226 ii manual) - st. martin's engineering collegesmec.ac.in/sites/default/files/lab1/surveying...

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(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU, Hyderabad)

Department of Civil Engineering

SURVEYING LAB – II MANUAL

ST. MARTIN’S ENGINEERING COLLEGE DHULAPALLY, SECUNDERABAD

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INDEX

List of Exercises:

1. Study of theodolite in detail - practice for measurement of horizontal and vertical

angles.

2. Measurement of horizontal angles by method of repetition and reiteration.

3. Trigonometric Leveling - Heights and distance problem (Two Exercises)

4. Heights and distance using Principles of tacheometric surveying (Two Exercises)

5. Curve setting – different methods. (Two Exercises)

6. Setting out works for buildings & pipe lines.

7. Determine of area using total station

8. Traversing using total station

9. Contouring using total station

10. Determine of remote height using total station

11. State-out using total station

12. Distance, gradient, Diff, height between tow inaccessible points using total stations

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Experiment No: 1

Study of Thedolite in detail 1.1 OBJECTIVE:

THE THEODOLITE:

The theodolite is the most intricate and accurate instrument used fir measuring horizontal and vertical angles. It consists of a telescope by means of which distant objects can be sighted. The telescope has two distinct motions one in the horizontal plane and the other in the vertical plane, the former being measured on a graduated horizontal circle by means of a set of vertical and the latter on a graduated vertical circle by two verniers. It can also be used for various other purposes such as laying off horizontal angles, locating points on a line, prolonging survey lines, establishing grades, determining difference in elevations. Theodolites may be primarily classified as (i) Transit theodolite (ii) Non-transit theodolite A theodolite is called a transit theodolite, when its telescope can be revolved through a complete revolution about its horizontal axis in a vertical plane. 1.2 RESOURCES:

S.no Name of the equipment Rage type quantity

1 Thedolite 1

1.3 PRECAUTIONS

THE TRANSIT THEODOLITE : A transit theodolite or simply a transit essentially consists of the following (1) THE LEVELLING HEAD :

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It may be consists of (i) two circular plates called parallel plates kept at a

fixed distance apart by a ball and socket arrangements and three or four

screws called levelling or foot screws or (ii) a tribranch plate with three

arms, each carrying a levelling screw.

The lower parallel plate has a central apertune through which a plumb bob

may be suspended. The upper plate or the tribranch is supported by means

f four or three levelling screws by which the instrument may be levelled.

(2) THE TWO SPINDLES :

There are two spindles or axes (also called centre) one inside the other. The

outer axis is hollow and its interior is ground conical to fit the central

vertical axis, called the inner axis, which is solid & conical. It is essential

that the two axes should be co-axial i.e. have a common axis which forms

the vertical axis of the instrument.

(3) THE LOWER PLATE :

The outer axis is attached to the lower plate, also called the scale plate,

having its edge beveled. The edge (or limb) is silvered i.e. covered with

silver) and graduated from 0 to 360 in clockwise direction. The horizontal

circle may be graduated to (i) deg. & half deg. (ii) deg. & 1/3 deg.

iii) degrees & 1/6 deg., depending upon the size of the instrument

example 10 cm, 12 cm etc., the lower plate is provided with a clamp and

tangent or slow motion screw by means of which it can be fixed accurately

at any desired position. When the clamp screw is tightened, the lower plate

is fixed to the upper tribranch (or parallel plate) and on turning the tangent

screw, the lower plate and with it the upper part of the instrument are

rotated slightly.

(4) THE UPPER PLATE :

The upper plate, also called the vernier plate is attached to the inner axis.

A clamp and tangent or slow motion screw are provided for the purpose of

accurately fixing the vernier plate to the scale plate. When both plates are

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clamped together and the lower clamp is loosened, the inner axis. Before

either of the tangent screw is turned, the corresponding clamp must be

tightened. The upper plate carries two verniers with magnifiers placed 1800

apart (in large instrument, three verniers placed 1200 apart) for reading

horizontal angles to one min., to 20”.

The vernier plate complete with the standards and telescope is sometimes

called the alidade of the theodolite.

(5) THE LEVEL TUBES :

Two spirit level called the plate levels placed at right angles to each other

are fixed on the upper surface of the vernier plate for levelling the

instrument of the two plate levels, one is parallel to the horizontal axis.

