Unicellular, Prokaryotic OrganismsAuto or HeterotrophicReproduce by budding or binary fissionSuper Kingdom- Archaebacteria- cell

walls are not made out of peptidoglycanAnaerobicMethanogens-produce methane gas and

live in soil and intestines of herbivoresHalophiles- extremely salty environments

(Dead Sea)Thermoacidophiles-acidic sulfur springs

of Yellowstone Park or deep sea vents

Super Kingdom-Eubacteria-true bacteria, cell wall made out of peptidoglycan, circular piece of DNA called plasmid used in recombinant DNA

Heterotrophic-living organisms or wastes Autotrophic-living organisms photosynthetic, Chemotrophic – obtain energy from the

breakdown of nitrogen and sulfur Decomposers Nitrogen fixation Recombinant DNA (insulin, human growth

hormone Used to make cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar

Coccus-sphericalBacillus-rodSpirillum- spiral (corkscrew)

Pathogens-microorganisms that cause disease

Non-communicable diseases-can not be passed to others around you (genetic disorders like sickle cell, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis)

Communicable diseases-enter body easily through cuts, respiratory tract, digestive tract, or reproductive tract

Toxin-poison substance that causes a disease

Produced by some bacteria like Clostridium botulinum

Cooking foods to appropriate temperatures kill these bacteria

Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics (against living things)

Antibiotics either destroy cell wall or reproduction

Antibiotics can not treat viral infectionOver-usage of prescription drugs have led to bacterial resistant strains

Best defense is frequent hand washing and cleaners like bleach and ammonia

Tooth Decay Strep ThroatStaph InfectionsTuberculosisFood PoisoningsPeptic UlcersSyphilisLyme DiseaseTetanusBacterial Meningitis

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Contains protein coat called a capsid and hereditary material (DNA or RNA)

Cell specific- can only infect cell if the capsid can fit into the receptor site of host cell membrane

Bacteriophages most common viruses in which virus inserts its DNA or RNA into bacteria as host

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/flu-viruses-hiv-and-immune-system-evasion.html

Lytic Cycle-invade and immediately reproduce and lyse cell

Lysogenic Cycle-invade and hang around in the host cell then moves into lytic cycle

Examples- fever blisters, chicken pox to shingles, AIDS

Retroviruses contain RNA and transcriptase, an enzyme that allows RNA to make DNA by a process called reverse transcription

HIV is a retrovirusVaccine-weakened or dead

pathogens injected into the body to produce immunity

ColdFluSmall PoxPolioChicken PoxMeaslesWartsAidsRabies

Fungi live in moist places Skin, hair follicles, nail beds, lung pH of skin, fatty acid content of skin

cells, cell cycle time Treated with fungicides

Protists cause African sleeping virus, amoebic dysentary, malaria,

Contaminated food, water, or through animal intermediate like mosquito

Parasites like mites, head lice, tapeworms, round worms, pin worms, ticks, fleas

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First line of defense is the skinMucus, tears, sweat, and saliva have

lysozyme that break down bacterial cell walls

Oil and sweat glands make an acidic environment

Second line of defense is increased blood flow to the area which brings macrophages (phagocytes) to area that eat the pathogens

Second line of defense is increased blood flow to the area which brings macrophages (phagocytes) to area that eat the pathogens

Inflamation-swelling-destroys pathogen

and repair damaged tissue Fever-increase in body temperature

unsuitable for pathogen growth and initiates third line of defense

Third Line of Defense Antigen-Antibody Response

Antigen-foreign substanceAntibodies-proteins produced by white blood

cells which act on antigens by bonding with them and block negative affects of antigen

T-cells recognize the virus and attack infected cells(cell-mediated response)

B-cells are activated by T-cells and make antibodies to destroy pathogens(antibody-mediated immunity)

Active Immunity- new immune response is activated in the body (vaccines, exposure to disease

Long-term, explains why get disease only once in lifetimePassive Immunity- when antibodies are

introduced into the body from mother through breast feeding or injections of antibodies from someone else

Short term

Nutrients-substances needed by organisms to carry out life functions (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals

Eat diet predominantly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and meats low in saturated fats

Avoid artificial sweeteners and preservatives

Eat slow, on a small plate, and eat only until full

Drink Water-64 ounces per dayLimit alcohol- abuse can cause alcohol

poisoning, coma, paralysis, liver disease, heart disease, and emotional disorders

Avoid tobacco products and second hand smoke (increases chance of cancer, heart disease, tooth decay, chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Regular exercise to maintain body weight, increases circulation, flexibility, increased immunity, strengthen bones, relieves stress, and decreases depression

Get enough sleepLimit stress by exercise, reading, or

hobbiesSeat belt, defensive driving, no cell

phones while drivingAvoid Drugs