YEAR 8: Term 1

Review of Middle AgesEnd of Middle Ages

Protestant ReformationRenaissance

Scientific RevolutionAge of Enlightenment

Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic

The [REFORM]ation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church

People wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore the people’s faith in the church

Who is he?

Lived from 1483-1546 in Germany

Father encouraged him to study law

A sudden religious experience inspired him to become a monk

He became troubled over the possibility of not going to heaven

He turned to the Bible, and confession for comfort

In the Bible he found the answer he was looking for

“The righteous shall by his faith.”

Luther realized that only faith (in the ultimate goodness of Jesus), not good deeds, could save a person. No good works, rituals, etc. would save a person if they did not believe.

A list of things he thought were wrong with the Catholic Church (95 Complaints)

He criticized:

The Power of the Pope

The Extreme Wealth of the Church

Indulgences (Catholic concept of Salvation)

Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for Luther to spread his beliefs

Posted his 95 Theses on Church doors in Germany

Gained support from people and criticism from Church

•The first thing printed on Gutenberg’s press was the Bible.

•This is a picture of a page from one of Gutenberg’s Bibles.

Some Local German Churches accepted Luther’s ideas

Supported by German Princes who issued a formal “protest” against the Church for suppressing the reforms

The reformers came to be known as [PROTEST]ants - Protestants

Martin Luther

John Calvin

Henry VIII

Started in Switzerland – Calvinists

England = Puritans

Scotland = Presbyterians

Holland = Dutch Reform

France = Huguenots

Germany = Reform Church

PuritanHugeunots

Presbyterian

Divorced  The first of Henry VIII's six wives, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536) was a Spanish princess who was married to Henry for 18 years before he began divorce proceedings in his desperation to re-marry and produce a male heir.  Katherine had been pregnant six times but only one daughter, Princess Mary, later Mary I, had survived. Dying in 1536, Katherine wrote to Henry: 'Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Farewell.' 

Anne BoleynBeheadedThe second of Henry VIII's six wives, Anne Boleyn (c1501-1536) was married to the King for only three years from 1533-1536. Instead of the sought after male heir, Anne was pregnant with another princess, Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I). Anne was supported by religious reformers but was also hated by many at court. After a miscarriage, her fate was sealed and she was arrested (and later executed at the Tower of London) for adultery and incest.

Jane SeymourDiedJane Seymour (c1509-1537) was the third of Henry VIII's six wives and the only wife to provide the King with the much longed for son and male heir. Having married Henry in May 1536, she gave birth to Prince Edward (later Edward VI) at Hampton Court Palace in 1537 but died soon afterwards.Henry had his son but grieved: 'Providence has mingled my joy with the bitterness of the death of her who brought me this happiness.'

DivorcedAnne of Cleves (1515-1557) was the fourth of Henry VIII's six wives and at 24 was half Henry's age when they married in January 1540.  Henry first saw Anne of Cleves in a painting by Hans Holbein, but in the flesh, Henry found Anne unattractive and began pursuing one of her maids of honour, Catherine Howard.After six months the marriage was annulled yet Anne remained in England and on good terms with Henry VIII. He commanded that she be treated as 'the king's sister'

BeheadedHenry VIII's fifth wife was an alluring teenager named Catherine Howard (c1522-1542). Married three weeks after his second divorce, rumours of Catherine's past and present love affairs reached a furious Henry.  She was arrested at Hampton Court Palace and later taken to the Tower of London where she was beheaded in February 1542, aged about 21.

Kateryn ParrSurvivedKateryn Parr (1512-1548) was the last of Henry VIII's six wives. Intelligent and devout, Kateryn loved Thomas Seymour but Henry's proposal could not be refused.  She and Henry VIII married at Hampton Court Palace in July 1543. He was 52, she was 31.After the King's death in 1547, Kateryn was free to marry Seymour but she died 15 months later, aged 36, having given birth to their daughter.

The Renaissance1350-1600 CE

A Time of Rebirth

• The Renaissance came after the Middle Ages.

• Renaissance is a French word that means rebirth.

• It was a time of political, social, economic & cultural change.

• People again became interested in Ancient Greek and Roman “stuff.”

Why was Italy the first to rediscover these ancient ideas?

• Trade made the Italian city-states fabulously wealthy

• Competition between the city-states for status

• Available history. Italy is layered with ancient relics and ruins.

• Pride in the power of ancient Rome

Which City in Italy?

• Florence, Italy was the birth place of the Renaissance

• Patrons could ensure that these artists could have time to create instead of working regular jobs

• The Medici’s, an extremely powerful and rich family that lived in Florence, were the Patrons of many artists

Lorenzo & Cosimo deLorenzo & Cosimo de’’MediciMedici

• Patrons of the ArtsPatrons of the Arts

Education & Humanism• People began

questioning religion and turned to science for answers.

• The humanists believe that education should awaken creativity!