(6) THE STANDARDS :

Two uprights called standards or A frames (resembling ‘A’ in shape) stand

upon the vernier plate to support the horizontal axis.

(7) THE COMPASS :

The compass box may be either of a circular form or of a through type. The

former is mounted on the vernier plate between the standards, while the

latter is either attached to the underside of the scale or lower plate or

screwed to one of the standards. Modern Thedolite are fitted with a

compass of the tabular type and it is screwed to one of the standards.

(8) THE TELESCOPE :

The telescope is rigidly fixed at the centre of and at right angles to the

horizontal axis.

(9) THE VERTICAL CIRCLE :

The vertical circle is rigidly attached to the telescope and mores with it. It is

silvered and is usually divided in four quadrants, but in some instrument

it is graduated continuously clockwise from 00 to 3600. The graduations in

each quadrant are numbered from 00 to 900 in opp., directions from the two

zeros placed at the ends of the horizontal dia., of the vertical circle so that

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the line of collimation of telescope when it is horizontal. The sub-divisions

of the vertical circle clamp and tangent screw, telescope and with it the

vertical circle can be accurately set up at any desired position in a vertical

plane.

(10) THE INDEX BAR (OR T FRAME) :

The index bar is T-shaped and centered on the horizontal axis of the

telescope in front of the vertical circle. It carries two verniers at the

extremities of its horizontal arms or limbs called the clipping arm is

provided with a fork and two screws called the clip or clipping screws at

its lower extremely. By means of these screws, it is secured to a piece of

metal projecting from the crossbar of either A support. The index arm and

the clipping arm are together known as the ‘T’ frame. A long sensitive

bubble tube called the altitude or azimuthal bubble tubes attached to the

top of the frame. It can be centered by means of the clip screws. In some

instrument it is set on the top of the telescope.

THE PLUMB BOB :

To centre the instrument exactly over a station mark, a plumb-bob is

suspended from the hook fitted to the bottom of the central vertical axis.

THE COMPASS :

The compass fitted on Thedolite may be (i) the circular box compass

(ii) the through compass or (iii) the tubular compass.

TRIPOD :

The theodolite is supported on a tripod when on use. The tripod consists of

three legs, which may be solid framed for lightness. The legs are fitted at

their lower ends with pointed steel shoes in order that they may be firmly

pressed into ground. Any looseness in joints will disturb the position of

instrument leading to inaccurate work. The tripod head carries at its upper

surface an external screw to which the internal screw of the instrument

may be fitted. When the tripod is not in use, the cap is screwed to protect

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the external screw from injury.

CONDITIONS OF ADJUSTMENT :

When the transit is in perfect adjustment, the following relations between

the fundamental lines should exist :

Axis of

� Axis of level plates must be ½ vertical axis

� Line of collimation should be at right angles to horizontal axis

� Horizontal axis must be ½ vertical axis

� Axis of telescope level or altitude level must be parallel to the line of

collimation

� If the transit has a fixed vertical vernier, the vertical circle must read

zero when the telescope level is centered

� If the transit is provided with a striding level, the axis of the striding

level must be parallel to the horizontal axis.

The above relations are permanent adjustments of telescope and they

remain permanent for considerable amount of time.

There are 3 important temporary adjustments

(a) SETTING UP :

It includes two operations

� Centering a theodolite over a station

� Levelling it approximate by tripod legs only

(b) LEVELLING :

It is levelling accurately with reference to the plate levels by means of

levelling (or foot) screws so the vertical axis shall be truly vertical.

(c) ELIMINATION OF PARALLAX :

Accurate work is impossible if parallax is not eliminated. To eliminate it,

the image formed by the objective, must lie in the plane of the cross-hairs.

It is done in two steps

� Focusing eye piece : The object of focusing eye piece is to make

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cross-hairs distinct and clear

� Focusing objective: The object of focusing the object glass in the

plane of cross-hairs. Otherwise there will be an apparent movement

of image relative to the cross-hairs when the observer moves the

eye.

1.4 PRE LAB QUESTIONS: 1. What are the fundamental parts of a Thedolite? 2. What are the fundamental lines in a Thedolite? 3. What is meant by size of a Thedolite? What’s it?

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4. What is the difference between a level and a Thedolite?

