september 2, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 7 key issue 2 why have...

April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 1

Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 7Key Issue 2

Why Have Ethnicities Been Transformed into

Nationalities?

NationalityThe identity with a group of

people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance to a particular

country. It comes from the Latin word nasci, which means

“to have been born.”

Ethnicity vs. Nationality

People of the same ethnicity share religion, language, and material culture.

In the U.S., nationality is generally kept reasonably distinct from ethnicity and race in common usage.

Ethnicity

Groups identified by distinct ancestry

and cultural traditions.

The Quebecois In Canada French Canadians, or

Quebecois, share language, religion, and other cultural traditions that are distinctly different from the Anglo-Canadians.

The Quebecois form a distinct ethnicity within the Canadian nationality or a second nationality.

Rise of Nationalities Descendants of 19th century

immigrants to the U.S. from Central and Eastern Europe identify themselves by ethnicity rather than by nationality.

U.S. officials recorded the nationality of immigrants, but immigrants considered ethnicity more important.

The U.S. forged a nation out of a

collection of ethnic groups.

To be an American meant believing in the "unalienable rights" of "life, liberty, and the

pursuit of happiness."

Self Determination

The concept that ethnicities have the

right to govern themselves.

During the 19th and 20th centuries,

political leaders have attempted to

organize Earth’s surface into a

collection of nation-states.

Nation-StateA state whose territory

corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been

transformed into a nationality.

The territory of a state rarely corresponds

precisely to the territory occupied by

an ethnicity.

Nation-States in Europe During the 19th century,

ethnicities were transformed into nationalities throughout Europe

Most of Western Europe was made up of nation-states by 1900.

Following World War I, many European boundaries were redrawn according to the principle of nation-states.

During the 1930s, Nazi Germany claimed that all German-speaking parts of Europe constituted one nationality and

should be unified into one state.

Denmark: No Perfect Nation-States

The territory occupied by the Danish ethnicity closely corresponds to the state of Denmark.

The southern boundary with Germany does not divide Danish and German nationalities precisely.

Denmark’s Territories

Denmark controls two territories in the Atlantic Ocean that do not share

Danish cultural characteristics-the Faeroe Islands and

Greenland.

Greenland Denmark controls Greenland, which is the world’s largest island.

Only 13% are considered Danish. In 1979 Greenlanders received more authority to control their own domestic affairs.

One decision was to change all place names in Greenland from Danish to the local Inuit language.

Greenland’s new name is Kalaallit Nunaat.

Nationalism

The loyalty and devotion to a nationality.

Nationalism A nationality must hold the loyalty of its citizens to survive.

Nationalism typically promotes a sense of national consciousness that exalts one nation above all others.

Mass media is the most effective means of fostering nationalism.

Most countries regard an independent source of news as more of a risk than a benefit to the stability of their

government.

States foster nationalism by

promoting symbols of the nation-state, such

as…Flags and

Centripetal Force

An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance

support for a state.The word centripetal

means “directed toward the center.”

Centrifugal Force

Means to spread out from the center.

Multiethnic StatesA state that contains more

than one ethnicity.Belgium is a nation

divided among Dutch-speaking Flemish and

French-speaking Wallons.

Multinational StatesA state that contains more

than one ethnicity with traditions of self-

determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities such as the United Kingdom.

The United Kingdom A multinational state, the

United Kingdom contains four main nationalities; England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Today the four nationalities hold little independent political power, although Scotland and Wales now have separately elected governments.

Multiethnic Problems Ethnicities do not always find

ways to live together peacefully. In some cases, ethnicities compete in civil wars to dominate the national identity.

In other cases, problems result from confusion between ethnic identity and national identity.

Former Soviet Union

The world’s largest multinational state, was an especially prominent

example until its collapse in the early

1990s.

The 15 Republics The republics that once constituted the Soviet Union are now independent countries.

The Soviet Union’s 15 republics were based on the 15 largest ethnicities.

With the breakup, less numerous ethnicities are now divided among more than one state.

15 Independent States

The newly independent states consist of five groups,

3 Baltic, 3 European, 5 Central Asian, 3 Caucasus, andRussia.

Baltic Nation-States Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been independent countries between 1918 and 1940.

Lithuania most closely fits the definition of a nation-state; 81% are ethnic Lithuanians.

These three countries have clear cultural differences and distinct historical traditions.

Baltic Nation-States

European Nation-States To some extent, the republics

of Belarus, Moldova, and Ukraine now qualify as nation-states.

Belarusian and Ukrainians became distinct ethnicities because they were isolated from the main body of Eastern Slavs--the Russians--during the 13th and 14th centuries.

European

Nation-StatesCrimean Peninsula

Crimean Peninsula 2/3rds of the population are

Russians. Crimea voted to become independent of Ukraine.

The Soviet Union's largest fleets were stationed there.

Russia and the Ukraine agreed jointly maintain the naval base and ships at Sevastopol.

The Tartars 166,000 Tatars have migrated to Crimea from Central Asia in recent years.

The Tatars once lived in the Crimea, but the Soviet leadership deported them to Central Asia.

The Tatars prefer to be governed by Ukraine.

Moldova Moldavians are ethnically indistinguishable from Romanians.

In 1992, many Moldavians pushed for reunification with Romania, but it wasn’t simple.

