Question 1All organic compounds contain what element?

CarbonWhat are the two other elements most commonly found in organic compounds?

Hydrogen and OxygenNitrogen and Phosphate are also commonly found

Question 2Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.

Covalent= sharing of electronsIonic= Electrons are donated or accepted.

17

Structure of the Compound Function of the Compound in the

Human Body / Cell

Functional Group(s) Monomers

-what do we call them?-what are some examples?

Polymers-what do we call them?

-what are some examples?

Carbohydrate

Carbonyl (C=0) Hydroxyl (OH)

Monosaccharides -glucose, fructose,

galactose

Polysaccharides -cellulose, starch,

glycogen

Energy

Protein

Carboxyl (COOH) Amine (NH2)

Amino Acid -glycine, alanine,

leucine

Polypeptide chain

Enzymes – speed up

reactions Structure of your body Antibodies

Lipid

Carboxyl (COOH)

Glycerol & Fatty

Acids

Triglycerides Wax Phospholipid Steroids

Store Energy Insulate the body Protect the body

Nucleic Acid

X

Nucleotide

DNA & RNA

Store and Express the instructions for life

5. Draw water. Label the elements and charges that make up water.

H

H

O+ -

Question 6

Hydrophilic- water loving. These substances interact well with water

Generally polar molecules

Hydrophobic- water fearing. Do not mix with water.

Non-polar molecules

7. Explain acids and bases using the PH scale.

Acids are on the lower side of the PH scale. If it’s lower than 7 than it’s an acid; if it’s higher than 7, it’s a base.

Acid < 7Neutral=7Base > 7

Question 8.

Enzymes are known as biological catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions. They help build-up or break-down many molecules.

• Amylase• Lactase• Ligase• Helicase

The names have the same –ase ending.

Question 9Enzymes help lower the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. This is really helpful for cells since so many chemical reactions need to take place quickly, that without enzymes it would take too long and the organism would eventually die.

10. What environmental factors influence enzyme activity?

• Temperature • PH• Enzyme concentration• Substrate concentration• Inhibitors

11. How do changes in the environmental factors listed above impact the activity of the

enzyme?

All of these factors can denature an enzyme, or make it stop working by changing the structure. The enzyme works best at their optimum temperature, PH, etc.

Question 12Element- basic building blocks of all matter- found on the periodic table- pure

Molecule-multiple elements together.

Atom- Smallest building block of all matter (proton, neutron, electrons)

Compound- Multiple elements bonded together

Questi on 13

Unicellular

Example: Bacteria

Primitive

No Nucleus

Unicellular and Multicellular

Example: Plants/Animals

Complex

Nucleus

Ribosomes

DNA

Cell Membrane

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic

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• Nucleus- the cell’s genetic control center; stores DNA, makes ribosomes, and directs the synthesis of proteins through RNA

• Plasma Membrane- composed of lipids and proteins that hold together the cell and regulates what enters/leaves

• Ribosomes- make proteins • Mitochondrion- where cellular respiration

occurs; food->energy

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• Chloroplasts- where photosynthesis occurs; sunlight->energy

• Lysosomes- enzymes break down food, damaged organelles, and bacteria

• Golgi Body- distributes proteins to various parts of the cell; “shipping center”

• Vacuoles- stores pigment, poison, food, and water

• Cell Wall- protects cell and gives it a rigid shape

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• What organelles are found in most prokaryotic cells?

• Ribosomes, the plasma membrane, the cell wall, and the cytoplasm are all found in prokaryotic cells.

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• What organelles are present in a plant cell that are absent in an animal cell?

• The cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole are not found in animal cells.

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• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• Organism

Levels of OrganizationSimplest

Most Complex

Questi on 19

Active PassiveLow to High High to Low

Yes No

Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function against the concentration gradient- Goal: to create a concentration gradient

Moves molecular substances that the cell needs to function with the concentration gradient- Goal: to reach equilibrium

• Create a table comparing passive and active transport. 1) What direction is the concentration gradient? 2) Is ATP required? 3) What is the goal of this process?

Question 20Define the following terms and classify them as either passive or active

1. Diffusion: The tendency of molecules to spread out into less

concentrated space (Passive)

2. Osmosis: The diffusion of water over the cell membrane (Passive)

3. Facilitated Diffusion: Diffusion with the assistance of a protein

(Passive)

4. Endocytosis: The process in which a cell absorbs a molecule into

itself (Active)

5. Exocytosis: The process in which a cell disperses a molecule from

within itself (Active)

Question 21Label a Phospholipid Bilayer:

Hydrophobic(Away from water)

Hydrophilic (Exposed to Water)

Question 22How do substances affect cells?

Question 23:Define Homeostasis:

Homeostasis is the constant maintenance within an animal that occurs in order to

compensate for disrupting changes. In a sense, it is the force that keeps an animal

in a stable condition.