1.5 LAB ASSGNMENT :

Detail study on Thedolite and parts

1.6 POST LAB QUESTIONS:

What are the different types of telescopes used in survey? What is internal focusing telescope? What is external focusing telescope?

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Experiment No: 2

MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE BY THE METHOD OF REPETITION

1.1 OBJECTIVE:

Measurement of horizontal angle by the method of repetition

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

a) Temporary adjustment for Thedolite

b) Leveling and centering

c) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE:

1) Set up the instrument over ‘O’ and level it accurately.

2) With the instrument on the left face, set verniers A to 3600 and with the aid of

the lower champ and tangent screw, bisect signal A.

3) Check the reading on verniers A&B and note it.

4) Release the upper plate, swing the telescope to the right and bisect the right

hand signal B with the upper clamp and tangent screw bisect single A.

5) Release the lower clamp, swing instrument to the right and turn to signal A.

Clamp the lower motion and with lower tangent screw bisect signal A.

6) Release upper clamp, swing instrument to the right and again bisect signal B

accurately with the upper clamp and tangent screw. The vernier reading will be

twice the angle AOB.

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7) Repeat the procedure until the angle is repeated the required number of times.

8) Change face to right and repeat the above procedure.

9) The average horizontal angle AOB will be the mean of the value of the angle as

determined on both the faces.

1.5 DIAGRAM:

A

O 1.6 TABULATION:

Inst at

Sight to

Face Right Right Swing Face Left Left Swing

A Vernier

B Vernier

Mean Included Horizontal

angle

A Vernier

B Vernier

Mean Included Horizontal

angle °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “

1.7 RESULTS

The following horizontal angles are measured :

1.8 PRE LAB QUESTIONS: 1. What are the measures carried out for instrument set up?

2. What is centering?

3. How are cross hairs placed in the telescope?

1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT :

Measurement of horizontal angle taking 2 points.

1.10 POST LAB QUESTIONS: 1. What is transit Thedolite?

2. What is face left?

3. What is face right?

A B

O

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MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLE S BY REITERATION (Exercise 2)

1.1 OBJECTIVE: Measurement of horizontal angle by the method of repetition

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

d) Temporary adjustment for Thedolite

e) Leveling and centering

f) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE

1) Set up the instrument exactly over O and level it accurately.

2) Let singal A be the referring object. Direct the telescope to A and bisect it with

the help of the lower clamp and tangent screw. Note the reading of both the

verniers.

3) Release the upper plate and turn the telescope clock wise and bisect signal B

accurately with the help of the upper clamp and tangent screw. Note the

readings of verniers A&B. their mean gives the angle AOB.

4) Similarly bisect signals C, D etc. in order using the upper clamp and tangent

screw and each time note the reading on verniers A&B.

5) Finally site referring object A. if the final reading on signal A is the same as the

initial reading, there is no error. Otherwise the error should be distributed

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equally among all the angles observed at the station if it is within permissible

limits. If the error is large the readings have to be taken fresh.

1.5 DIAGRAM:

1.6 TABULATION:

Inst at.

Sight to

Right Face Right Swing Left Face

Left Swing Name of the angle

A

B

Mean Included angle

A

B

Mean Included angle

°°°° ‘ “

°°°° ‘ “

°°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “

°°°° ‘ “

°°°° ‘ “ °°°° ‘ “

1.7 RESULTS

The following horizontal angles are measured:

E

D

A

O

C

B

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1.8 PRE LAB QUESTIONS:

1. How to measure measurement of horizontal Angles?

2. What are the uses of upper clamp?

3. What are the uses of lower clamp?

1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT Measurement of horizontal angle by the method of repetition more than 5 stations 1.10 POST LAB QUESTION

What is face left?

What is face right?

Explain the procedure for Measurement of Horizontal Angles by Reiteration

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Experiment No: 3

TACHEOMETRIC LEVELING – HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES PROBLEM (Two exercises).

ELEVATION OF AN INACCESSIBLE POINT WHOSE BASE IS ACCESSIBLE

In order to determine the elevation of the point of a chimney or church spire etc. whose

base is inaccessible proceed as follows:

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To determine the Elevation of an inaccessible point whose base is accessible.

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

g) Temporary adjustment for Thedolite

h) Leveling and centering

i) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE Let A be the inaccessible point whose elevation is required.

Let B be its projection on the ground which is accessible,

1) Set up the Thedolite at c at a distance of say D meters from B and level it accurately by

the altitude level.

