year 11 psychology – unit 1 area of study 1 revision!
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Year 11 Psychology – UNIT 1 Area of Study 1 Revision!. Psychology: The scientific study of human behaviour and mental processes. Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Year 11 Psychology –
UNIT 1 Area of Study 1
Revision!
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Psychology: The scientific
study of human
behaviour and mental
processes
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Chapter 1: Introduction to
Psychology• Scope of psychology including specialist career fields and fields of application and their contribution to understanding human behaviour
• Classic and contemporary theories that have contributed to the development of psychology from philosophical beginnings to an empirical science, including the relationship between psychology and psychiatry
• Differences between contemporary psychological research methods and non-scientific approaches to investigating and explaining human behaviour
• Major perspectives (biological, behavioural, cognitive and socio-cultural) that govern how psychologists approach their research into human behaviour
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Chapter 2: Research Methods• Research methods and ethics associated with the study of
psychology.
Experimental research: construction of hypotheses; identification of independent, dependent and extraneous variables
Ethical principles and professional conduct: the role of the experimenter; protection and security of participants’ rights; confidentiality; voluntary participation; withdrawal rights; informed consent procedures; use of deception in research; debriefing
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Chapter 3: Visual Perception
• Application of psychological perspectives to explain visual perception:
- Characteristics of the visual perceptual system and the visual processes involved in detecting and interpreting visual stimuli.
- The effect of psychological factors on perceptual set
- Distortions of visual perceptions by illusions
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology- Clinical Psychology- Clinical Neuro-Psychology- Community Psychology - Counselling Psychology- Educational and
Developmental Psychology- Forensic Psychology- Health Psychology- Organisational Psychology- Sport Psychology- Biological Psychology
- Cognitive Psychology- Personality Psychology- Social Psychology
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Philosophical Roots of Psychology• 1St Philosophers: Plato, Aristotle and Socrates.
• Greek philosophers proposed the mind-body problem (E.g. Do they have a relationship with one another? How do they interact? Is the mind apart of the body or body apart of the mind? Etc)
• Rene Descartes introduced Dualism where he concluded the mind and body both can control and interact with one another. Before this, philosophers thought they could not control one another.
• Psychologists today focus more on the mind-brain problem.• As we know the brain controls the body, therefore: does our
brain interact with our mind?• Neuropsychologists are still studying these answers
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CLASSICAL PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY
Structuralism-Wundt: Focused on the ‘structure’ of consciousness (1st Psych Lab – 1879)
Functionalism- James: Focused on the ‘functions’ of mental processes in different environments.
Psychoanalysis- Freud: Focus on the unconscious thoughts, feelings and inner needs.
Behaviourism – Watson: Focus on observable behaviours. (i.e. Changing environment can alter behaviour)
Humanism – Rogers: Focus on the uniqueness and goodness of each individual
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CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES AND THEORIES IN PSYCHOLOGY
• Biological Perspective: Focus on physiological factors
• Behavioural Perspective: Focus on observable behaviour in different environments
• Cognitive Perspective: Focus on how we acquire and process information (i.e Memory)
• Socio-Cultural Perspective: Focus how culture and social factors influence behaviour.
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Psychology versus Psychiatry
- Is not able to prescribe medication
- 6 years university study
- Can work in private practices, schools, research labs, government bodies, hospitals, businesses etc
-Can prescribe medication
- Up to 13 years of study and training
- Usually work in a hospital setting
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Psychology as a Science• Collects empirical evidence
• Conducts experimental research follows steps of scientific research.
• Is NOT a pseudoscience such as telepathy or astrology.
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Chapter 2: Research Methods
- Hypothesis:It is hypothesised that all
Year 11’s will do wonderfully on their psychology SAC’s
tomorrow.
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7 Steps of Psychological Research1. Identification of the research problem2. Construction of hypothesis3. Designing the method4. Collecting the data5. Analysing the data6. Interpreting the data7. Reporting the research findings
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Ethical Considerations
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Ethical Considerations
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Ethical Considerations
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Chapter 3: Visual Perception
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Visual Perception Process• VISUAL SENSATION => LIGHT =>EYE => RETINA => PHOTORECEPTORS => RECEPTION =>TRANSDUCTION => NEURAL ACTIVITY => ELECTRICAL
IMPLUSES
=>OPTIC NERVE => BRAIN => VISUAL CORTEX =>TRANSMISSION
• VISUAL PERCEPTION=> ORGANISATION => INTERPRETATION
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Sensation versus Perception
• Visual sensation is the same for everyone
• It is our physiological make up of the eye and the way it functions
• Visual perception differs as everyone perceives and interprets things differently
• When studying Visual Perception it is difficult to say where one starts and the other begins so we see it as an interrelated process.
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VISUAL PERCEPTION PRINCIPLES:Rules that we apply to visual information to assist our organisation and interpretation of
the information in a consistent and meaningful way.
• Gestalt Principles: The way in which we organise features of a visual scene by grouping them to perceive a whole, complete form.
• Figure-Ground organisation
• Closure
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- Similarity -Proximity
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• Depth Principles: The ability to accurately estimate the distance of objects and therefore perceive the world in three dimensions.
-Binocular depth cues (Requiring the use of both eyes)-Convergence-Retinal Disparity.-Monocular depth cues (Requiring the use of one eye only)-Accommodation-Pictorial cues: Linear perspective, interposition, texture gradient, relative size, height in the visual field
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Pictorial cues
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Interposition!
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Texture Gradient
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Relative size
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Height in the Visual Field
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SIZE CONSTANCY
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SHAPE CONSTANCY
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BRIGHTNESS CONSTANCY
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PERCEPTUAL SET
CONTEXT
MOTIVATION
PAST EXPERIENCE
EMOTIONAL STATE
MOTIVATION