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Human Geography

By James Rubenstein

Chapter 8Key Issue 4

Why Has Terrorism Increased?

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TerrorismThe systematic use of violence by

a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a

government into granting its demands.

Considered necessary to bring publicity to goals and grievances

not otherwise addressed.

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Terrorism Defined

The term “terror” is from the Latin “to frighten.”

Victims of terrorism are a cross section of citizens who happen to be there at the time.

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Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations

It took the attack on the World Trade Center and Pentagon on September

11,2001. for most Americans to feel

threatened by terrorism.

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September 11, 2001

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American Terrorists Theodore J. Kazynski (the Unabomber) killed 3 and injured 23 with bombs in the mail over a 17 year period.

Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols blew up the Oklahoma City Federal Building.

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Oklahoma City Memorial

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Al-Qaeda Responsible for the 9-11 attack. Network of terrorist founded by Osama bin Laden.

According to current military authorities in Iraq, the Al-Qaeda in Iraq has little connection to that of Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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Al-Qaeda Cell Members

Responsible for reconnaissance.

Live in ordinary society. No direct contact with each other.

If caught, cannot identify each other.

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Osama bin Laden

One of about 50 children of

Mohammed bin Laden, whose

close connections to the Saudi Royal family made him

a billionaire.

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Osama bin Laden Moved to Afghanistan to fight against Soviet army in mid-1980s.

Returned to Saudi Arabia in 1989, and expelled in 1991.

Moved to Sudan and expelled in 1994.

Returned to Afghanistan as a guest of the Taliban.

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FatwaA religious decree.

Bin Laden issued a declaration of war against the United

States in 1996.Issued a Fatwa in 1998 against

the U.S because they are responsible for maintaining

the Saudi monarchy and Israel.

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State Support for Terrorism

Providing sanctuary for terrorists wanted by other countries.

Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists.

Planning attacks using terrorists.

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Colonel Muammar al-Qaddafi

After deposing the King of Libya in 1969, he has provided terrorists

with financial aid to kill his opponents living in exile in

Europe.The 1988 destruction of a Pan Am

flight over Lockerbie, Scotland was conducted by Libyan agents.

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Afghanistan After 10 years of fighting, the Soviet Union ended occupation and withdrew their troops.

The Taliban gained control. In 2001, the U.S. invaded and removed the Taliban after the World Trade Center attack.

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The Gulf War

In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait to get control of the oil fields.

The U.S. led a multination invasion and forced Iraq out of Kuwait.

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The Iraq War of 2003 The United States invaded Iraq without the support of many of its allies.

The expected to find weapons of mass destruction.

Saddam Hussein was captured, tried, and executed.

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Iran In 1979, the U.S. supported Shah was forced to abdicate by fundamentalist Shiite Muslims.

Militant supporters of the Ayatollah Khomeini seized the U.S. embassy and held 62 Americans hostage for over a year.

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Ayatollah Khomeini

Fundamentalist Shiite leader who declared Iran to be an

Islamic Republic.

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Mahmoud Ahmadinej

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Iran and Iraq

Fought a war between 1980 and 1988 over control of the Shatt al-Arab waterway.

1.5 million died in the war. The U.S. supported Saddam Hussein in its struggle against Iran.

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U.S. War on Terrorism

Five years of occupation in Iraq.

Isolation of Iran and Syria due to suspicion aid to insurgency in Iraq.

Yemen, Sudan, North Korea on list of terrorist states.