2) Sight to point A and observe the vertical angle α subtended at the line of collimation,

both on face left and face right and take the average of the two values.

3) Measure the horizontal distance BC accurately by tape.

4) With the line of sight horizontal, take a staff reading h on the bench mark established

nearby the instrument.

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1.5 DIAGRAM:

1.6 OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

AE=D tan α

R.L of A =R.L of BM+ h + D tan α

If the distance D is large, combined correction for curvature and refraction has to be

applied.

Then, R.L of A= R.L of B.M + h +D tan α-0.0673(D/1000)2

1.6 RESULTS

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What is tacheometric leveling?

How are the cross hairs in the tacheometric?

1.8 LAB ASSGNMENT

Determine the Elevation of an inaccessible point whose base is accessible tv tower


What are stadia reading?

Explain the procedure?

What is stadia intercept?

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EXERCISE -2

ELEVATION OF AN INACCESSIBLE POINT WHEN BASE IS NOT

ACCESSIBLE

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To determine the Elevation of an inaccessible point when base is not accessible

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS




1.4 PROCEDURE

Let A be the inaccessible point A whose elevation is to be determined

1) Set up the theodolite at station B at a convenient position so that the object A can be

sighted and level the instrument accurately by the altitude level.

2) Sight the object and read the vertical angle EB’A=α1.

3) With both motions of plates clamped, plunge the telescope and mark a station C in the

line of sight at a suitable distance d from B so that points, A, B, C lie in the same vertical

plane.

4) With line of sight horizontal, take the staff readings s1 on a nearby B.M. to establish

the R.L. of the plane of collimation.

5) Shift the instrument and set it up exactly over C and level it accurately.

6) With line of sight horizontal, take the staff reading s2 on the B.M. to establish the level

of plane of collimation at C.

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7) Sight object A, bisect it accurately and read the vertical angle α2 to A form C,

h=AE.tanα1

h= (h1+d tan α2) tan α1/tanα1-tan α2

R.L of A =R.L of B.M + staff reading s1+h

Note: if line of collimation is higher at B than at C, value of d must be taken as negative.

1.5 DIAGRAM:

1.6 TABULATION: Inst.

Station

Height of

axis

Staff Stations Vertical

Angle

Hair readings Remarks

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h=AE.tanα1

h= (h1+d tan α2) tan α1/tanα1-tan α2

R.L of A =R.L of B.M + staff reading s1+h

1.7 RESULTS

Stadia intercept values top ----- middle ------- bottom-------




1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT

Determine the Elevation of an inaccessible point whose base is accessible tv tower


1 What are stadia reading?

2 Explain the procedure?

3 What is stadia intercept?

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Experiment No: 4 HEIGHTS AND DISTANCE USING PRINCIPLES OF TACHEOMETRIC SURVEYING

(Two Exercises)

1.1 OBJECTIVE:

To find the heights and distance using principles of tachometric surveying

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS



c ) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDUR This method is used when the Thedolite is not equipped with a stadia diaphragm. In

this method, angular observations are made for two vanes at a fixed vertical distance

between them usually 3 m and the horizontal and the vertical distances are computed.

CASE: 1 WHEN BOTH ANGLES ARE IN ELEVATION

Let S be the vertical distance between the vanes A and B. V the vertical distance

between instrument axis and lower vane, h staff reading to lower vane: D horizontal

distance of staff station from instrument, α1 and α2 vertical angles to vanes A and B

respectively.

Then S+V=D tan α

D=S cosα1 cosα2 / sin(α1-α2)

V=D tan α2= S cosα1 sinα2 /sin (α1-α2)

Elevation of staff station =El.of inst.axis + V- h

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EXERCISE -2:

When both angles are of depression:

V-S= D tan α2

V=D tan α1

S=D (tanα1-tanα2)

D= S / tanα1-tanα2

V=d tan α1= S sinα1 cosα2 / sin (α1-α2)

Elevation of staff station = El.of inst.axis – V – h

1.9 DIAGRAM:

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1.10 TABULATION: Inst.

