2012 midterm notes

8/3/2019 2012 Midterm Notes

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Note: The following content is copyrighted! Fair use claim for educational

purposes. TD1-DDP / Mr. FungMidterm Notes

[000] Technology and Science

Science Science deals with acquiring knowledge through experimentation and research

Technology Technology deals with human-made world and development of our surroundings

Engineer A person who is trained in and uses technological and scientific knowledge to solve

practical problems

Innovation An improvement of an existing technological product, system, or method

Invention A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and

experimentation

Product A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or bybiological or chemical process.

Solution A method or process for solving a problem

Technology can have negative impacts, such as pollution, medical problems, usage of resources and

unemployment Trade-off An exchange of one thing in return for another: especially the relinquishment of one

benefit or advantage for another regarded as more desirable

Evolution A gradual development; in engineering, technology evolves to minimize the negative

impacts of a particular design, i.e. improve trade-offs of a technology

Brainstorming A group technique for solving problems, generating ideas, stimulating creativethinking

Rules of Brainstorming 1) No criticism allowed, 2) Work for quantity, 3) Welcome piling-on, 4)

Allow free-for-all

Portfolio - A set of pieces of creative work intended to demonstrate a persons ability

[001] Design Brief

Design An iterative decision-making process that produces plans by which resources are converted

or systems that meet human needs and wants or solves problems

Designer A person who designs any of a variety of things

Iterative Describing a procedure or process that repeatedly executes a series of operations until

some condition is satisfied

Design Brief A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints.The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a

solution.

Problem Identification The recognition of an unwelcome or harmful matter needing to be dealt with Design Statement A part of the design brief that challenges the designer, describes what design

solution should do without describing how to solve the problem, and identifies the degree to which

the solution must be executed

Client A person using the services of a professional person or organization

Target Consumer A person or group for which product or service design efforts are intended

Product A tangible artifact produced by means of either human or mechanical work, or by

biological or chemical process

Constraint A limit to a design process. Constraints may be such things as appearance, funding,

space, materials and human capabilities. (A limitation or restriction)


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Numeric Constraint a number value or algebraic equation that is used to control the size or location

of a geometric figure

Geometric Constraint Constant, non-numerical relationships between parts of a geometric figure.

Examples: parallelism, perpendicularity, concentricity

Criteria Principles or standards by which something may be judged or decided

[002] Design Process

Model - A visual, mathematical, or three-dimensional representation in detail of an object or design,

often smaller than the original. A model is often used to test ideas, make changes to a design, and to

learn more about what would happen to a similar, real object.

Prototype - A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations

and necessary adjustments

Mockup - Also referred to as an Appearance Model. A model or replica of a machine or structure for

instructional or experimental purposes

Design Process

1. Define a Problem

Receive a problem to solve from the client. Be inspired through media exposure of a current problem and take action.

2. Brainstorm

A group problem-solving process in which each person in the group presents ideas in an open

forum.

Develop preliminary ideas.3. Research and Generate Ideas

Research solutions that may already exist; identify shortcomings and reasons why they arent

appropriate to a given situation.

Compile ideas and report findings to the team.

4. Identify Criteria and Specify Constraints

Identify constraints (i.e., budget and time are typical considerations).

Draft the Design Brief.5. Explore Possibilities

Explore alternative ideas based on further knowledge and technologies.6. Select an Approach

Decide on final idea, usually through group consensus.

7. Develop a Design Proposal

Explore the idea in greater detail with annotated sketches.

Make critical decisions such as material types and manufacturing methods.

8. Make a Model or Prototype

Make models to help communicate the idea, and study aspects such as shape, form, fit, or texture.9. Test and Evaluate the Design using Specifications

Design experiments and test the prototype in controlled and working environments.

10. Refine the Design

Make design changes; modify or rebuild the prototype.

11. Create or Make Solution

Determine custom/mass production.12. Communicate Processes and Results

Communicate the designers final solution through media such as PowerPoint, poster session,

technical report.


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[003] Geometric Shapes

Refer to PowerPoint for specific area calculations/terminology in relation to the following shapes:

Square

Rectangle

Triangle

Circle Ellipse

Polygon

Regular Polygon

Quadrilateral

Parallelogram

[004] Principles and Elements of Design

Aesthetic 1) Concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty, 2) Of pleasing appearance.

Elements of Design Components used in the creation of a design. [6 elements line, form, color,

value (a.k.a. tone), space and texture]

Gestalt - The principle that maintains that the human eye sees objects in their entirety before

perceiving their individual parts

Juxtapose - To place close together

Contrast 1) The state of being noticeably different from something else when put or considered

together, 2) Enhancement of appearance provided by juxtaposing different colors or textures

Variety - A thing which differs in some way from others of the same general class

Principles of Design The components that encompass a design [5 principles balance, rhythm,

emphasis, proportion, unity (a.k.a. harmony)]

Balance - A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions. There are

three types of visual balance: symmetry (a.k.a. formal balance), asymmetry (a.k.a. informal balance),and radial.

