October 24, 1795

Ye Old

Times THE JACOBINS

By: Jacob Gilliam

Political club of the French Revolution. Formed

in 1789 by the Breton deputies to the States-

General, it was reconstituted as the Society of

Friends of the Constitution after the

revolutionary National Assembly moved (Oct.,

1789) to Paris. The club derived its popular

name from the monastery of the Jacobins

(Parisian name of Dominicans), where the

members met. Their chief purpose was to

concert their activity and to secure support for

the group from elements outside the Assembly.

Patriotic societies were formed in most French

cities in affiliation with the Parisian club. The

members were, for the most part, bourgeois and

at first included such moderates as Honoré

de Mirabeau. The Jacobins exercised through

their journals considerable pressure on the

Legislative Assembly, in which they and

the Feuillants were (1791–92) the chief factions.

They sought to limit the powers of the king, and

many of them had republican tendencies. The

group split on the issue of war against Europe,

which the majority, including the Brissotins (see

under Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre)

sought. A small minority opposed foreign war

and insisted on reform. This group of Jacobins

grew more radical, adopted republican ideas,

and advocated universal manhood suffrage,

popular education, and separation of church and

state, although it adhered to orthodox economic

principles. In the National Convention, which

proclaimed the French republic, the Jacobins

and other opponents of the Girondists sat in the

raised seats and were called the Mountain. Their

leaders—Maximilien Robespierre and Louis

de Saint-Just, among others—relied mainly on

the strength of the Paris commune and the

Parisian sans-culottes. After the fall of the

Girondists (June, 1793), for which the Jacobins

were largely responsible, the Jacobin leaders

instituted the Reign of Terror.

http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/history/

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The Reign of Terror

By: Alyssa Davidson

It was year two of the French

Revolution

when the Reign of Terror began. It

was also

known as The Terror. It was a

period of violence

that occurred because of conflict

between political

rivals. The Girondins and Jacobins,

marked the

mass executions of “enemies of the

revolution”

16,594 people were executed by

Guillotine.

The Guillotine “called the National

Razor”

became the symbol of the

revolutionary cause.

During 1794, the Revolutionary war

was invaded

by internal and foreign enemies.

The Roman

Catholic Church was generally

against the Revolution, which had

turned the clergy into employees of

the state and required they take an

oath of loyalty to the nation through

the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.

The First French Republic was

engaged in a series of wars with

neighboring powers to intent on

crushing the revolution to prevent

it from spreading. The Civil war

caused a political crisis and

increased the rivalry between the

Girondins and the more radical

Jacobins. The parliamentary faction

formed called The Mountain, and

they had the support of the Parisian

population. The French government

established the Committee of Public

Safety, which was done on

September 6th, 1793, In order to

raise additional money for the

French military forces. The Terror

leaders of the Revolutionary

Tribunal were strong dictators, and

used them to instigate mass

executions and political purges. The

repression began to form in June

and July 1794, a period called “La

Grande Terreur” (the great terror)

and ended in 9 Thermidor year II

(the 11th month of the

Revolutionary calendar, 27 July

1794.) In which several

protagonists of the Reign of Terror

were executed.

(www.infoplease.com)

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The Estates General 1789

By: Allen Thomas

The Estates-General was organized into three

estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the rest

of France. On the last occasion that the Estates-

General had met, in 1614, each estate held one

vote, and any two could override the third.

The Parlement of Paris feared the government

would attempt to gerrymander an assembly to

rig the results. Thus, they required that the

Estates be arranged as in 1614. The 1614 rules

differed from practices of local assemblies,

where each member had one vote and third

estate membership was doubled. For example,

in the Dauphiné the provincial assembly agreed

to double the number of members of the third

estate, hold membership elections, and allow

one vote per member, rather than one vote per

estate. Strong turnout produced 1,201

delegates, including: "291 nobles, 300 clergy,

and 610 members of the Third Estate." The

Estates-General convened in the Grands Salles

des Menus-Plaisirs in Versailles on 5, May, 1789

and opened with a three-hour speech by

Necker. The Third Estate demanded that the

verification of deputies' credentials should be

undertaken in common by all deputies, rather

than each estate verifying the credentials of its

own members internally; negotiations with the

other estates failed to achieve this. The

commoners appealed to the clergy who replied

they required more time.

5 May 1789: Opening of the Estates-General

Louis

Saint-Just By: Sarah Gaston

Louis Saint-Just was born in 1767 to a retired

army officer and a notary’s daughter. His great-

uncle and a nurse raised him but when he

became 4 his parents started raising him. His

dad died when he was 10 years old, in 1777. He

went to college of the Oratorians in nearby

Sossians then he went to a small town called

Blerancourt. In 1786 he started crushing on a

notaries daughter but she was forced to marry

the child of another notary. This caused Louis to

be very upset and angry. He became too much

for his mom to handle. Louis began stealing

things and running away from home. His mom

had him locked up. He stayed in the

reformatory from October 1786 – April 1787.

After he was released people found him smart

and charming. He decided he wanted a good

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career. Louis became a clerk to the public

prosecutor of Sossians, studied at Reims, and

took his law degree in April of 1788. Two years

later, he joined the revolution in 1790 through

the Jacobin party. On July 10th 1793 he became

one of nine members of the Committee of

Public Safety, and along with Robespierre, very

influential in the reign of terror. Then when he

was elected for the president of Convention he

was called for the arrest of Danton and Camille

Desmoulins. Louis was arrested for taking up for

Robespierre. On July 27, 1794 saint just was

sent to the guillotine with Robespierre and died

for his republic.

(www.infoplease.com)

Napoleon Bonaparte By: Nathan Wilbourn Napoleon Bonaparte is one of history's most controversial figures. His has many admirers and many critics. His mastery of the battlefield has provided models that are still studied in military schools today. Napoleon was in many ways, many years ahead of his opponent's tactics when he began his campaigns. He took a turbulent France and led it to many victories. France's great empire is especially impressive since it only had twenty five million citizens.Napoleon is one of Frances greatest military heroes. He also authored the Napoleonic code that is seen by some as an important democratic document. However other people see him as a precursor to the horrible tyrants of the twentieth century. The controversy that swirls centers on mainly if he was a liberating hero or an evil despot. Many people perceive him as the former. However, a close analysis reveals that Napoleon was tyrant and a warmonger.

One of the points of disagreements is

whether or not if he was a benevolent

ruler. Many people defend him by

arguing that he was campaigning for the

rights of the common man. His

supporters point out that his campaigns

introduced the Napoleonic code to most

of Europe. (www.infoplease.com)

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I P R W H C M

R A O L J S Y

E D B Q R M S

I J E O N H I

G A S D S I N

N C P W I Q N

N O I H U N E

A B E D O J T

E I R U L H B

L N R X E C C

O S E P U N D

P A E I A E X

A F E H M R L

N Q B U M F G

FRENCH

JACOBINS

LOUIS

NAPOLEOoN

REIGN

ROBESPIERRE

TENNIS

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