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Firstly recognized in 1976

"Ebola" came from a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire)

18 confirmed outbreaks of the disease since 1976

Ebola was first emerged in Sudan and Zaire

Infected over 284 people, with a mortality rate of 53%

Second Ebola virus emerged from Yambuku, Zaire, Ebola-Zaire (EBOZ)

EBOZ, with the highest mortality rate of any of the Ebola viruses (88%)

Infected 318 people

Ebola Reston (EBOR), was first

identified in 1989 when infected monkeys were imported into Reston, Virginia, from Mindanao in the Philippines

Infected people with EBOR never developed EHF

Ebola Cote d'Ivoire (EBO-CI) was discovered in 1994

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• Group: Group V(-ss RNA)–Order: Mononegavirales•Family: Filoviridae–Genus: Ebolavirus»Species: Zaire ebolavirus

 

Classification of Zaire ebolavirus

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2010 ICTV report

6 Orders

87 Families

19 Subfamilies

348 Genera

2285 Species of viruses

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Mainly there are four types ofebola virus:

Ebola-Zaire

  First known outbreak of Ebola HF in humans was caused by Ebola-Zaire This strain surfaced again in southeren Zaire but only one person died

Ebola-Sudan

   Discovered in south western Sudan in 1976 and 1979

Ebola-Reston    Strain of Ebola Virus found in monkeys imported in to the US in 1989. Has not caused infection in humans.

Ebola-Ivory Coast    Most recently discovered strain of Ebola virus. Found in Tai forests of Ivory Coast in West Africa.

Filoviruses are classified as biosafety level 4 agents

They are extremely pathogenic

The lack vaccine or effective antiviral drug

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Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever (Ebola HF) carries a 53%- 88% mortality rate

The incubation period is 2-21 days

A severe and often deadly illness that can occur in humans and in primates (monkeys, gorillas)

EHF

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Direct Contact With an Infected Person

burial ceremony

Exposure to Infected Body Fluids

contaminated blood, organs, semen or other bodily secretions

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IS IT AIRBORNE….???

Report in ProMED

Reston strain appears airborne but is not known to be harmful to humans

It is hypothesized that the Ebola virus became

"airborne" by being caught inside small droplets of water

that the control monkeys eventually breathed

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Sore throat Fever Dry, hacking

cough Weakness

Severe headache Joint and

muscle aches Diarrhea

Dehydration Stomach pain Vomiting A rash Hiccups Red eyes Internal and

external bleeding

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Symptoms begin 4 to 6 days after infection

Death usually occurs during the second week of symptoms

Ebola victims typically die from massive blood loss

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For diagnosing Ebola doctor will ask questions which are:-

Symptoms Current medical conditions Family history of medical conditions Current medications

Other medical conditions which can cause similar symptoms to Ebola are:

Influenza Malaria Typhoid fever Other viral hemorrhagic fevers

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IgG ELISA

IgM ELISA distinguishes acute infections from old infections

 IFA is highly misleading

Electron microscopy

Laboratory findings include: Maculopapular rash Lymphopenia and neutrophilia Thrombocytopenia and abnormal platelet aggregation Serum enzyme levels are elevated;  AST is usually higher than ALT  Alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin levels are usually normal or only mildly elevated

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There is no specific treatment

Supportive therapy involves providing relief of Ebola symptoms while body fights infection

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Use of Intravenous fluids

Oxygen and devices that help with breathing

Medications to control fever, help the blood clot, and maintain blood pressure

Use of Antibiotics

Good nursing care

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There is no Ebola vaccine that is currently licensed, its prevention focuses on:-

Preventing direct contact with infected body fluids

Avoiding direct contact with the body of an Ebola victim

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Ebola isolation precautions or barrier nursing techniques includes:-

The use of infection-control measures, including complete sterilization of equipment

The isolation of patients with Ebola from contact with unprotected people

The wearing of protective clothing, such as masks, gloves, gowns, and goggles