power system management with intermittent generationipes v1 – a renewable generation monitoring...
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Power System Management with intermittent generation Renewable energy, power systems and forecasts
MEDELEC
16th April 2014
SUMMARY
1. Renewable generation: principles and current status 2. Power system management with renewable
generation 3. The grid and the renewable generation 4. Monitoring renewable generation
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3
01
Renewable generation: principles and current status
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
Wind power: principles
4
From the windmill … • Average power: 3MW • Large dimensions (diameter and
nacelle height = 80m) • Partly connected to the grid
through power electronics • With a known operating range
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
0.5 Pn
Production (MW)
Pn
Vitesse démarrage
Vitesse décrochage
Vent
Courbe caractéristique du domaine de fonctionnement d’une éolienne
Characteristic curve of a farm? … to generation farms • With variable configurations • Whose operating mode depends on the
many factors (environment, localization…) • Generally connected at the distribution
level, so usually not directly observable by the System Operator.
Overview of a windmill Windmill operating domain
charasteristic curve Generation (MW)
Starting wind speed Dropping wind speed
Wind
P = f(w)?
Power
Wind
Photovoltaic: principles
5 MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
A power generation without moving parts • Various installation configuration • From individual household roofs to large scale fields • Mainly depending on sunshine but also on other factors (temperature, snow…) • Fully connected to the grid through power electronics
Direct radiation
Temperature
Clouds
Wind
Indirect (diffuse and reflected) radiation
Geographic location Altitude
Technology Peak power
Tilt
Inverter characteristics
Maximum subscribed power
Characteristics (not known) Meteo
Subscribing data
Orientation
Renewable energy in France and continental Europe
Wind and PV in continental France (mid 2013)
• 12 GW installed (wind: 8 GW, PV: 4GW)
• Wind: more than 800 farms (>1MW)
• PV : around 250 large installations (>1MW) … and more than 280 000 small ones!
• Largely connected at the distribution level (<63kV).
• Between 50 and 70 GW are expected in 2030
6
In continental Europe • Around 180GW installed in
December 2012…
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
Installed wind power by department on 2013-03-31 (MW)
Installed PV power by department on 2013-03-31 (MW)
Source: SOeS with data from ErDF, RTE, SEI and distribution companies
PV Wind
7
Intermittent generation Thanks to meteo geographical diversity, the total generation variations are overall smoothened compared to the local ones.
For wind power…
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
Load
rat
io (
%)
Continental France Brittany One farm in Brittany
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Intermittent generation … and for PV.
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
PV generation variations From the installation to the national level with 10 mn timesteps
Installation Substation Department Region France
Load
rat
io (
%)
Compararison with conventional generation
Incertain and variable generation… • Yes for wind and PV • No for reservoir hydroelectricity, geothermal power, tidal stream generation, biomass generation Importance of forecasts at various horizons.
…with various connections to the grid…
• Yes for wind of PV. • No for other renewables • Windmills: DFIG (Double Fed Injection Generator) • No more synchronous machines • No more inertia Both advantages and drawbacks for the stability of the grid.
…mainly at the distribution level
• Partly non observable and non controlable (for the System Operator and sometimes even for the Distribution System Operator) • Distribution grids are generating power Importance of information exchanges with the DSO.
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02
Power system management with renewable generation
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System Balancing Real-time balancing…
• Between load and generation • In the name of the Balancing
Responsible Parties (BRPs) • Handling all differences linked to the
tripping of power units, to load forecasts errors
Adjustment made by RTE
Σ Generation schedules of BRPs + Renewable gen forecasts
Load
… also including • Generation variation from renewable
energy sources • Thus the use of renewable
generation forecasts for short-term balancing.
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Renewable generation (wind+PV) and French load From 2013-01-15 to 2013-01-31 (half-hour averages)
Fren
ch lo
ad (
MW
)
Rene
wab
le g
ener
atio
n (M
W)
12
Frequency control: The importance of reserves… Balancing and various controls
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
seconds
Primary Reserve (FCR)
Secondary Reserve (FRR)
Tertiary Reserve (FRR)
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Reserves should be available… • To ensure the balancing of the system
Renewable generation and reserve sizing • Variable generation forecast errors (wind and PV)
taken into account to estimate the aleas that have to be handled by RTE
Horizon
Operationnal reserves (MW)
Ancilliary services
(Automatic)
PR
SR
Tertiary reserve
few s 10’ 15’ 2h 8h
500 to 800 MW
>608 MW
PR : Primary reserve
SR : Secondary reserve
Sizing of reserves for balancing
Ren. Gen. variability rapid reserve ≤15mn
Ren. Gen. forecast errors slow
reserve ≥ 30mn
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
At a given time for one horizon: Generation
Consumption
Wind
PV
total alea accepted risk level
Minimal margin required versus horizon
Mar
gin
(MW
)
Horizon (hour) Disconnection of a thermal generation unit
Load forecast error PV or wind generation forecast error
Total alea at a given time for a given horizon Xth quantile determined according to the
accepted risk of requiring to exceptionnal means
Generation
Consumption
Wind
risk
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Impact of renewable generation on margins
On the reserves … • Intermittent generation add « noise » to the balancing • For wind, given their dynamic characteristics at the French level:
On primary reserve (FCR): no impact (slow dynamic) On secondary reserve (FRR): no or limited impact for now if real time metering
available. Significant impact forecasted above 8-10GW connected On tertiary reserve (RR): significant impact. Actions are to be taken (forecast, tele-
metering, margins) • For PV, studies are ongoing.
Without forecasts and real-time observation
Only with forecasts
With forecasts and real-time observation
Req
uire
d m
argi
n vo
lum
es
Horizon (in hour)
15
03
The grid and the renewable generation
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Network safety implies real-time management of congestions on the transmission system
Being compliant with operational rules and so, mastering the flows on the grid, requests reactivity regarding renewable generation dispatching.
« The delays for building renewable installation and network elements may leads to congested situations on the grid »
• 1 year ½ to 3 years ½ to build a plant
• 6 to 10 years to build a connecting line
Grid operation with variable generation
Grid operation with variable generation One example* of grid management:
1. Part of grid with low load and high wind generation.
2. If a constraint appears in one substation (N-1), injections may result in overloadings.
3. Wind forecasts are monitored and alarms configured in order to anticipate overloadings. Monitoring of
wind forecast
* Automates may also be integrated to automatically limit the generation of installations in case of overloading
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Grid maintenance with renewable generation
Forecasts may be used to optimize the scheduling of the preventive maintenance
1. Part of grid with hydro and wind generation
2. One-day maintenance operation to be scheduled
3. Monitoring of the wind generation to optimize the scheduling when the generation level is low.
Monitoring of wind forecasts
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Grid development
Long-terme forecast study (10 to 20 years) taking into account the evolution of the energy mix
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Source : RTE – schéma décennal 2012
Larger and more volatile North-South flows linked to the development of wind and PV in France and neighbour countries.
Wind
PV Sea
Biomass
Development of renewable energy according to the European Commission
20
04
Monitoring renewable generation
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IPES V1 – A renewable generation monitoring system
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
Cartographic representation
Element detail
Alarm zone
Generation curves
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Screen shots (1/2)
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Screen shots (2/2) Installed capacity per DSO (ErDF, ELD)
MEDELEC – 16th April 2014
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