about neuroblastoma

8/9/2019 About Neuroblastoma

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About Neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma is a rare disease in which a solid tumor (a lump or mass caused by uncontrolledor abnormal cell growth) is formed by special nerve cells called neuroblasts. Normally, theseimmature cells grow and mature into functioning nerve cells. But in neuroblastoma, they becomecancer cells instead.

Neuroblastoma most commonly starts in the tissue of the adrenal glands, the triangular glands ontop of the kidneys that produce hormones responsible for controlling heart rate, blood pressure,and other important functions. Like other cancers, neuroblastoma can spread (metastasize) toother parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, skin, liver, and bones.

n a few cases, the tendency to get this type of cancer can be passed down from a parent to achild (familial type), but most cases of neuroblastoma (!"#) aren$t inherited (sporadic type). toccurs almost e%clusively in infants and children and is slightly more common in boys than ingirls.

&hildren diagnosed with neuroblastoma are usually younger than ' years old, with the ma orityof new cases occurring among those younger than year old. *nly about + new cases ofneuroblastoma are diagnosed each year in the -nited tates.

/ lobectomy is a surgical procedure performed to remove one of the lobes of the lungs. 0he procedure may be performed when an abnormality has been detected in a specific part of thelung. 1hen only the affected lobe of the lung is removed, the remaining healthy tissue is sparedto maintain ade2uate lung function.

/ lobectomy is most often performed during a surgical procedure called a thoracotomy (surgicalincision of the chest). *ther lung surgery procedures that may be performed by thoracotomyinclude3

• Pneumonectomy. 4emoval of an entire lung when an abnormality or disease is detectedthroughout the entire lung.

• Wedge resection. 4emoval of a small section of a lobe when an abnormality or diseaseinvolves only a small area of lung tissue.

• Segmental resection. 4emoval of a segment, or subdivision of a lobe.


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• Exploratory thoracotomy. *pening of the chest wall for direct visualization of the lungsand other chest structures when there is evidence of an abnormality or disease that has not

been verified by other diagnostic methods.

0here are different kinds of thoracotomies depending on the location of surgical entry and howmuch lung is removed. 5enerally, during a lobectomy the incision is made at the level of theaffected lobe. 0he incision is typically made on the front of the chest under the nipple line ande%tends around the back under the shoulder blade. 0he surgeon enters the chest cavity throughthe e%posed ribs to remove the lobe.

n certain circumstances, a minimally invasive procedure called video6assisted thoracic surgery(7/0 ) is used to perform a lobectomy. pecialized surgical instruments are inserted into thechest cavity through three or four small incisions. *ne of the instruments, a thoracoscope, has atiny camera and transmits the image to a 076like monitor. 0he surgeon is able to view theinternal organs on the monitor. 0hrough the remaining incisions, other specialized instruments

are inserted and used to perform the procedure. 0he type of procedure performed will bedetermined by the surgeon, based on the patient$s medical condition and other factors.

4easons for the procedure

/ lobectomy may be performed when a lung abnormality or condition has been identified thatre2uires surgical removal. / lobe may be removed to avoid spread of the disease6causing

pathogen to the other lobes, as with tuberculosis or certain cancerous lung tumors.

&onditions of the chest and lungs for which a lobectomy may be performed include, but are not

limited to, the following3• Tuberculosis (TB). / chronic bacterial infection that usually infects the lungs, although

other organs may be involved. 0B is primarily an airborne disease (spread by air dropletsfrom infected people when they cough or sneeze).

• ung abscess. / localized collection of pus that may form in the lung. f the abscess doesnot resolve with antibiotic therapy, it may 8wall off9 so that it does not infect the rest of the

body.

• Emphysema. / chronic illness that results from the chemical breakdown of the elasticfibers in the lungs, interfering with e%pansion and contraction of the lungs.

• Benign tumor. / noncancerous mass that can press on ma or blood vessels and affect thefunction of other organs.

• ung cancer. / group of cancers that may affect the bronchi, one or more lobes of thelungs, the pleural lining, and:or other lung tissue.


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• !ungal in"ections. ;ungi are a group of organisms that, although rare, may causeinfections in various parts of the body. ;ungal infections can be difficult to diagnose andtreat.