Station

Height of

axis

Staff Stations Vertical

Angle

Hair readings Remarks

1.11 RESULTS Stadia intercept values top ----- middle ------- bottom-------




1.12 LAB ASSGNMENT

Determine the Heights and Distance of a tower Using Principles of Tacheometric

Surveying


1 What are stadia reading?

2 Explain the procedure?

3 What is stadia intercept?

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Experiment No: 5 CURVE SETTING - DIFFERENT METHODS (Two Exercises)

1.1 OBJECTIVE: Setting the curve by Rankine’s method of deflection angle

1.2 RESOURCES: S.no Name of the equipment Rage type quantity

1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS




1.4 PROCEDURE

1) Locate P.C. (T1), P.T (T2) and P.I. (I).

2) Set up the theodolite exactly at T1 and make its temporary adjustments.

3) Set up vernier A to zero and bisect the P.I Clamp the lower plate.

4) Release the upper plate and set the vernier A to read ∆1. The line of sight is thus

directed along T1a.

5) Hold the zero tape at t1, take a distance C1 (T1a) and swing the tape with an arrow till

it is bisected by the theodolite. This establishes the first point in the curve.

6) Set the second deflection angle ∆2. On the scale so that lime of sight is set along T1b.

7) With zero of the of the tape held at a and an arrow at the other end (chord

distance=ab), swing the tape about a, till the arrow is bisected by the theodolite at b, this

establishes the second point b on the curve.

8) The same steps are repeated till the last point T2 is reached.

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1.5 DIAGRAM:

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1.6 CALCULATION

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1.7 RESULTS Setting the curve by Rankine’s method of deflection angle

by Rankine’s method of deflection angle and curve is formed


Define curve

What I s a chord , how it is formed

What does the rankines method says

1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT

Setting the curve by given two points T1 and T2


Procedure for curve settings

What are the deflection angles in the curve?

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EXERCISE-2: Two Thedolite method

1.1 OBJECTIVE: : Setting the curve by two - Thedolite method.


1 Thedolite 1

2 Taps 1

3 Arrows 4

4 Ranging rods 4

5 Tripod 1

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

j) Temporary adjustment for Thedolite

k) Leveling and centering

l) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE

1) Set up one Thedolite at P.C (T1) and the other at P.T (T2).

2) Set the vernier A of both the Thedolite to zero.

3) Direct the Thedolite at T1 towards I, and the Thedolite at T2 towards T1.

4) set angle ∂1in both the Thedolite so as to direct the line of sights towards T1a and

T2a,thus the point a ,the point of intersection of the two line of sights ,is established on

the curve.

5) Similarly, point b is established by setting ∂2 in both the theodolites and bisecting the

ranging rod at b.

6) The same steps are repeated with different values of ∂ to establish more points. This

method is expensive and time consuming, but more accurate.

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1.5 DIAGRAM:

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1.6 Calculation :

1.7 RESULTS Setting the curve by Rankine’s method of deflection angle

by Rankine’s method of deflection angle and curve is formed

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Define curve

What I s a chord , how it is formed

What does the rankines method says

1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT

Setting the curve by given two points T1 and T2


Procedure for curve settings

What are the deflection angles in the curve?

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Experiment No: 6

Setting out works for building and pipe lines

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To set out building points and pipe line points on ground using total station.


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 4

4

5

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

a) Temporary adjustment for total station



1.4 PROCEDURE

Pentax Total Station setting out is the establishment of points & lines to define the

position & level of elements of the construction work so that works may proceed with

reference to them. The main aim of setting out is to ensure that the various points are

positioned correctly in all three dimensions.

Building Set out:

1. Building dimensions usually obtained from architects plans.

2. Fix the total station over a control point and level it accurately. This must be done

correctly otherwise the subsequent readings taken with the instrument will not

give the correct results.

3. Orient it horizontally to the site coordinate system and it may also have to be

orientated vertically. For horizontal orientation, the coordinates of the control

point at which the instrument is set up are entered into the total station.

4. An adjacent control point is then chosen as a reference point (Reference Object)

and the coordinates for this site are also keyed in. To orientate the total station,

the RO is sighted and the horizontal circle orientation programme automatically

computes the bearing from the total station to the RO.

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5. Once the total station has been orientated it can be used for setting out horizontal

positions either using the coordinates of the points to be set out directly or using

bearing and distance values calculated from these coordinates.

6. Setting out a building to ground-floor level falls into the first category of setting

out.

7. Two corners of the building are set out from a baseline, site grid or control points.

8. From these two corners, the two other corners are ser out using a Total Station to

turn off the right angels as shown below. Diagonals are checked.

