wwii review, origins of the cold war and containment policy
TRANSCRIPT
Unit I: The Cold War Period (1945—1965)
What do we know about WWII?
• Working with a partner, construct a paragraph explaining the key aspects of WWII using the following ten terms:
PresidentRoosevelt
WinstonChurchill
AdolphHitler
Germany Japan
PearlHarbor
D-Day HiroshimaDecember
7, 1941June 6,1944
Some Brief Reminders About WWII
• 1939: Hitler begins to invade countries throughout Europe in an attempt to expand German power
• 1930’s: Japan invades Korea, China, and many other areas of Asia in an attempt to expand Japanese control over the Pacific
Some Brief Reminders about WWII
• From 1939 until 1945 most of the world will be involved in a war between the forces of freedom, and those of fascism and totalitarianism
– US enters into the fight after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941
Major Players
• Allies
– US
– Great Britain
– France
– Soviet Union
• Axis
– Germany
– Japan
– Italy
Democracies
Communist
Hmm…why are thesepeople fighting on the
same side?
Fascist
Dictatorships
Fast-forward…Ending the War
• Germany surrenders in May, 1945
• Japan surrenders in August, 1945
– Japanese surrender only after…
Impact of World War II
56 Million Deaths…
U.S.S.R. 21.3 Million
China 11 Million
Germany 7 Million
Japan 2.6 Million
United States 500,000
Great Britain 326,000
The Problem
• The alliance between the pro-Democratic nations (US, GB, FR) and the Communist USSR was one of convenience…
• As soon as the war ended, the former friends quickly gave in to self-interest and suspicion
U.S. and U.S.S.R. emerge as the world’s Dominant Powers
This leads to…
THE
COLD
WAR
Daily Learning Objective
The clash between the U.S. and U.S.S.R is marked by the combinations of capitalism and democracy versus
totalitarian dictatorship and communism.
Specific Learning Outcomes
• Define the Cold War
• Compare the interests of the United States and the Soviet Union to identify the causes of the Cold War
• Differentiate between communism and capitalism and democracy and totalitarianism
• Interpret the significance of the conferences at Yalta and Potsdam
Define the following 2 terms in your own words:
‘Cold’
‘War’
• Cold: Distant, “cold shoulder” angry, ignoring; when rifle range is cold when no rounds are being sent down range, hot when rounds are being fired
• War: Conflict between two nations, groups or people. Oftentimes associated with physical fighting
• Cold War: Time of conflict ranging from 1945 to 1991 between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was a verbal, and psychological war between the two nations
Conflict United States Soviet Union
Economic Reasons Capitalism Communism
Political Reasons Democracy Totalitarianism/Dictatorships/Communism
Philosophical Political Freedom State controlled all aspects of a person’s life
Post War Europe Desired countries to hold free elections and establish democracies
Sought for countries to become “satellite nations” under their control
Atomic Weapons Possessed weapons but did not want to share
Desired weapons
• Expansionism – Efforts of the U.S.S.R to expand its nation’s territory
• Containment – Efforts of the U.S. to block the spread of Soviet influence
• Both nations competed in the Arms Race where each nation tried to gain more and more weapons, creating bigger and better weapons
• Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD):
“He who fires first, dies second”
Harry Truman
• United States
Joseph Stalin
• Soviet Union
Winston Churchill
• Great Britain
• Ideology: the ideas reflecting the social needs and desires of an individual, group, class or culture
Capitalism vs. Communism
Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
The United States Wanted To The Soviet Union Wanted To
•Encourage democracy in other countries to help prevent the rise of new totalitarian governments
•Gain access to raw materials and markets for its booming industries
•Rebuild European governments to ensure stability and to create new markets for American goods
•Reunite Germany believing that Europe would be more secure if Germany were productive and less bitter about defeat
•Encourage communism in other countries as part of the worldwide struggle between workers and the wealthy
•Transfer the industrial equipment of Eastern Europe to the S.U. to help rebuild its war ravaged economy
•Control Eastern Europe to balance the U.S. influence in Western Europe
•Keep Germany divided and weak, since the Germans has waged war against Russia twice in 30 years and had caused most of the 20 million Soviet deaths in WWII
• Yalta
– Stalin promised to hold “free and unfettered” elections in Eastern Europe
– Later, prevented
elections in
satellite
nations
• Yalta Conference
• In the Crimean Peninsula
• Feb. 1945: Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt
• Create United Nations
• Stalin promised to hold “free and unfettered” elections in Eastern Europe
Potsdam, Germany Conference
• July 1945: Truman, Clement Atlee, and Stalin
• Final Wartime Conference
• Soviet Union – wanted all parts of Germany to pay & Refused free elections in Poland
- Winston Churchill Speech, 1946
Listen to Churchill's Speech
1. What is he saying?
2. What do you think the Soviet reaction was?
Iron Curtain: symbolic boundary dividing Europe in half (‘45-’91)
“An iron
curtain has
descended
across…
Europe.”