0here may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a lobectomy.

4isks of the procedure

/s with any surgical procedure, complications may occur. ome possible complications include, but are not limited to, the following3

• nfection

• 0ension pneumothora% occurs when air becomes trapped in the pleural space (the air between the lung and the chest wall), causing the lung to collapse.

• 6rays ,gamma rays , and charged particles are types of radiation used for cancer treatment.

0he radiation may be delivered by a machine outside the body ( e%ternal6beam radiationtherapy ), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells(internal radiation therapy , also called brachytherapy ).

ystemic radiation therapy uses radioactive substances, such as radioactive iodine , that travelin the blood to kill cancer cells.

/bout half of all cancer patients receive some type of radiation therapy sometime during thecourse of their treatment.

http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation#r1http://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045944&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045944&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045944&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000270730&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046751&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046751&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046345&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045151&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045151&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000428290&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000428290&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045855&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045944&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045944&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000270730&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046751&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046751&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000046345&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045151&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000428290&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/Common/PopUps/popDefinition.aspx?id=CDR0000045855&version=Patient&language=Englishhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/radiation#r1


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$. %o& does radiation therapy 'ill cancer cells#

4adiation therapy kills cancer cells by damaging their ?N/ (the molecules inside cells thatcarry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the ne%t) ( ). 4adiation therapycan either damage ?N/ directly or create charged particles ( free radicals ) within the cellsthat can in turn damage the ?N/.

&ancer cells whose ?N/ is damaged beyond repair stop dividing or die. 1hen the damagedcells die, they are broken down and eliminated by the body@s natural processes.

. oes radiation therapy 'ill only cancer cells#

No, radiation therapy can also damage normal cells, leading to side effects (see Auestion ).

?octors take potential damage to normal cells into account when planning a course ofradiation therapy (see Auestion '). 0he amount of radiation that normal tissue can safelyreceive is known for all parts of the body. ?octors use this information to help them decidewhere to aim radiation during treatment.

*. Why do patients recei+e radiation therapy#

4adiation therapy is sometimes given with curative intent (that is, with the hope that thetreatment will cure a cancer, either by eliminating a tumor, preventing cancer recurrence , or

both) ( ). n such cases, radiation therapy may be used alone or in combination with surgery,chemotherapy, or both.

4adiation therapy may also be given with palliative intent. alliative treatments are notintended to cure. nstead, they relieve symptoms and reduce the suffering caused by cancer.

ome e%amples of palliative radiation therapy are3

• 4adiation given to the brain to shrink tumors formed from cancer cells that havespread to the brain from another part of the body ( metastases ).

•

4adiation given to shrink a tumor that is pressing on the spine or growing within a bone, which can cause pain.

• 4adiation given to shrink a tumor near the esophagus , which can interfere with a patient@s ability to eat and drink.

,. %o& is radiation therapy planned "or an indi+idual patient#

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/ radiation oncologist develops a patient@s treatment plan through a process called treatment planning, which begins with simulation .

?uring simulation, detailed imaging scans show the location of a patient@s tumor and thenormal areas around it. 0hese scans are usually computed tomography (&0) scans, but theycan also include magnetic resonance imaging (C4 ), positron emission tomography ( =0),and ultrasound scans.

athophysiology of &ancer

&ancer describes a group of more than ' disease processes characterized by uncontrolledgrowth and spread of cells. &ancer is not a singular, specific disease but a group of variabletissue responses that result in uncontrolled cell growth (Cc&ance D 4oberts, !!"E ;raumeni,

!"F).


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-ollege o" Nursing

-ancer

Presented by/rbas Brylle 4.

B N G6

Republic of the Philippines

CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY

Don Severino Delas AlasCampus

Indang, Cavite

MISSION

Cavite State University shall provideexcellent, equitable and relevant

educational opportunities in the arts,science and technology throughquality instruction and relevant

research and development activities.It shall produce professional, skilled

VISION

A premier university in historicCavite recogni ed for

excellence in the developmentof morally upright and globally

competitive individuals.


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Presented to

Ca@am =velyn ?el Cundo 4N, C/N, h?

ate

Huly , F G

about neuroblastoma

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