2 Pipeline Set out:

9. Setting out a pipeline falls into the first category of setting out. sewers normally

follow the natural fall in the land and are laid at gradients which induce self-

cleansing velocity.

10. The working drawings will show the directions of the sewer pipes and the

positions of the manholes. The line of the sewer is normally pegged at 20 to 30m

intervals using coordinate methods of positioning from reference points or in

relation to existing detail. The direction of the line can be sighted using Total

station.

11. Fix the total station over a control point and level it accurately. The coordinates of

the control point at which the instrument is set up are entered into the total station.

12. Determine the sewer line points with reference to the control points by horizontal

positioning method.

1.5 RESULTS Building points and pipe line points on ground are established


What is the temporary adjustment for total station?

What is the instrument used for ranging

1.7 LAB ASSGNMENT

To set out building points and pipe line points on ground using total station


What Total station operations

What is the command we use for horizontal station

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Experiment No: 7

Determination of area using Total Station

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To find the area of a closed traverse using total station.


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 1

4 Pegs

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

d) Temporary adjustment for total station

e) Leveling and centering

f) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE 1. Fix the total station over a station and level it

2. press the power button to switch on the instrument.

3. select MODE B -------> S function------->file management------>create(enter a name)--

----->accept

4. then press ESC to go to the starting page

5. then set zero by double clicking on 0 set(F3)

6. Then go to S function ------> measure-----> rectangular co-ordinate---->station ---

>press enter.

7. Here enter the point number or name, instrument height and prism code.

8. Then press accept(Fs)

9. Keep the reflecting prism on the first point and turn the total station to the prism ,focus

it and bisect it exactly using a horizontal and vertical clamps.

PN .....................................................

E..........................................................

N............................................................

IH..........................................................

PC.........................................................

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10. Then select MEAS and the display panel will show the point specification

11. Now select edit and re-enter the point number or name point code and enter the prism

height that we have set.

12. Then press MEAS/SAVE (F3) so that the measurement to the first point will

automatically be saved and the display panel will show the second point.

13. Then turn the total station to second point and do the same procedure.

14. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and close the traverse

15. Now go to S function----> view/edit----graphical view.

16. It will show the graphical view of the traverse.

17. Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept

18. This will give the area of the closed traverse.

1.5 DIAGRAM:

1.6 Calculation :

Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept

1.7 RESULTS Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept This will give the area of the. Area of the is calculated.




1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT

To find the area of a closed traverse using stations by using total station




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Experiment No: 8

Traversing using Total Station

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To form a closed traverse using total station.


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 1

4 Pegs

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

g) Temporary adjustment for total station

h) Leveling and centering

i) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE

1. Fix the total station over a station and level it



----->accept




>press enter.



9. keep the reflecting prism on the first point and turn the total station to the prism ,focus



PN .....................................................

E..........................................................

N............................................................

IH..........................................................

PC.........................................................

A B

D

C F

E

Closed

traverse

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14. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and close the traverse

15. Now go to S function----> view/edit----graphical view.

16. It will show the graphical view of the traverse.

1.5 DIAGRAM:

1.6 Calculation : Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept 1.7 RESULTS Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept This will give the area of the closed traverse. Area of the closed traverse is

calculated.




1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT

To find the area of a closed traverse using stations by using total station




38

Experiment No: 9

Contouring using Total Station

1.1 OBJECTIVE: Counter plan of given area (One full size drawing sheet)using total

station.

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 1

4 Pegs

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

j) Temporary adjustment for total station

k) Leveling and centering

l) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE

The elevation and depression and the undulations of the surface of the ground are shown

as map by interaction of level surface with by means of contour line. A contour may be

defined as the line of intersection of a level surface with the surface of the ground.




----->accept




>press enter.



9. Adopt Cross section method for establishing the major grid around the study area.

10. project suitably spaced cross sections on either side of the centre line of the area.

11. Choose several points at reasonable distances on either sides.

12. keep the reflecting prism on the first point and turn the total station to the prism,focus





39




17. Repeat the steps to the rest of the stations and get all point details.

18. Plot cross section lines to scale and enter spot levels.

19. The points on the chosen contours are interpolated assuming uniform slope between

adjacent points and join them by a smooth line.

1.5 DIAGRAM:

1.6 Calculation : Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept 1.7 RESULTS Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept The contour of given land is drawn in the sheet.


