zhang fusuo center for resources, environment and food security china agricultural university dec....
TRANSCRIPT
Zhang Fusuo
Center for Resources, Environment and Food SecurityChina Agricultural University
Dec. 7, 2015
Increase crop productivity and sustainability by balanced fertilization
Outline
Role of fertilizer in crop
production
Imbalanced fertilization and
phosphorus efficiency management
Future needs to produce more ： A
succesful case
Without N, 4 billion people would be starved to death(Erisman et al 2008)
Fertilizers help feed the world
-N +N-P +P
Maize growth was improved by N and P input
Zingore et al 2014
Effect of N applied as mineral fertilizer and cattle manure and their combination on maize grain yields in soils of varying fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa
Crop yield increased with nutrient supply
Outline
Role of fertilizer in crop production
Imbalanced fertilization and
phosphorus efficiency management
Future needs to produce more
Nitrogen surplus in world major croplands
Sutton et al 2013
MacDonald et al 2012
Nutrient imbalances in China due to high input
Brazil China France Germany India Myanmar USA
Cereal yield 4.8 5.9 7.1 7.3 3 2.5 7.3
N input 48.7 331.2 120.6 141 106.7 8 77
P2O5 input 61.1 105.9 25.8 23.8 35.9 2 26.9
Total 176.7 498.6 172.6 203.4 155.9 12 132.9
N surplus 19.4 221 43.8 56.7 64 -33 16.5
P surplus 51.3 67.6 -1.2 -5.6 22.2 -4.6 5.9
Data were from FAO and IFA, 2015. The method of calculating nutrient balances was from Cui et al 2014; Wu et al 2015; Zhan, 2015.
15
30.97P
Phosphorous is an essential nutrient for plant development and productivity
Phosphorus is a key factor for crop production
Moderate P fertilisation
No P fertilisationHigh P fertilisation
In heavily P limited soils, small addition of P can boost crop yields
• Small addition of 10 kg P/ha/yr could increase maize yields by 12% in South America and 26% in Africa
• With N addition, this would save 29 millions ha from cropland expansion and provide food for +200 millions people
(van der Velde et al., 2013)
P deficiency
Leaf growthLeaf area
Light interception(source for C)
Leaf demand for C
Root growth
Maintained (or slightly enhanced)on short time
Reduced on long timeRoot/shoot ratio
Synoptic diagram of P deficiency effects on plant growth and development
Pellerin et al 1999
+P -P
Increased biomass allocation to roots in low P
Al/Fe oxides
Allophane
Source: De Sousa, 2011
Soils with strong P adsorption
Soils with strong P precipitation
CaCO3
MgCO3
CalcisolsCalcarosols
Source: Jorge.Mataix
Source: ISRIC
Global coverage of calcareous soils
Source: FAO
Where is P “fixation” a real problem?
X XX
Source: Vorosmarty CJ, McIntyre PB, et al. (2010) Nature 467(7315), 555-561.
Improving P efficiency by releasing“fixed” P/reducing sorption
The scorecard Placement of P e.g. banding
Cultivation to mineralise organic P
Changing fertilizer formulation - fluids
Changing fertilizer formulation – slow release (for leaching)
New fertilizer formulations - chelates, slow release (to reduce sorption)
Inoculants/biostimulants to release “fixed” P
Inoculants/biostimulants to release stable organic P
Source: bioag.novozymes.com
Field evidence of placement effects
22‚Homoeopathic‘ P fertilization rate for improved root growth,
2-3 kg P (+N,K)/ha, placed
• P placement (including P as starter fertilizer)P placement is a well established agronomic measure for enhanced P acquisition in farmers’ practices on sites with inhibited root growth (low soil temperature, drought, soil compaction etc.) or soils with high P adsorption capacity such as in West Africa)
Granular MAP Fluid MAP
Field evidence of efficiency of formulations
Source : Bob HollowayHolloway et al. 2001 Plant and Soil 236, 209-219.
