BACTERIA Prokaryotic (no nucleus) Unicellular (one cell) Mostly heterotrophic (cannot make own food) Eubacteria Archaebacteria Two Kingdoms of Bacteria: (Based on differences in structure of DNA, cell wall and cell membrane) Archae Means Ancient ARCHAEBACTERIA Live In Extreme Conditions Such As Hot Springs or Highly Salty Water EUBACTERIA Eu (True) Live almost everywhere Fresh and salt water Land In Humans E.coli (based on shapes, cell walls, movement and by the way they obtain energy) Shapes: Bacilli=rods Cocci=round Spirilla= spiral IDENTIFICATION BACILLI (ROD-SHAPED) COCCI (ROUND-SHAPED) SPIRILLA (SPIRAL-SHAPED) Prefixes: Diplo = 2 Strepto =chain Staphylo =clumps A B C More Identification Gram Staining - used to identify bacteria with extra membranes. These bacteria are more resistant to damage. Gram + stain purple Gram (extra membrane) stain red Even More Identification MOVEMENT: Flagella Glide on slime Wiggle None REPRODUCTION Asexual: Binary fission (dividing in half) Sexual Reproduction: Conjugation (the exchange of genetic material) Hollow bridge forms between 2 cells and the genes move from one cell to another Endospores: protect genetic material until environment is favorable for reproduction. SPORE FORMATION occurs when growth conditions become unfavorable. Makes it possible for bacterium to survive harsh conditions such as extreme heat, dryness or lack of nutrients. ROLES OF BACTERIA Symbiotic relationship E. coli in the intestines aid in digestion in exchange for food and a warm home. Recycle Chemicals Decomposers Oil-eating bacteria Break-down raw sewage Nitrogen-fixation: change nitrogen to a form that producers can use to make protein. Many fermented foods are produced with the help of bacteria. Cheese Buttermilk Sour cream Vinegar Pickles Sauerkraut Sourdough bread BUTTERMILK PATHOGENS: Disease-causing Agents Bacteria cause disease in 2 ways: Damage cells Release toxins (poisons) Anthrax Acne BACTERIAL DISEASES DiseaseTransmissionDescription of Illness Streptococcus infections Direct contact with saliva or nasal discharge Fever, white patches on tonsils DiphtheriaSneezing or coughing Sore throat, fever, swollen glands AnthraxInhalation of spores Fever, severe difficulty in breathing TuberculosisInhalationFever, difficulty in breathing BotulismContaminated food Blurred vision, difficulty in swallowing, muscle weakness Control Antibiotics: medicines that stop bacterial growth Sterilization: heat or disinfectant Cook food all the way Prevention=vaccines