Horizontal Balance Left and right side of a design is in similar proportion

Vertical Balance Top and bottom of a design is in similar proportion

Radial Balance Design is in similar proportion in a circular manner around an axis

Rhythm - A regularly recurring sequence of events or actions, usually to represent movement

Emphasis - Special importance, value, or prominence given to something

Proportion - The relationship of one thing to another in size, amount, etc.

Unity/Harmony - The state of being united or forming a whole

[005] Statistics and Design

Statistics - Collection of methods for planning experiments, obtaining data, organizing, summarizing,

presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing conclusions based on data

Assessment An evaluation technique for technology that requires analyzing benefits and risks,understand the trade-offs and them determining the best action to that in order to ensure that the

desired positive outcomes outweigh the negative consequences.

Process A systematic sequence of actions that combines resources to produce an output.

Sequential Forming or following a logical order or sequence.


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Research The systematic study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new

conclusions.

Data Facts and statistics used for reference or analysis

Data Set A group of individual values or bits of information that are related in some way or have

some common characteristic or attribute

Mean The average or central value of a set of quantities

Median Referring to the middle term or mean of the middle two terms of a series of values arranged

in order of magnitude Mode The value that occurs most frequently in a given data set

Histogram A graph of vertical bars representing the frequency distribution of a set of data

Class Interval A group of values that is used to analyze the distribution of data

Frequency The rate at which something occurs over a particular period or in a given sample

Normal Distribution - A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bell-

shaped graph


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[006] Engineer Notebook

Engineers Notebook Also referred to as an Engineers Logbook. A record of design ideas

generated in the course of an engineers employment that others may not claim as their own.

Standard Something considered by an authority or by general consent as a basis of comparison.

American Nation Standards Institute (ANSI) - A private, non-profit organization that coordinates the

development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) - A non-governmental global organization

whose principal activity is the development of technical standards through consensus

Variation A change or slight difference in condition, amount or level.

Unit A standard quantity in terms of which other quantities may be expressed.

English System The measuring system based on the inch/foot, seconds and pound as units of

length, time and weight or mass.

Inch A unit of linear measure equal to 1/12 of a foot.

Metric System The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length,capacity and weight or mass.

Millimeter A metric unit of linear measure equal to 1/1000 of a meter.

Conversion rate from English System to Metric System: 1 inch = 25.4 mm

Engineers Notebook Standards

o Pages are sequentially numbered in ink on the top outside edge.o All figures and calculations are clearly labeled.

o Entries start at the top of the page, working left-to-right and top-to-bottom.

o Each page is signed and dated before the next page is begun.

o Inserted items are permanently attached.

o Mistakes are crossed off, initialed, with correction. Never erase anything.

Annotate To add explanatory notes to.

[007] One Point Perspective


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Perspective Drawing: A form of pictorial drawing in which vanishing points are used to provide the

depth and distortion that is seen with the human eye. Perspective drawings can be drawn using one,two, and three vanishing points.

Vanishing Point: A vanishing point is a point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel

edges of an object appear to converge.

In a one point perspective drawing, there are only 3 types of lines:

o Horizontal

o Verticalo Diagonal to Vanishing Point

The purpose of these lines is as follows:

o Horizontal/Vertical lines represent width and height

o Diagonal lines represent the depth of the object (getting farther away from the viewer)


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[008] Computer Aided Design

Computer Aided Design (CAD) For design, the use of a computer to assist in the process of

designing a part, circuit, building, etc. or for drafting, the use of a computer to assist in the process of

communicating a technical drawing.

Solid modeling Solid Modeling is a type of 3D CAD process that represents the volume of an

object, not just its lines and surfaces.

Wireframe Modeling Wireframe Modeling is a 3D CAD process that represents the lines andsurfaces of a design.

Additive Modeling A method of modeling in which each component is created individually and

subsequent components are created as needed. This method is represented by construction processes

such as welding,gluing, mechanical fastening,joinery.

Subtractive Modeling A method of modeling in which a design is created by removing differentgeometric shapes from a solid block larger than the final design. This method is represented bymilling, drilling, turning,grinding, and other manufacturing processes.

[009] Isometric View

Pictorial Sketch: A sketch that shows an objects height, width, and depth in a single view, i.e. shows

a design in 3D

Isometric Drawing: A form of pictorial drawing in which all three drawing axes form equal angles of120 degrees with the plane of projection.

In an isometric drawing, there are only 3 types of lines that are to be drawn on each of the 3 different

isometric axes:o Line along the (30/-150 axis) to represent depth

o Line along the (150/-30 axis) to represent width

o Line along the (90/-90 axis) to represent height


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[010] Two Point Perspective

Two Point Perspective - A pictorial drawing in which receding lines converge at vanishing points on

the horizon; the most natural of all pictorial drawings.

