costs USO/kWh 21 ,0 21 ,0 21 ,0 21 ,0 +0%

Power installation costs USO/kW 840,0 840,0 840,0 840,0 +0%

29 17.03.2017 I Kai-Philipp Kairies ~ IRENA International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) International Renewable Energy Agency

Compressed Air Electricity Storage {CAES):

• Adiabatic CAES o Improve efficiency by storing thermal

energy

• Only two facilities worldwide o Huntdorf (Germany)

o McIntosh (USA) I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years


Self-discharge % per day




2016

50k

50,0

60,0

0,5

52,5

945,0

2020 2025 2030 delta

50k 50k 50k + OOfo

50,0 50,0 50,0 +0%

64,0 67,0 68,0 +13%

0,5 0,5 0,5 +0%

48,1 45,7 44,2 -16%

781 ,6 712,7 693,4 -27%


Flywheel Electricity Storage

• Very high self-discharge o Used in high frequency / high power

applications

• New concepts o High density fly-wheels

o Superconducting bearings I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016 2020 2025 2030 delta

200k 225k 260k 303k + 51 Ofo

20,0 22,5 26,1 30,3 + 51 %

84,0 85,0 86,0 87,0 +4%

60,0 53,1 45,6 39,2 -35%

3000,0 2655,9 2280,7 1958,5 -35%

300,0 265,6 228,1 195,9 -35%


Lead-Acid Batteries {Flooded)

• Extensive operating experience in many stationary applications o Requires refilling

• New concepts o Carbon electrodes

o Copper stretch metal I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

1500

9,0

82,0

0,3

147

2020 2025 2030 delta

1867 2454 3225 + 115°/o

9,9 11 ,3 12,8 +42%

83,0 84,2 85,5 +4%

0,3 0,3 0,3 +0%

127 99 77 -47%


Lead-Acid Batteries {Gel/AGM)

• Extensive operating experience in many stationary applications o No refilling required

• New concepts o Carbon electrodes

o Copper stretch metal I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

1500

9,0

80,0

0,3

263

2020 2025 2030 delta

1867 2454 3225 + 115°/o

9,9 11 ,3 12,8 +42%

81 ,0 82,2 83,4 +4%

0,3 0,3 0,3 +0%

226 177 138 -47%


Lithium-Ion Batteries {NMC/LMO)


• New concepts o Silicon anode

o 5 V electrolytes I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

2000

12,0

92,0

0,1

420

2020 2025 2030 delta

2406 3031 3819 + 91 Ofo

13,6 15,8 18,4 + 53%

92,5 93,1 93,7 +2%

0,1 0,1 0,1 +0%

339 244 176 -58%


Lithium-Ion Batteries {LFP)

• Comparably low energy density o Lower efficiency

o Increased safety

• No expensive metals (Ni, Co, Al, .. ) required

I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

2500

12,0

86,0

0,1

578

[9]

2020 2025 2030 delta

3008 3789 4774 + 91 Ofo

13,6 15,8 18,4 + 53%

86,5 87,0 87,6 +2%

0,1 0,1 0,1 +0%

466 336 242 -58%


Lithium-Ion Batteries {Titanate)

• Excellent cycle life and high-power performance o Used in electric busses for fast

charging

o Very low energy density compared to other lithium-ion batteries

o High costs due to low scales

I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

10k

15,0

96,0

0,1

1050

2020 2025 2030 delta

12k 15k 19k + 91 Ofo

16,9 19,7 23,0 + 53%

96,5 97,1 97,8 +2%

0,1 0,1 0,1 +0%

880 665 502 -52%


Lithium-Ion Batteries {NCA)


• High energy density o Low material costs per kWh

I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

1000

12,0

92,0

0,2

352

2020 2025 2030 delta

1203 1516 1910 + 91 Ofo

13,6 15,8 18,4 + 53%

92,5 93,1 93,7 +2%

0,2 0,2 0,2 +0%

284 204 147 -58%


High-Temperature Batteries {ZEBRA)

• -350°C operating temperature o Thermal management required

o Thermal self-discharge

• New concepts o Lower operating temperatures

o Corrosion-resistant materials I

'unit 2016 2020 2025 2030 delta '

Cycle life 3000 3377 3914 4538 + 51 Ofo

Calender life years 15,0 16,9 19,6 22,7 + 51 %



Energy installation costs USO/kWh 399 323 234 169 -58%



High-Temperature Batteries {NaS)

• Potential for very low prices o Sodium and sulfur abundantly

available

o High corrosion requires expensive components

I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

5000

17,0

80,0

7,0

525

2020 2025 2030 delta

5614 6489 7500 + 50°/o

18,8 21 ,4 24,3 +43%

81 ,4 83,2 85,0 +6%

7,0 7,0 7,0 +0%

436 326 243 -54%


Redox-Flow Batteries (Vanadium)

• Only one active material (V) o No cross contamination

o Very good cyclic lifetime

• New concepts o Improved membranes

o Calendric lifetime critical I

'unit 2016 2020 2025 2030 delta '

Cycle life 13k 13k 13k 13k + 001o

Calender life years 12,0 13,7 16,2 19,2 +60%



Energy installation costs USO/kWh 347 268 183 125 -64%

Power installation costs USO/kW 1312,5 1063,8 818,2 660,7 -50%


Redox-Flow Batteries (ZnBr)

• Comparably high energy densities o Very high cyclic lifetime

o Zn and Br abundantly available

• Complex BMS required o Dendrite growth requires regular full

discharge I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016

10k

10,0

70,0

15,0

900

2020 2025 2030 delta

10k 10k 10k + OOfo

11 ,4 13,5 16,0 +60%

72,2 75,1 78,1 +12%

15,0 15,0 15,0 +0%

696 475 324 -64%


Battery Inverters (> 30kW)

• Synergies with PV inverters and traction converters ( e-mobility)

• New concepts o Improved capacitors

o Innovative topologies (e.g. feed-forward controls)

I

'unit '

Cycle life

Calender life years






2016 2020 2025 2030 delta

15,0 16,8 19,3 22,3 + 49°/o

98,0 98,0 98,0 98,0 +0%

105,0 89,5 68,9 53,1 -49%


battery storage technology improvements and cost ...€¦ · battery storage technology...

Documents