the american revolution…in a nutshell colonies fight w/french french and indian war (7 yrs. war)...
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The American Revolution…in a nutshell
• Colonies• Fight w/French• French and Indian war (7 yrs. War) (first “world
war”) – France loses territory in India and America
• Colonists not allowed in new territory (upset)• Brits want money to pay for war-taxes-
(colonists upset again)• Fight war- colonists win independence• Articles of Confederation- weak- hard to put
down rebellions• Create Constitution- based on enlightenment
ideas, especially individual rights
Events
• Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette• Robespierre and Guillotine
Results
• After, people give allegiance to nation rather than to religion
• Church lands are taken• Eliminated much of the nobility• Abolished the monarchy• Created a representative democracy
Napoleon
• 1799- Napoleon stages a coup and makes himself Consul, then dictator in 1804
• Conquers most of W. Europe including Spain
• 1813- loses in Russia- exiled to island of Elba
• Escapes• Fights Britain at the battle of
Waterloo• Loses again, exiled to St. Helena
• Napoleon changed many revolutionary reforms• No more democracy• Restored Catholic power• Restricted freedom of speech and rights of
women• Kept rules protecting private property• Instituted “Napoleonic Code”- merit, toleration.
Clarified laws and made them more accessible. Greatly influenced Europe.
“I closed the gulf of anarchy and brought order out of chaos. I rewarded merit regardless of birth or wealth, wherever I found it. I abolished feudalism and restored equality to all regardless of religion and before the law. I fought the decrepit monarchies of the Old Regime because the alternative was the destruction of all this. I purified the Revolution.”
The Congress of Vienna
• After putting down Napoleon, European leaders get together to try and create peace
• Conservative movement- led by Clemens Von Metternich of Austria
• Redrew European boundaries and restored monarchies
Haitian revolution- 1791
Haiti is France’s most valuable colony (sugar)Slaves, led by Toussaint L’Overture, rise up and
rebelU.S.?...irony…Napoleon tries again, slaves defeat French1820- Haiti is a republic- creates a constitution
granting legal equality to all citizens. Who else did that?
Only revolution began, fought, and won by slaves
• Industrial Revolution – Occurred in the mid-1700’s in Great Britain• One of the most important events
in history• Shift from hand tools to complex
machines
The Basics
• Industrial revolution is preceded by an agricultural revolution- land becomes more valuable
• Enclosure acts- privatize land- results in many people being pushed off the land
• Now they need jobs…• At the same time, there is an increased demand for
cotton• New advances are made in textile (cloth)
production (machines)- begins as a textile revolution
• These machines are placed together in factories• Workers move to be near factories resulting in…• Cities
Why Britain?
• Rising population- provided labor and a market
• Water transportation• Social structure- encouraged
cooperation between merchants and elites
• Enclosure movement- back to population
• Rise of science- technology• Coal
General Causes
• Mass production of goods (division of labor)
• Mechanization• Iron manufacturing• Steam engine (canals?)
Results of the Industrial Revolution
• Large cities• Unions• Separate lives of women and men• Women lose domestic (home) jobs as
they are outsourced to factories• Increased demand for cotton and
palm oil• Made it more difficult for married
women to balance jobs and family• Women’s rights (Britain and U.S.)
Results Cont.
• Tenement housing- crowded and unsanitary
• Railroads (most industrial nations)- significant in growth of cities
• Govts. Expand to deal with social questions, reforms, and construction projects such as railroads
Large-scale results
• New methods of fighting wars• Changes in relationships between
countries• Higher overall standard of living
The Second Industrial Revolution
• Advances in steel– Bessemer process improved steel
refining
• Advances in Chemicals– Lead to fertilizers, explosives, soda,
soap, perfumes
• Advances in Electricity– Tesla, Edison– Light bulbs, phonograph, telegraph,
telephone
• By the end of the 19th century, Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas are linked by submarine telegraph cables
1848 Revolution
• Begins in France as a response to economic conditions, but spreads to Austria, Germany, and Italy
• Revolutionaries wanted: – Social reform– An end to serfdom– Independence/ unification– Liberal constitutions
• Revolutions end in failure
Karl Marx and Socialism• No private property (“Communism”)• Saw history as a series of class
struggles• Encouraged a worker’s (proletariat)
revolution against capitalist elites (bourgeoisie)
• Book: “Communist Manifesto”
Industrialization in Russia
• Occurred slowly, but kept a close watch on liberal western ideas
• Abolished serfdom before its industrial rev.
• Serfdom kept Russia an agricultural nation (After it is abolished in 1861, Russia begins to industrialize (steel))
• Trans-Siberian Railroad
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