macromolecules. organic compounds organic compounds contain the element carbon other elements often...
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Macromolecules
Organic Compounds Organic compounds contain
the element carbon
Other elements often found in organic compounds include: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Trace amounts of other elements such as calcium, potassium and sulfur are also present
Carbon Carbon has four outer electrons
and can form four covalent bonds
Carbon can form single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds
Carbon compounds can be in the shape of straight chains, branched chains and rings
MacromoleculesLarge molecules formed
by joining small organic molecules
Polymers are molecules made from repeating units of identical or nearly identical compounds linked together by a series of covalent bonds
Macromolecules
Four types, the building blocks of living things
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
MacromoleculesFunction Example
Carbohydrate
• Stores energy• Provides structural support
• Sugar• Bread• Cellulose
Lipid
• Stores energy• Provides steroids• Waterproofs coatings• Barrier
• Cell membrane• Fats and Oils• Cholesterol• Hormones
Protein
• Transports substances• Speeds reactions• Structural support
• Enzymes• Amino acids• Muscle• Skin and Hair
Nucleic Acid• Stores and communicates genetic information
• DNA• RNA
What do you think of when you hear carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates are found in foods such as fruits, milk and vegetables.
Simple or ComplexComplex carbohydrates
provide vitamins, minerals and fiber
Foods such as breads, legumes, pasta and starchy vegetables
Carbohydrates Compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen (COH)
Simple sugars (monosaccharides) to more complex carbs (disaccharides and polysaccharides)
Provides energy – several food examples
Structural support – plant cell walls and insects exoskeleton
Starch, cellulose, glycogen
Glycogen (polysaccharide)
Lipids Molecules made mostly of carbon and
hydrogen
Fats, Oils, waxes, cell membrane (phospholipids), steroids (cholesterol and hormones)
Store energy – fats and oils
Coating prevent water loss – waxes
Barrier
Lipids A triglyceride is a fat if it is solid at room
temperature and an oil if it is liquid at room temperature.
Lipids that have tail chains with only single bonds between the carbon atoms are called saturated fats.
Lipids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms in the tail chain are called unsaturated fats.
Fats with more than one double bond in the tail are called polyunsaturated fats.
LipidsSaturated Fats – chain of single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated Fats – at least one double bond in the carbon chain
Hydrophilic – “water-loving”
Hydrophobic – “water-fearing” which means does not dissolve in water
Serves as a barrier
Phospholipid is a special lipid that is responsible for the structure and function of the cell membrane
Proteins Amino acids – small compounds that make up large
protein compounds
Amino acids are made of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen hydrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Protein function Provide structural suppport
Transport substances inside the cell and between cells
Speed up chemical reactions (enzymes)
Control cell growth
Protein StructureProtein Structure
• 4 levels
Nucleic Acids Nucleic acid is a complex
macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information
DNA and RNA
Nucleotides – repeating subunit of nucleic acid composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen atoms
6 major nucleotides
Nucleotide in DNA