july 2, 2015s. mathews1 human geography by james rubenstein chapter 9 key issue 1 why does...
Post on 22-Dec-2015
226 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 1
Human Geography
By James Rubenstein
Chapter 9Key Issue 1
Why Does Development Vary Among Countries?
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 2
The world is divided between relatively rich and relatively
poor countries.Geographers try to understand the reasons for this division and learn what can be done about it.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 3
More Developed Country (MDC)
Also known as a relatively developed country or a
developed country, a country that has progressed relatively far along a
continuum of development.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 4
Less Developed Country (LDC)
Also known as a developing country, a country that is at a relatively early stage in the
process of economic development.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 5
Human Development Index (HDI)
Indicator of level of development for each
country, constructed by United Nations, combining income, literacy, education,
and life expectancy.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 6
Human Development Index
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 7
Three Factors of Development
Economic (Gross domestic product per capita)
Social (Literacy rate and amount of education)
Demographic (Life expectancy)
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 8
Economic Indicators of Development
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 9
Economic Indicators of Development
Besides per capita GDP, 4 other economic factors
distinguish MDCs from LDCs;Economic structure,Worker productivity,
Access to raw materials, andAvailability of consumer
goods.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 10
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
The value of the total output of goods and
services produced in a country in a given time
period (normally a year).
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 11
Per Capita GDP
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 12
Gross National Product (GNP)
Similar to GDP, except that it includes income that
people earn abroad, such as a Canadian working in
the United States.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 13
The world’s lowest per capita GDP are found in sub-Sahara Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
The gap in per capita GDP between MDCs and LDCs has been widening during the past quarter century.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 14
Per capita GDP, or any other single indicator, cannot
measure perfectly the level of a country’s development.Per capita GDP measures
average (mean) wealth, not its distribution.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 15
Types of JobsAll jobs fall into one of three
categories;Primary (including agriculture),
Secondary (including manufacturing), and
Tertiary (including services).
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 16
Primary SectorThe portion of the economy
concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth’s surface, generally
through agriculture, although sometimes by
mining, fishing, and forestry.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 17
Secondary SectorThe portion of the economy
concerned with manufacturing useful
products through processing, transforming,
and assembling raw materials.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 18
Tertiary SectorThe portion of the economy
concerned with transportation,
communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and
services to people in exchange for payment.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 19
Quaternary SectorThe portion of the economy
concerned with business services, such as trade,
insurance, banking, advertising, and
wholesaling.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 20
Quinary SectorThe portion of the economy
concerned with health, education, research,
government, retailing, tourism, and recreation.
Current practice is to include quaternary and quinary sectors
in the tertiary sector
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 21
The % of people working in agriculture exceeds 75% in
many LDCs, compared to less than 5% in many MDCs.
A high % of agricultural workers in a country
indicates that most of its people are spending their
days producing food for their own survival.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 22
Within MDCs, primary and secondary sector jobs have
decreased.Decline in manufacturing jobs
reflects greater efficiency inside the factories and
increased global competition.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 23
Relationship
between type of
jobs and developm
ent
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 24
ProductivityThe value of a particular product compared to the
amount of labor needed to make it.
Production in LDCs must rely more on human and
animal power.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 25
Value AddedThe gross value of the
product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 26
Raw MaterialsDevelopment requires access to raw materials and energy.In Europe, countries took advantage of domestic coal
and iron ore to promote industrial development
throughout the 19th century.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 27
European ColoniesCreated to ensure adequate
supply of raw materials.As colonies of Africa and Asia
gained independence, they continued to supply the raw materials used in European
industry.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 28
As prices for raw materials decline due to global supply,
LDCs have had difficulty achieving development.In a global economy,
availability of raw materials and energy resources measures a country’s
development potential rather than its actual development.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 29
Consumer Goods
*Important*The wealth used to buy nonessentials promotes
expansion of manufacturing, which in turn generates additional wealth in the
society.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 30
Quantity and type of goods and services is a good measure of the level of
development.Particularly good indicators
are motor vehicles, telephones, and televisions.
The number of individuals per telephone and motor vehicles
exceeds 100 in most LDCs.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 31
Telephone Lines per 1000 Persons
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 32
In LDCs, the minority who own consumer goods, such as
telephones, motor vehicles, and televisions, are
government officials, landowners, and other elites.
As a result of greater exposure to cultural
diversity, people in MDCs display different social
characteristics from people in LDCs.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 33
Social Indicators of Development
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 34
Social Indicators of Development
MDCs use part of their greater wealth to provide schools,
hospitals, and welfare services. Infants survive, and adults live longer. Well educated, healthy, and secure populations can be more economically productive.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 35
Education and Literacy
The assumption; no matter how poor the school, the longer the pupils attend, the more likely
they are to learn.--The reality; quality of education is measured by student/teacher
ratio and literacy rate.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 36
Student/Teacher Ratio
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 37
The average pupil attends school for about 10 years in MDCs, compared to only a couple of years in LDCs.
LDCs must learn technical information from books that
usually are not in their native language, but in
English, German, Russian, or French.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 38
Literacy RateThe percentage of a
country’s people who can read and write.
It exceeds 95% in MDCs, compared to less than 1/3rd
in many LDCs.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 39
Health and WelfareWhen people get sick, MDCs possess the resources to care
for them.In many wealthier countries, health care is a public service
for little or no cost.The United States is an
exception.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 40
Persons per Physician
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 41
People in MDCs receive more calories and proteins daily
than they need.In LDCs of Africa and Asia,
most people receive less than the daily minimum
allowance of calories and proteins recommended by
the United Nations.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 42
Daily Available Calories per Capita
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 43
Demographic Indicators of Development
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 44
Life ExpectancyBabies born today can expect to live into their early forties in LDCs and mid-seventies in
MDCs.Males live 9 years longer in
MDCs than in LDCs.Females live 13 years longer.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 45
Infant Mortality Rate
In LDCs, 90% of infants survive, while 99% of infants
survive in MDCs.Babies die of malnutrition and
dehydration from diarrhea.Some die from poor medical practices, such as umbilical cords cut with dirty knives.
April 19, 2023 S. Mathews 46
Crude Birth RateAnnual CBR exceeds 40 per 1000 in LDCs, while it is less than 15 per 1000 in MDCs.CBR does not indicate a
society’s level of development.
The mortality rate for women in childbirth is significantly
higher in LDCs.
top related