Kingdom Monera 1. Archaebacteria v.

Eubacteria 2. Characteristics a. prokaryotic cells b. unicellular c. autotrophic or heterotrophic d. asexual reproduction

Kingdom Protista 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic cells b. mostly

unicellular c. heterotrophic or autotrophic d. asexual reproduction

Kingdom Fungi 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic cells b. unicellular or multicellular c. heterotrophic *external digestion d. mostly asexual reproduction

Kingdom Plantae 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic b. multicellular c. autotrophic d. sexual and

asexual reproduction

Kingdom Animalia 1. Characteristics a. eukaryotic b. multicellular c. heterotrophic *internal

digestion d. sexual reproduction

Archaebacteria

live in extreme environments such as swamps, hydrothermal  vents deep in the ocean, acidic thermal springs in the ground, and extremely salty water.

Eubacteria

live in most habitats

some cause diseases such as strep throat and pneumonia

Cyanobacteria – autotrophic Escherichia coli - heterotrophic

Viruses v. Bacteria Bacteria- living microorganisms

› A. Some are pathogenic (cause diseases) Examples

Tetanus Neissaria gonnorhea Strep throat- Streptococcus pyrogenus Anthrax- Bacillus anthracis Pneumonia

› B. Some are very useful Decomposing dead things Breakdown garbage in landfills E.coli

Viruses- not considered living organisms; have to be inside a host cell to reproduce› A. contain DNA and RNA

› B. diseases caused by viruses HIV, chicken pox, Herpes, Flu (influenza)

› C. Two ways of infecting cells Lytic cycle Lysogenic cycle

Viral Treatments

For viral infections, you treat the symptoms Use vaccines and antiviral drugs for severe

infections.

Avian Flu Virus

Symptoms

Symptoms in humans› Fever, cough, sore throat› Eye infections› Pneumonia› Severe respiratory diseases

Vaccines

Began testing vaccinations in April, 2005

Vaccinations must prove to be safe and effective

Vaccinations are hard to create› Virus mutates quickly

Protists

3 types of protists› 1. Algae- plantlike protists

All are autotrophic Photosynthetic algae produce a great deal of the

Earth’s atmospheric oxygen Can be unicellular or multicellular

› 2. Protozoa- animal-like protists Single celled Ex) zooplankton

› 3. Fungus-like protists Ex) slime molds, water molds

Fungi

Mostly multicellular, eukaryotic organisms Cell walls are made of chitin- complex

carbohydrate Structural units of fungus are hyphae Play a major role in decomposing organic

material and recycling Earth’s nutrients Can cause spoiled food, diseases, and

poisonous mushrooms Human pathogens- toenail fungus, Athlete’s

foot, ringworm

Toenail Fungus

Athlete’s Foot

Ringworm

Protists and Fungi objectives

1. What are some characteristics of kingdom Protista? 5072. How do protozoa reproduce? What types of

environments do they inhabit? 5073. Describe Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and giardiasis.

For each, list symptoms, what protozoa causes them, and which animals carry them. 516

4. In what ways do algae differ from protozoa? 5255. How are algae similar to plants? How are they different?

5256. How are euglenoids similar to both plants and animals?

5337. How do fungi obtain nutrients? 5438. Why does a fungus that reproduces both sexually and

asexually have an advantage over an organism that just reproduces asexually? 544-545

Objective 4.03

Sickle Cell Anemia 1. results in

defective form of hemoglobin 2. suffer damage to the brain, heart 3. 1 out of every 500 African Americans has sickle cell anemia

Lung/Mouth Cancer and tobacco use

1. nicotine 2. tars

3. Hazards of Long-Term Tobacco Use a. cardiovascular system – most affected b. 25% of heart attacks are associated with

use of tobacco

c. Lung Cancer * deadliest form of cancer * chronic bronchitis * emphysema

d. Mouth Cancer * chewless tobacco

Skin Cancer

CFCs

Melanin

Diabetes mellitus – due to

insulin deficiency Type I 1. severe childhood disorder 2. treated with daily insulin injections

Type II 1. often correlates with obesity 2. can generally be controlled through

exercise and diet

Malaria

Plasmodium and Anopheles

Symptoms 1. severe chills, fever, sweating,

fatigue, severe thirst

Treatment 1. sporozoans can evolve a resistance

to antimalarial drugs

Environmental Toxins

Mercury, Lead

Sources * Drinking water, fish, vaccines, pesticides, preserved

wood, antiperspirants, building materials

Risks Cancer, Alzheimer’s, neurological disorders,

arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm), decreased red/white blood cell production.

Immune Response Antigen – any substance that the immune

system recognizes as a potential pathogen and that provokes an immune response

T – Cells ( “helper T cell) 1. cytotoxic a. combat the pathogen by destroying any of the body cells that have been infected by the pathogen

2. suppressor a. help shut down the immune response after the pathogen has been cleared from the body

B – Cells 1. differentiate into plasma cells a. produce defensive proteins and secrete them in the blood *antibodies

Memory Cells 1. long term protection against reinfection by a specific pathogen

Immunity 1. person becomes resistance to a

specific pathogen