• The main areas of study were; grammar, speech, poetry, history, Greek, & Latin.

Humanists and Humanities

• Humanists were more concerned about a person’s worth and abilities here on Earth instead of focusing on rewards from Heaven after death

• Humanities are the study which include history, science, grammar, classical literature and philosophy. Before the Renaissance, most people studied to serve the Church.

• How did it change in the Renaissance?

Viva the Arts

• Many famous artists came from famous artists came from the Renaissancethe Renaissance! In fact ALL of the Ninja Turtles!!

Leonardo da Vinci

• Painted the Mona Lisa & The Last Supper.• Discovered how bones & muscles worked.• Drew plans for early flying machines & submarines.• Interested in science, engineering, music, architecture,

etc. This was way ahead of his time. He was the True Renaissance Man.

Works of da Vinci

Mona Lisa

Vitruvian Man

Donatello

• Donatello was a famous sculptor.

• His sculptures were very lifelike.

Raphael

• Best known for religious art.

…and last but not least--Michelangelo

• He was a lot like da Vinci.• His most famous works are the ceiling

of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, The dome of St. Peter’s Cathedral in the Vatican, The David, and The Pietá which is in the Vatican.

• Michelangelo was a genius but was also a bit of a playboy & a heavy drinker.

Sistine Chapel

Michelangelo lost some his eyesight painting this because the paint dripped into his eyes.

Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel

"Without having seen the Sistine Chapel one can form no appreciable ideaof what one man is capable of achieving."--Johann Wolfgang Goethe, 1787

The David—known for being The David—known for being very lifelikevery lifelike

The Pietá

• The Pietá isA sculpture with Mary holding Jesus.

Other famous Renaissance figures

• Niccolò Macchiavelli- a writer who believed rulers must do whatever necessary to control the people—even if it didn’t look pretty. He wrote a book about it called The Prince.

• His theory was that it was better to be feared than loved.

Famous Renaissance Writer: William Shakespeare

• From England• Wrote plays like Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet,

Othello and MacBeth• Part of the Northern Renaissance

The Enlightenment in Europe

Enlightenment Thinkers

• These thinkers believed that human reason could be used to fight ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world.

Enlightenment Targets

• Their principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church in France) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy.

Censorship

• All publications, whether pamphlets or scholarly volumes, were subject to prior censorship by both church and state.

Resistance

• Europeans were changing, but Europe's institutions were not keeping pace with that change.

• The Church insisted that it was the only source of truth and that all who lived outside its bounds were damned.

BEFORE the Enlightenment, where did the most people think the

government got their power from?

Hint: Divine Right

New Core Values of the Enlightenment and

Renaissance

• The general trend was clear: humanism; individualism, freedom and change replaced authority and tradition as core European values.

New Ideas on GovernmentEnlightenment Philosophers• John Locke (1632-1704), English

philosopher• Montesquieu (1689-1755), French

philosopher• Voltaire (penname) (1694-1778), French

writer and philosopher• Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778),

influenced the French Revolution.

John Locke:

*Believed people are born with certain "natural" or "inalienable" rights.

*Include the right to "life, liberty and property."

*Government did not give people these rights; rather they are born with them and as such, no government can take them away.

John Locke:

*You agree to obey government, they protect your natural rights.

*Locke said that if the *Locke said that if the government failed to government failed to protect our natural protect our natural rights, then the people rights, then the people had the right to replace had the right to replace the government. the government.

MontesquieuMontesquieu's book On the Spirit of Laws, published in 1748, was his most famous work. It outlined his ideas on how government would best work.

Montesquieu argued that the best government would be one in which power was balanced among three groups of officials.

Montesquieu’s Impact on Democracy today!

• Separation of Powers!

VOLTAIREMore than a beautiful head of luscious curls…also a huge advocate of FREE

THOUGHT!

"I disapprove of what you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it."

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Rousseau: On the Social Contract (1762)

• Thought men should determine their own fate in conformity with the common good, which Rousseau terms the ‘general will’;

• A controversial work that was condemned in Paris and publicly burned as treasonous because it challenged the King’s rule by divine right;

After the Enlightenment ideas spread, where did

people start thinking government should get

their power from?

Long lasting impact of the Enlightenment

• The ideas of the Enlightenment have never been more alive.

• It has formed the foundation of international ideals by which modern states are judged.– Human rights– Religious tolerance – Self-government

Scientific Revolution: 1543Copernicus publishes book: On the Revolution of Heavenly Orbs

Now some of the brightest minds weren’t attracted to theology but instead law, nature, and science

The Roman Catholic Church had power to censor new ideas that contradicted Church Teachings

One of the greatest problems is “how do the Heavens hold together?”

The Age of Exploration

Europe Encounters the World

Why did explorations happen when they did?

• A variety of factors all came together to make the time period (1450-1700) the “age of exploration”

• Some of these factors were pushes, external forces acting on Europe

• Some were pulls, motivations and things that attracted the Europeans

What is the easiest way to remember it all?

