Organic molecules (Biological molecules)

Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Living organisms on Earth are made of primarily water and molecules

containing carbon

Molecules that contain carbon. All life on Earth is organic – we all contain carbon

1. Organic molecules

Vocab word Definition Picture

What’s so special about Carbon?

Carbon is a versatile atom

– It has four electrons in an outer shell that holds eight

– Carbon can share its electrons with other atoms to form up to four covalent bonds

Carbon can use its bonds to

– Attach to other carbons

– Form an endless diversity of carbon

skeletons

What’s so special about Carbon?

Four Basic Types of Organic Molecule

1. carbohydrates (sugars and starches)2. lipids (fats)3. Proteins (enzymes and antibodies)4. nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

– Because they are large, these molecules are called macromolecules.

Contains: Carbon HydrogenOxygen

Functions:•used for energy•Stores energy•Forms body structures

Examples: breads, pastas, starches, fruit

2. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches –

“saccharides” )

Carbohydrate:

1. Monosaccharides

2. Disaccharides

3. Polysaccharides

There are three types of carbohydrates!

Simple sugars - glucose (soft drinks) - fructose (fruit)

One strand of carbon and hydrogen

3. Monosaccharides

3 types of Carbohydrates

Two monosaccharides linked together

Di – means 2

Sucrose – table sugarMost common type of carbohydrate

4. Disaccharides

3 types of Carbohydrates

Many saccharides linked together

Very big

Starches and cellulose (plant sugars) wood

5. Polysaccharides(complex carbohydrates)

3 types of Carbohydrates

Contains:CarbonHydrogenoxygenFunctions:• Stores energy (more energy than carbohydrates)• Forms cell membranes• Carries messages (nerves)Examples: fats and oils

6. Lipids - fats

Lipids!

the main component of cell membranes7. Phospholipids

Common types of lipids:

hydrocarbons with the carbon atoms arranged in a set of 4 linked rings.Examples: cholesterol, steroid hormones, waxes

8. Steroids

Common types of lipids:

Contains: Carbon HydrogenOxygenNitrogen and sulfurFunctions:•Helps cells keep their shape•Makes up muscles•speeds up chemical reactions•Carries messages and materialsExamples: enzymes, antibodies, amino acids

9. Proteins

Proteins:

subunits of proteins,

There are 20 different kinds of amino acids in proteins.

10. Amino Acids

Types of proteins:

all metabolic transformations, building up, rearranging, and breaking down of organic compounds, are done by enzymes, which are proteins.

11. Enzymes

Proteins:

Contains: Carbon HydrogenOxygenPhosphorus and nitrogenFunctions:•Contains instructions for proteins•Passes instructions from parent to offspring•Helps make proteins

Examples: DNARNA

12. Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids:

Contains: four basesadenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine.

The order of these bases in a chain of DNA determines the genetic information.

DNA consists of 2 complementary chains twisted into a double helix and held together by hydrogen bonds.

13. DNA

Two types of nucleic Acids:

Contains: RNA consists of a single chain that also uses 4 bases: however, the thymine in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA. RNA is much less stable than DNA, but it can act as an enzyme to promote chemical reactions in some situations.

14. RNA

Two types of nucleic Acids:

Exit slip

1. List and give and example of the four types of organic molecules.

2. What is carbon and why is it important for life on Earth?