What is the Counter Plan?



1.9 LAB ASSGNMENT

Counter plan of given area (One full size drawing sheet)using total station


1. What Total station operations

2. Commends for linear measurement

3. What is the command we use for horizontal station

40

Experiment No: 10

Determination of Remote height using Total Station

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To find the height of a remote point using total station.

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 1

4 Pegs

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

m) Temporary adjustment for total station

n) Leveling and centering

o) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE




----->accept

4. Press ESC to go to the starting page

5. Then set zero by double clicking on 0 set(F3)


>press enter.


PN .....................................................

E..........................................................

N............................................................

IH..........................................................

PC.........................................................

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8. Then press accept (Fs)

9. Setup a reflector vertically beneath the point, the height of which is to be determined.

10. Enter the reflector height, target to it, and measure the distance.

11. Target the high point.

12. The height difference H between the ground point and the high point is now

calculated and displayed at the touch of a button

1.2 DIAGRAM:

1.3 Calculation : Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept 1.4 RESULTS Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept

42

Height of a remote point using total station is obtained




How To Find Out The High Of The Tower By Using Total Station

1.6 LAB ASSGNMENT

Counter plan of given area (One full size drawing sheet)using total station


1. What Total station operations


3. What is the command we use for vertical station

43

Experiment No: 11

Stake-out using Total Station

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To find a specific point in the field using Total Station

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 1

4 Pegs

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

p) Temporary adjustment for total station

q) Leveling and centering

r) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE

Place the total station in the spot from which you want to stake out points after you have

finished entering the coordinates for the area into the total station's internal memory.

1. Make sure that the total station is level and on secure, even ground before continuing.

2. Press the "Power" button to turn on the instrument.

3. Press the "Menu" button and use the navigation arrows to move down to the "Stake

Out" menu option. Press the "Select" button to enter the stake out menu.

4. Select the method to stake out the point. Select "XY" to stake out by coordinates

which will be the most common method.

5. Press the "Yes" button to continue the process using the coordinates on the screen.

6. If the coordinates are incorrect, press the "No" button to try again.

7. In the next screen, use the keypad to enter the coordinates or distances and press the

"OK" button to measure.

8. The results will be displayed on the following screen.

44

1.2 DIAGRAM:

1.3 Calculation : Select Stake function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept 1.4 RESULTS Select Stake function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept

Distance, gradient, diff, height between two inaccessible points using Total Station is

calculated.


What do you mine by stake point?




1.6 LAB ASSGNMENT

To find a specific point in the field using Total Station


1. Total station operations

2. What is the advantage of stake point



45

Experiment No: 12

Distance, gradient, diff, height between two inaccessible points using Total Station

1.1 OBJECTIVE: To find the Distance, gradient, diff, height between two inaccessible points using Total

Station.

1.2 RESOURCES:


1 total station 1

2 Prism 1

3 Tripod 1

4 Pegs

1.3 PERCAUTIONS

s) Temporary adjustment for total station

t) Leveling and centering

u) Focusing adjustment

1.4 PROCEDURE

1. Fix the total station over a station “O” and level it

2. Press the power button to switch on the instrument.

3. Select MODE B -------> S function------->file management------>create(enter a name)-

------>accept

4. Press ESC to go to the starting page

5. Then set zero by double clicking on 0 set (F3)


>press enter.


8. Select two inaccessible points “P” and “Q” between which the distance, difference in

height and gradient is to be measured.

46

9. Position a reflector pole on point “P” and enter the instrument height i and the target

height t1 (prism).

10. Target the center of the prism and measure the distance.

11. Rotate the total station towards the other point “Q”, measure the distance between

total station and point, measure the horizontal angle between two station points.

12. Enter the target height t2 (prism) for second point.

Level difference between P and Q Gradient of line PQ = ---------------------------------------------- Horizontal distance PQ

1.7 DIAGRAM:

O

Q P

47

1.8 Calculation : Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept 1.9 RESULTS Select S function---> calculation---> 2D surface----> All------> accept


calculated.





1.11 LAB ASSGNMENT

To find a specific point in the field using Total Station



calculated. 3. Total station operations

4. What is the advantage of stake point



226 ii manual) - st. martin's engineering collegesmec.ac.in/sites/default/files/lab1/surveying...

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