• The Three G’s:– Gold– Glory– God

• Great way to remember the main motivations of the European explorers.

The First G: Gold• Gold was a hot item that explorers were looking for,

but remember that it is really wealth, not just literal gold that explorers were after.

• Europe needed gold (and silver) to fuel the rising banking system

• Europeans also desired spices (Da Gama’s voyage to India made him a 3000% profit!)

• Other natural resources would come to be sold for profit as well (timber, sugar, tobacco, ivory, etc.)

• This competition will be enhanced by the idea of mercantilism that emerges, the idea that there is only so much wealth in the world, and that to make your kingdom strong you must have more gold and wealth than the other kingdoms

The second G: Glory• Just like the first G, Gold,

Glory was a relatively new idea in Europe

• Came out of the Renaissance ideal of Humanism, and the focus on individual achievement

• With the rise of the printing press, the idea of gaining fame for one’s actions was more possible

• Kings wanted glory for their kingdoms, competition spreadsThe Triumph of Fame, a

Flemish tapestry from 1502.

The third G: God

• As members of a universalizing religion, Europeans had always seen spreading Christianity as a good thing

• Especially after the Reformation, competition to “recruit” was fierce

• Colonization became a race to convert native peoples to a particular brand of Christianity

• Jesuits (Catholics) are some of the most active

How did these explorations begin?

• The first to encourage new ship explorations was Prince Henry of Portugal, known as “Prince Henry the Navigator”

• Started an institute for seafaring and exploring

• Combined ship technology learned from Islam with new European innovations

• By the time of his death in 1460, Portuguese had sailed as far south as the Gold Coast of West Africa

What were the new technologies that enabled explorations?

• The caravel was a new, faster, more maneuverable ship

• Older ships had square sails, caravels had triangular sails (easier to change direction)

• Bilge pump system enabled ship to float higher (less likely to run aground, easier to explore coasts and rivers)

• Compass, astrolabe, maps and other technologies from Islamic culture all helped make explorations possible

What factors were pushing Europeans to explore?

• Decline of Mongol Empire in 1400s made goods from the east harder to get, more expensive

• Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 was a major block to trade

Asian Trade Routes

Land Bridge to the

Americans

The Maya

Aztec Empire

Inca Empire

Political RevolutionsPolitical Revolutions

Liberty Leading the People

5 BIG Revolutions• English Revolution• American Revolution• French Revolution• Russian Revolution• Chinese Revolution

• 17th century • 18th century• Late 18th century• Early 20th century• Mid 20th century

Vocabulary

• Democracy: a : government by the people; especially : rule of the majority

• Autocracy: government in which one person possesses unlimited power

• Revolution: a fundamental change in political organization;

Political Revolutions

1.Where are revolutions happening today?

2. What are the reasons behind the unrest?

3. What are the people fighting for?

What do you know about what is happening in the Middle East?

Case Study: Tunisia

Where is Tunisia?

Tunisia’s Government? • Independence from colonizer France

in 1956, Habib Bourguiba President• In 1987, 84-year-old Bourguiba

overthrown• Ben Ali was "re-elected" in 2009 5th

time with “89%” of the vote

Some details on Tunisia….People: *10.4 million people; *Arabic and French*Islam is official state religion, government supports SECULAR society

Economy: Profitable tourism industry; agriculture, mostly olive oil and oranges.

*Unemployment is 14 percent *Jobless rates higher among educated youths and in rural areas away from the coast.

BEN ALI

• Ben Ali: Super lavish and excessive lifestyle– caged tigers, beach

homes with elevators, frozen yogurt shipped in from St. Tropez, a first lady that gives ridiculously expensive gifts to family members.

December 17, 2010: The Spark that Lit the Fire

Mohamed Bouazizi: 26 years old (pictured)

*Selling fruit to support his five siblings since he was 10

*constant government abuse

*June 2010: $280 fine (2 months of work)

*Dec 17: Fruit cart taken away; slapped and thrown to ground by police

Publicly humiliated, asked for a meeting with public officials. They refused.

Went and bought two cans of flammable liquid, poured them over himself, and set himself on fire outside of the public

December 17, 2010:

The Spark that Lit the Fire

Ben Ali tries to make nice…

• Ben Ali pays Bouazizi a visit in the hospital 2 weeks later. Too little too late…

• January 4, 2011– His death

People take to the streets…

*January 13: Ben Ali steps down

*Democratic Reforms

That was the spark…

• But what are the factors (0r firewood) that are making the Revolutionary flame spread to other regions?

• Each group will get a different country to read about and share with the class what you found.

What country comes next after Tunisia?

Common Factors

• Unemployment (especially younger, educated people).

• Inflation (food prices skyrocketing) • Oppressive governments (no Bill of

Rights or voice for the people)• Communication (Facebook, twitter,

internet)

Write a summary about what is happening.