may 7, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 5 key issue 1 where are...
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April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 5Key Issue 1
Where Are English-Language Speakers Distributed?
April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 2
Estimates of Distinct Languages
2000 to 4000 languages in the world.
About 100 languages are spoken by at least 5 million people.
Another 70 languages are spoken by 2 to 5 million people.
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Language
A system of communication through speech.
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Literary Tradition
A system of written communication.
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Official Language
A language designated by a
country for business and government.
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A country with more than one official
language may require all public documents
to be in all languages.
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Study of Geographic Elements
Migration spreads language. Cultural Values, such as religion and ethnicity, or communicated through language.
Global distribution results from - interaction- isolation
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A language originates at a particular place and diffuses to other locations through the
migration of its speakers.
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Origin and Diffusion of English
English is spoken fluently by 1/2 billion people, more than
any language except for Mandarin.
Whereas nearly all Mandarin speakers are clustered in one
country – China – English speakers are distributed
around the world.
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English ColoniesThe contemporary
distribution of English speakers around the world exists because the people of England migrated with their language when they
established colonies during the past four centuries.
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The Diffusion of English Beginning in the 17th
century, from England to America.
Next to Ireland. To South Asia in the mid 18th century.
To South Pacific in the late 18th century.
To southern Africa in the late 19th century.
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Invasion and
Migration
Routes
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Origin of English in England
Inhabited for thousands of years by tribes whose languages are unknown.
In 2000 B.C., the Celts arrived from Europe.
Around A.D. 450, Germanic tribes arrived and pushed the Celts to remote areas of parts of the island.
In 1066, French speaking Normans arrived from France.
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German Invasion The Angles, Jutes, and Saxons were among the German tribes that invaded England.
In Old English, Angles is spelled “Engles” and is the source of the name England.
The Angles came from a corner or “angle” of Germany.
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Viking Invasion Failed in their attempt to conquer the island.
Many remained in the country.
The language was enriched with many new words of Viking origin.
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Norman Invasion England was conquered by the Normans in 1066.
From the French province of Normandy
The invaders made French the language of the ruling court.
The majority of the people still spoke English.
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Loss of Normandy England lost control of Normandy in 1204.
In 1362, the Parliament enacted the Statue of Pleading which made English the official language of the court.
During the 300 years of Norman influence, French and German mingled to form new language.
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Dialects of English
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Dialect
A regional variation of a language
distinguished by distinctive
vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
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Standard DialectA dialect that is well
established and widely recognized as the most
acceptable for government, business, education, and mass
communication.
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British Received Pronunciation (BRP)
A dialect of England associated with upper-class London, which is
recognized as the “standard form” of
British speech.
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Dialects in England The 3 original dialects of Old English were associated with the 3 original invading groups.
By 1362, 5 regional dialects had emerged.
The BRP was encouraged by the introduction of the printing press to England in 1476.
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April 18, 2023 S. Mathews 25
Language expert
Professor Henry Higgins
in “My Fair Lady”
teaching “Cockney”
speaking Eliza Doolittle proper
English.
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Regional Dialects Rules for spelling and grammar were established in the eighteenth century.
Several dozen dialects are grouped into 3 main ones:
- Northern- Midland- Southern
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Differences between British and American
EnglishThe earliest colonists were
most responsible for the dominant language
patterns that exist today in the English-speaking
part of the Western Hemisphere.
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English in the UK and US evolved
independently during the 18th and
19th centuries.
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Differences in Vocabulary
Settlers in America borrowed names from Native Americans for many new objects and experiences encountered.
New inventions acquired different names on either side of the Atlantic.
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Differences Spelling
Spelling diverged because of a strong national feeling of need in U.S. for an
independent identity.
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Examples of differences
American EnglishElevator LiftFlashlight TorchAuto Hood BonnetAuto trunk Boot
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Noah Webster Created the first comprehensive American dictionary and grammar books.
Argued that spelling and grammar reforms would help;
- establish a national language - reduce cultural dependence on
England- inspire national pride
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Differences in Pronunciation
Between the U.S. and British speakers are immediately recognizable.
Has changed more in England than in the U.S.
“Proper” English today is not the same as “Proper” English during the colonial period.
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Dialects in the United States
Major differences in U.S. dialects originated because of differences in dialects among the
original settlers.
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Settlement in the East
Original American settlements
- New England- Middle Atlantic- Southeastern
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Original Settlemen
ts
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New England Colonists
Two-thirds were Puritans from East
Anglia in southeastern England.
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Southeastern Colonists
About half came from southeast England and represented a diversity
of social-class backgrounds.
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Middle Atlantic Colonists
More diverse – most came from the north of England, or from
other countries.
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Isogloss
Words that are not used nationally, but
have regional boundaries.
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Current Dialect Differences in the East Major differences occur primarily on the East Coast.
Eastern U.S. is separated into 3 major dialect regions due to two important isoglosses.
- Northern- Midland- Southern
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Regional Isoglosses Some words are commonly used in one of the three major dialect areas, but rarely in two.
These words relate to - rural life
- food- objects from daily life
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Regional Isoglosses Many words that were once regionally distinctive, now are national in distribution.
Mass media (especially radio and television) influence the adoption of the same words throughout the country.
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Regional pronunciation differences are more familiar to us than word differences,
although it is harder to draw precise isoglosses
for them.
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New England Accent Well-known for dropping the “r” sound maintained especially close ties to the important ports of southern England.
New Englanders received more exposure to the changes in pronunciation that occurred in Britain during the 18th century.
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The mobility of Americans has been a major reason for the
relatively uniform language that exists
throughout much of the West.
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