The locus Pup1 (P uptake 1) confers tolerance to P deficiency
Nipponbare
NIL-Pup1
Kasalath
Near Isogenic Line for Pup1 Locus (NIL-Pup1): Genetically 97% identical to Nipponbare but with insertions from tolerant donor variety Kasalath at Pup1 (Chromosome 12)
25
Faba bean
Faba bean acidified its rhizosphere via proton exudation from roots, whereas maize did not. This enhanced crop yield and P acquisition.
Maize
(Li et al., 2007 PNAS)
Intercropping faba bean with maize resulted in a better growth (17%) and P uptake (28 %) of maize: an agronomic measure for enhanced P acquisition widely used in Chinese agriculture (e.g. Gansu province)!
Yield increase:
26
Yield 17 64 N uptake 36 58 200kgN/ha P uptake 26 56 100kgP2O5/ha
MaizeFaba BeanIncrease in （ % ） Fertilizer saved
Intercrop increse both yield and nutrient uptake
Outline
Role of fertilizer in crop production
Imbalanced fertilization and best
nutrient management for balanced
fertilization
Future needs to produce more
(Sanchez, 2015. Nature Plants 1. 1- 2.)
SS Africa
Latin AmericaSouth & Southeast Asia
China
USA, EU
STB villagesNeighboring villagesControl villagesQuzhou experimental station
Staple crops
Other cash crops
Fruits and vegetables
Beijing
Quzhou
A successful case of chemical fertilizer as the key factor of food production (Quzhou county)
Quzhou, A typical county in the north China Plain with 93,074 households farmers
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n (M
t)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Che
mic
al fe
rtili
zer
cons
umpt
ion
(Mt)
0
20
40
60
80
100
GrainFertilizer
Soil salinization Soil fertility improved Double high
Manure-based management, supply intensity from 15 m3 to 60 m3 ha-1: chemical fertilizer shorted; irrigation shorted
Chemical fertilizer-based management ， 150 kg N ha-1, 45 kg P2O5 ha-1
300 kg N ha-1, 150 kg P2O5 ha-1
Nutrient deficiency Nutrient replenishment Nutrient excessive
Quzhou Yearbook, 2014
Changes of grain yield and nutrient management strategy
0 1 2 3 4 5
Gra
in p
rodu
ctio
n (1
03 t)
0
50
100
150
0 10 20 30 40 500
100
200
300
400
40 42 44 46 48 50200
300
400
500
y=5.2x+59R2=0.22
y=7.3x+75R2=0.88***
y=8.2x-25R2=0.39*
(a) 50s-80s (b) 80s-00s (c) 00s-10s
Chemical fertilizer consumption (103 t)
Contribution of fertilizer to grain production
Grain production could be explained 22%, 88% and 39% by fertilizer consumption during 1905s-1980s, 1980s-2000s, 2000s-2010s, irrespectively.
Whe
at
yie
ld (
t ha
-1)
0
2
4
6
8N0Nopt
0
2
4
6
8P0Popt
50s-70s 70s-90s 90s-10s 50s-70s 70s-90s 90s-10s
24%
26%
9%
126%58%
9%
Yield response to fertilizer varied with time
Xin , 1977; Yang, 1994; Yue, 2012; Deng, 2015
No significant yield difference between fertilized and non-fertilized treatments was observed in 90s-10s
Nutrient imbalance in Quzhou croplands
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
P2O
5 in
put &
sur
plus
(kg
ha-1
)
-100
0
100
200
300P surplusP input
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
N in
put &
sur
plus
(kg
ha-1
)
-200
0
200
400
600N surplusN input
Quzhou Yearbook, 2014; the method of calculating nutrient balance was from Cui et al 2014; Wu et al 2015; Zhan et al 2015;
Feed crops to feed peopleand feed soil and environment in the other countries
Thanksfor your attention !
AcknowledgmentsNSFC, MoA , MoE, MOST