-Churchill
Exit Ticket
In your own words,define the Iron Curtain.
Daily Learning Objectives
Drawing a “boundary” between communist nations and western democracies only helped to keep them separate.
Tensions mounted when the U.S.S.R. attempted to expand and the West tried to contain them.
Specific Learning Outcomes
• Evaluate the success of containment during the Cold War (and Truman Administration)
• Summarize the efforts that the U.S. took in containing Soviet influence as tension increased
• Describe how the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan further defined and deepened the Cold War in Europe.
Warm-Up: Rock, Paper, Scissors Activity
Action/Object SymbolizesCandy Money
Random Distribution of Candy What you are born with.
Rock, Paper, Scissors Work/Free EnterpriseCollection of Candy Government
Kids who didn’t play by the rulesWhat happens in a free enterprise society; can be illegal and corrupt
Redistribution of Candy (wealth) Communist Theory
Questions for Discussion1. If you had a lot of candy before we started, how did you feel?2. If you lost all your candy, how did you feel?3. How did you feel about me collecting your candy if you were
‘rich’?4. How did you feel about me collecting your candy if you were
‘poor’?
“THEY made it, of course; they drew the iron curtain
across the middle of Europe, partly to stop us looking in,
partly to stop their own poor wretches looking out
enviously at the boundless goods and comforts on our
side. Behind the iron curtain were the hapless peoples
held captive by the grim-faced Russians and their
stooges in office in the satellites; in front of it were
ourselves, expressing sympathy for the captives but
apologetically remaining very thoroughly armed, in
however subdued a way. “
Fred Inglis,
The Cruel Peace: Everyday Life and the Cold War
(1991)
List 3 synonyms
Containment
• George Kennan was the mastermind
- U.S. must take measures to prevent the expansion
of Soviet Union
- According to Kennan, Russia’s policy was:
“to undermine the general and strategic potential of
major western powers by a host of subversive measures to
destroy individual governments that might stand in the
Soviet path, to do everything possible to set the major
Western powers against each other.”
• U.S. Foreign Policy for next 30 + Years.
BIG IDEAThe US realizes that the best way to spread democracy is to eliminate the conditions that are a breeding ground for communism (hunger, poverty, economic instability…)
• Truman Doctrine• “It must be the policy of the United States to support free
peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation (conquest) by armed minorities or by outside pressures”
• Truman’s speech to Congress when Greece and Turkey were threatened by communism
• In support, Congress approved $400 million to aid Greece and Turkey
• Marshall Plan• Developed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall • Plan to provide aid to war torn Europe to prevent communist
take over • In support, Congress approved $17 billion in economic aid to
Europe
Truman Doctrine
Causes
Turkey and Greece faced communist take
over
Effects
Congress approves $400 billion in aid to prevent the spread of
communism
Marshall Plan
Causes
Economic condition of Europe after WWII
made it susceptible to communism
Effects
Congress approves $17 billion in economic aid
to war torn Europe. Marshall wins the Nobel
Peace Prize
The Marshall PlanPodcast
As you listen, consider the following questions:
1. What measures did Marshall outline to assist the countries of Europe?
2. How much money did the U.S. offer to Europe?
3. How would the plan benefit the U.S. economy? Was it successful?
Source:http://stream.state.gov/streamvol/libmedia/usinfopodcasts/4770/interactive/05_22_2007_marshall_plan_1.mp3
Rather than risking war by sending supplies overland, U.S. and Great Britain sent planes of supplies into West Berlin
Soviets oppose action and block all roads, canals, and railways linking Berlin to western Germany. They cut off shipments of food, fuel and other crucial
supplies to the city hoping to drive Western powers out of Berlin
Berlin Airlift
Cause and Effect
Britain, France and United States form Trizonia, a united West German government
Berlin
Interactive Berlin Wall
U.S.S.R, if you shoot down ONE PLANE…it’s war!
FYI – At its peak, the airlift had a plane
landing every few minutes. Over 10 months, U.S. and British planes carried more than 2 million tons of food and supplies to the people of West Berlin.
Finally, the Soviets relented and the blockade was lifted in May 1949.
• North Atlantic Treaty Organization [1949]
- Military alliance formed by U.S., Canada, Iceland and 9 European nations
- “Attack one, attack all”
• Warsaw Pact
- Military alliance between communist countries in Eastern Europe