In a two point perspective drawing, there are only 2 types of lines:

o Vertical

o Diagonal to either left or right vanishing point

The purpose of these lines is as follows:

o Vertical lines represent height

o Diagonal lines represent the width/depth of the object


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[01 2] Orthographic Projection II

Object Line: Represents outline of object (solid line)

Hidden Line: Represents an edge that is not directly visible (dotted line)

Center Mark: Denotes center of circular shapes

Centerline Bisector: Denotes axis of cylindrical shapes

Leader Line: Used to dimension radius/diameter of circles

Dimension Line: Lines with arrowheads used to show dimensions Extension Line: Used to identify the extent of a dimension

Miter Line: 45-degree line from corner from front view used to project lines

Line Convention - Standardization of lines used on technical drawings by line weight and style

Line Weight - Also called line width. The thickness of a line, characterized as thick or thin


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[013] Oblique Projection

Oblique Pictorial - A type of drawing involving a combination of a flat, orthographic front with depth

lines receding at a selected angle, usually 45 degrees

Cavalier Oblique - A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn true size, andusually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal

Cabinet Oblique - A form of oblique drawing in which the receding lines are drawn at half scale, and

usually at a 45 degree angle from horizontal General Oblique - A general oblique is a type of oblique pictorial that represents an objects width

and height, but the depth can be any size and drawn at any angle.

Projection Plane - An imaginary surface on which the view of the object is projected and drawn. Thissurface is imagined to exist between the object and the observer.

Construction Line - Thin lines that serve as guides while sketching or drawing.

Tonal Shading A method of shading used to enhance the appearance of a pictorial drawing


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014-Basic Assembly Constraints

Assembly - A group of machine or handmade parts that fit together to form a self-contained unit.

Mate An assembly process used to constrain a surface, line or point to another surface, line or point

such that they remain in contract with one another.

Flush An assembly process used to align two surfaces at the same height.

Angle An assembly process used to set the angle between two surfaces.

Insert An assembly process used to place a cylindrical object into a cylindrical slot.


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Tangent An assembly process used to force a curved object to touch a flat surface at only one point

(spherical shapes) or on an edge (cylindrical objects). Can also be used constrain two curved surfacestogether.

Base Component The first part placed into an assembly, this component is also grounded.

Grounded Component A component that has 0 degrees of freedom (cannot move).

017-Dimensioning Rules

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - A private, non-profit organization that coordinatesthe development and use of voluntary consensus standards in the United States.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) - A professional engineering organization that is

known for setting codes and standards for mechanical devices in the United States. ASME drawing

standards are found in the Y-14M publications.

The front view of an orthographic projection should be the view of the object that has the least

amount of hidden lines, largest width and shows the shape of the object most clearly.

Location Dimension A dimension that shows the distance between features

Size Dimension- A dimension that shows the length of a feature


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Baseline/Datum Dimensioning A method of dimensioning in which all dimensions originate from a

common point (called the baseline or datum)

Chain Dimensioning A method of dimensioning in where each dimension starts from the end of theprevious dimension


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Rules of

Dimensioning A set of standards which must be followed in a technical working drawing for

specifying the dimensions of a design.

Key Dimensioning Rules

1. Dimensions should NOT be duplicated, or the same information given in two different ways.

2. No unnecessary dimensions should be used only those needed to produce or inspect the part.3. Whenever possible, avoid dimensioning to hidden lines and features.

4. Avoid dimensioning over or through the object.

5. Whenever possible, locate dimensions between adjacent views.6. In general, a circle is dimensioned by its diameter and an arc by its radius.

7. Holes are located by their centerlines, which may be extended and used as extension lines.

8. Holes should be located and sized in the view that shows the feature as a circle.

9. Do not cross a dimension line with an extension line, avoid crossing dimensions with leader lines.10. Leader lines should not occur horizontally or vertically.

018-Title Block (Parts List/Balloons) and Exploded Assembly

Balloons - A circled number identifying each part shown in an assembly drawing. Also called a ball

tag or bubble number.

Documentation - 1. The documents that are required for something, or that give evidence or proof ofsomething. 2. Drawings or printed information that contains instructions for assembling, installing,

operating, and servicing.

Exploded Assembly - An assembly drawing in which parts are moved out of position along an axis so

that each individual part is visible.

Parts List - A list of materials or parts specified for a project. Also referred to as a bill of materials orBOM.

Title Block - A table located in the bottom right-hand corner of an engineering drawing that

identifies, in an organized way, all of the necessary information (designer, title, date, scale, company,logo) that is not given on the drawing itself. Also referred to as a title strip.

Local Note (Annotation) - Connected to specific features on the views of the drawing. Also known as

annotations. General Note - Notes placed separate from the views; relate to the entire drawing.


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2012 midterm notes

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