The Soviet government transferred a sliver of land from the east bank of the Dniestria to Moldova.

Inhabitants of east bank of the Dniester River

are Ukrainian and Russian, who oppose

Moldova's reunification with Romania.

Central Asian States The five states in Central Asia carved out of the former Soviet Union display varying degrees of conformance to the principles of nation-state.

Together the five provide an important reminder that multinational states can be more peaceful than nation-states.

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan

77% of Turkmenistan are Turkmen, with ethnic Turkmen are split between Turkmenistan and Russia.

80% of Uzbekistan are Uzbek, with Uzbeks split between Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan.

Kyrgyzstan 52% Kyrgyz, 18% Russian, and 13% Uzbek.

The Kyrgyz-Muslims who speak an Altaic language-resent the Russians for seizing the best farmland.

Kazakhstan Twice as large as the other four Central Asian countries combined.

The country is divided almost evenly between Kazakhs and Russians, a recipe for conflict.

Kazakhstan has been peaceful, in part because it has a somewhat less depressed economy than its neighbors.

Tajikistan 65% Tajik, 25% Uzbek, and only 3% Russian.

Suffers from a civil war among the Tajik people.

The civil war has been between Tajiks who are former Communists and an unusual alliance of Muslim fundamentalists and Western-oriented intellectuals.

Russia Now the Largest Multinational State.

Officially recognizes the existence of 39 nationalities, many of which are eager for independence.

Russia's ethnicities are clustered in two principal locations.

Ethnicities in Russia

Ethnicities are clustered either in the center of Russia or on its borders.

Most were conquered by the Russians in the 16th century.

Independence movements among the ethnicities are flourishing.

Chechnya Chechnya was brought under Russian control in the 1800s.

When the Soviet Union broke up, the Chechens declared independence.

If Chechnya gains independence other ethnicities will follow suit.

The region contains deposits of petroleum.

Russians in Other States Decades of Russian domination

has left a deep reservoir of bitterness among other ethnicities once part of the Soviet Union.

Russian soldiers have remained stationed in other countries, in part because Russia cannot afford to re-house them.

Russians in Other States Other ethnicities fear the

Russians are trying to reassert dominance.

Russians claim that they are now subject to discrimination as minorities in countries that were once part of the Soviet Union.

Russians living in other countries of the former Soviet Union feel that they cannot migrate to Russia, because they

have no jobs, homes, or land awaiting them

there.

Turmoil in the Caucasus The Caucasus region gets its

name from the mountains that separate Russia from Azerbaijan and Georgia.

Home to several ethnicities, who have a complex set of grievances against each other in the region.

Every ethnicity wants to carve out a sovereign nation-state.

Azeris (or Azerbaijanis)

Azeris trace their roots to Turkish invaders in the 8th and 9th centuries.

An 1828 treaty allocated northern Azeri territory to Russia and southern Azeri territory to Persia (now Iran).

Azeris (or Azerbaijanis)

Azeris make up 90% of the country's total population.

Another 6 million Azeris are clustered in northwestern Iran.

Iran restricts teaching of the Azeri language.

Armenians More than 3,000 years ago Armenians controlled an independent kingdom in the Caucasus.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, hundreds of thousands of Armenians were killed in a series of massacres organized by the Turks.

Armenians Others were forced to migrate to Russia.

After World War I the allies created an independent state of Armenia, but it was soon swallowed by its neighbors.

Turkey and the Soviet Union divided Armenia.

Armenians The Soviet portion became an independent country in 1991.

More than 90% of the population in Armenia are Armenians.

Armenians and Azeris have been at war with each other since 1988 over the boundaries between the two nationalities.

Georgians The population is more diverse than that in Armenia and Azerbaijan.

The Abkhazians in the north want an independent state, while the Ossetians in the

south want to rejoin Russia.

Revival of Ethnic Identity

Ethnic identities never disappeared in Africa, where loyalty to tribe often remained more important than loyalty to the nationality.

Europeans thought that ethnicity was an insignificant relic, but were wrong.

Ethnicity and Communism

From 1945 until the early 1990s, attitudes toward

communism and economic cooperation were more

important political factors in Europe than the nation-state

principle.

The Communist government of Bulgaria repressed cultural differences by banning the Turkish

language and the practice of some Islamic religious

rites ... to remove ... obstacles to unifying

national support for the ideology of communism.

Ethnicity and Communism The administrative structures

of the former Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia recognized the existence of ethnic groups.

Local governments were designed to coincide as closely as possible with the territory occupied by the most numerous ethnicities.

Rebirth of Nationalism in Eastern

Europe Breakup of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia give more numerous ethnicities the opportunity to organize nation-states.

Less numerous ethnicities exist as minorities in multinational states, or divided among more than one of the new states.

Europe Especially severe problems have occurred in the Balkans.

Bulgaria's Turkish minority pressed for more rights.

Minority ethnicities in the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia opposed the long-standing dominance of the more numerous ethnicities.

The relatively close coincidence between the

boundaries of the Slovene ethnic group and the

country of Slovenia has promoted the country's

relative peace and stability, compared to other former

Yugoslavian republics.

Europe Sovereignty has brought difficulties in converting from Communist economic systems and fitting into the global economy.

But problems of economic reform are minor compared to the conflicts where nation-states could not be created.

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