4 groups of organic compounds found in living things
TRANSCRIPT
4 groups of organic compounds found in
living things
4 Groups of Organic Compounds Found in Living Things
• “Organic” Compounds
– Organic means “contains Carbon”
• “Biomolecules” = large organic compounds
– Built by bonding small molecules together to form chains called “polymers”
– Formed by a chemical reaction called “condensation”
Condensation
H OH
H20
H20
H20
“lysis” = split apart
HOW TO BUILD A LARGER MOLECULE BY COMBINING SMALLER MOLECULES.
HOW TO BREAK DOWN A LARGER MOLECULE INTO SMALLER MOLECULES.
Hydrolysis
• ISOMER = Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different 3D structure
Chemical formula
H20
3D Structure
H H
O
• ISOMER = Compounds with the same chemical formula, but different 3D structure
Chemical formula
C6H1206 = glucose
C6H1206 = fructose
3D Structure
O
OH
OH
HO
OH
CH2OH
OHOCH2
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
Slide 4 of 4
CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 1 of 2)
• Made up of C, H, & O
• Main source of energy
• Used for structural purposes in plants (cellulose)
CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 2 of 3)
• SIMPLEST = single sugar molecules = “monosaccharide”– Example: glucose, fructose
glucose
Monosaccharide
fructose
Monosaccharide Disaccharide
sucrose
H20
Think of each monosaccharide as a lego piece.
A disaccharide is made up of two monosaccharides
CARBOHYDRATES (SLIDE 3 of 3)
• LARGEST = “polysaccharide”– Example: starch, fiber, cellulose, glycogen
Polysaccharide
A polysaccharide is made up of many monosaccharides.
Lipids (Slide 1 of 3)
• Aka “fats”• Made up of mostly C & H• Ex: fats, oils, waxes,
steroids• Used to store energy
(insulation, too)• Part of the cell membrane
and waterproof covering• ALL are INSOLUBLE in
water because they are NON POLAR
Lipids (Slide 2 of 3)
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
Long chain of CH is called “fatty acid chain”
Example: lard= maximum # of H+ atoms
CH2 - O –
CH2 - O –
CH2 - O –
CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2
“double bond”
Example: olive oil= at least 1 C = C
(carbon-carbon double bond)
Lipids (Slide 3 of 3)
CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH2-CH = CH-CH2-CH2-CH = CH2-CH2
“double bond”
Example: cooking oil= more than one C = C
(carbon-carbon double bond)
“double bond” “double bond”
Nucleic Acids (slide 1 of 3)
• They contain C, H, O, N, P
• Nucleic Acids = polymers (made up of nucleotides)
nucleotide nucleotide nucleotide
N N N
“Nucleic Acid”
monomermonomer
Nucleic Acids (slide 2 of 3)
• 3 parts of a nucleotide A) 5 carbon sugar
B) Phosphate group
C) Nitrogenous base
Nucleic Acids (slide 3 of 3)
• Store and transmit hereditary (genetic info)
• 2 types – DNA sugar = deoxyribose– RNA sugar = ribose
Proteins (slide 1 of 3)
• Contain C, H, O, N and some S
• Basic building block = Amino acid (AA)
Peptide bond
Proteins (slide 2 of 3)
• 3 parts of an amino acid– amino acid (-NH2)– carboxyl group (-COOH)– R group (always different)
Protein (slide 3 of 3)
• Each protein has a specific role– Control rate of reaction– Regulate cell processes– Form bones and muscles– Transport substances
in/out of cell
• Example: “enzymes” = “proteins” that change rate of reaction, increase pH and temperature