WWII

Overview Rise of dictators in Europe (Hitler, Mussolini,

Stalin) U.S. involvement in war War in Europe and War in Pacific Effects of war on United States (home front) Atom Bomb Holocaust Effects of the War

Rise of Dictators in EuropeJoseph StalinBenito MussoliniAdolf Hitler

1. Background2. Describe how they rose to power3. What were their goals for their country?4. How did this leader interact with other countries? What

aggressive acts did they take towards other surrounding countries and peoples?

Hitler Aspired to be an artist Escaped Austria to avoid military service –

captured, failed physical Enlisted in Germany army Temporarily blinded during WWI

Military doctor labeled him as “dangerously psychotic” and “incompetent to command people”

1923 - Mein Kampf - outlined his plans for Germany, blamed Jews for WWI loss, wrote about extermination

1933 - Appointed Chancellor – elected by people!!!! 1934 – Declared himself Der Fuhrer (the leader).

Mussolini 8 yrs. old - banned from church for

pinching and throwing stones at people

11 yrs. old - expelled from school for stabbing a fellow student in the hand

1902 - emigrated to Switzerland to escape military service and become involved in the socialist movement

“Country is nothing without expansion” Started fascism Appointed prime minister by king Established dictatorship – rule by one

Stalin Name means “man of steel” Wanted to establish Soviet Union as a

leader in industry Totalitarian – maintain complete control

over citizens Estimated he was responsible for deaths of

8 to 13 million of his own people

Japan Many Japanese blamed democratic

government for depression – allowed military to gain too much power

Population Explosion – 65 million people Need raw materials and land to manage

growing population Military seized power

Japan Many Japanese blamed democratic

government for depression – allowed military to gain too much power

Population Explosion – 65 million people Need raw materials and land to manage

growing population Military seized power

Germany’s Aggression 1935 – Invaded Saar 1936 – Invaded Rhineland 1938 – Invaded Austria 1938 – Invaded Sudetenland (Western Czech) 1939 – Czechoslovakia 1939 – Invaded Poland 1940 – Invaded Denmark, Norway 1940 - Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg 1940 – France

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_wwtwo_movies.shtml

Italy’s Aggression Ethiopia – invaded only independent

country left in Africa

Japanese Aggression 1932-Seized all of Manchuria (Manchurian

Incident) 1932-Naval officers killed Prime Minister of Japan 1937-Invaded China 1940-Announced plan of liberating Asia from

European colonizers 1940-Germany, Italy, and Japan become allies 1940-Seize French Indochina

Pearl Harbor - WHY? Japan needed oil for war America had cut off oil because they were being too

aggressive. 80+% of Japan's imports came from the U.S. Japan wanted to take over Malaya and Singapore in

Asia to get oil – knew America would come to aid of Britain in defense of their colonies in this region

Their goal was to take out U.S. naval fleet so that they could not be a factor.

http://users.swing.be/navbat/cartes/11.html

Pearl HarborDecember 7, 1941 – “a date that will live in infamy” 7-9:45 a.m. – Japan attacked Pearl Harbor 2,400 Americans killed 1,200 Americans wounded 19 warships sunk or severely damaged 200 planes destroyed

Reaction to Pearl Harbor AttackHow did Americans respond to an attack on

our soil?

December 8, 1941 – U.S. declares war on Japan

December 11, 1941 – Germany and Italy declare war on U.S.

Mobilizing for WarSelective Training and Service Act – 21 to 35

yr. old males must register

GIs – Government Issue (name for over 16 million Americans who served during WWII)

Rationing – meant to fairly distribute scarce

items

How did WWII affect this group living in the United States? P. 3611. Women2. African Americans3. Mexican American4. Media 5. Japanese Americans

Japanese Internment

• “war requires every possible protection against espionage and against sabotage to national-defense”

December 11, 1941 - FBI detained 1370 Japanese Americans classified as "dangerous enemy aliens."

War in Europe – have book open to page 374

1940 – 1943 ->North Africa -> Allies defeat Italy and Germany to gain control of countries in North Africa

1941 - 1942 ->Germany invades Russia to gain “own” supplies of oil and food. Russia withstood invasion and successfully fought Germans back to Berlin.

• 1943 - 1945 -> Italy – Allies force Italy and Germany to surrender in Italy. Mussolini was killed by Italians as he tried to flee.

• June 6, 1944 – D-Day – Allied troops land in France

http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/ww2_home/d_day/d_day.shtml

Saving Private Ryan• The Department of Veterans Affairs set up a special 800

number to help the hundreds of former soldiers who were traumatized after seeing the film.

• The two "German" soldiers who are shot trying to surrender were speaking Czech. They were saying, "Please don't shoot me, I am not German, I am Czech, I didn't kill anyone, I am Czech!" They were members of what the Germans called Ost [East] Battalions, men - mostly Czech and Polish - taken prisoner in eastern European countries invaded by Germany and forced into the German.

• Real amputees were used for the shots of people with limbs missing

• 40 barrels of fake blood were utilized in the opening battle scene

End of War in Europe April 30, 1945 – Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945 – Germany surrenders

Warm-up – August 311. February 1944: U.S. takes these

islands after heavy fighting.2. June 1944: The Japanese lose almost

all of their warplanes in this sea battle.3. October 1944: The Japanese suffer

their first major defeat.4. Feb-March 1945: Americans suffer

heavy casualties but their victory of this location allows them to bomb Japan more aggressively.

5. April-June 1945: U.S. suffers thousands of casualties but manages to take this strategic island south of Japan.

(a)Okinawa

(b)Iwo Jima

(c)Marshall Islands

(d)Leyte Gulf

(e)Philippine Sea

War in PacificJapanese goal

Eliminate Americans forces from region leaving them the natural resources of Southeast Asia

December, 1941 - Philippines Hours after Pearl Harbor attack, Japan attacked air base in

Philippines – Clark Field April 1942 – Japan overrun Americans in Philippines

Bataan Death March – American surrendered and are forced to march 60 miles to trains.

10,000 died during march 15,000 died in camps after march

(Beheading, throat-cutting, and shooting were common causes of death, in addition to death by bayonet, rape, disembowelment, rifle-butt beating, and deliberate starvation or dehydration)

May, 1942 - Battle for Australia and Battle of Coral Sea• Americans prevented Japan from invading Australia

June, 1942 - Battle for Midway Island • American victory – cracked Japanese code• Sank four carriers and destroyed 250 planes

October, 1944 to June, 1945 - Battle for Philippines • October 1944 – 160,000 American troops land • Kamikazes – suicide planes• June 1945 – Allies control Philippines

February, 1945 - Battle of Iwo Jima Americans force invade beach of volcanic island 25,000 Americans killed Serviceman raising flag – lasting image of sacrifices of

soldiers

April to June, 1945 - Battle for Okinawa Last stance before Japanese mainland Bonzai Attacks – kill and be killed 50,000 Americans killed

Ending the War in the Pacific Invade Japan Use new weapon

Atomic Bomb feared that Hitler was very close to

developing his own bomb Albert Einstein – convoyed fears Manhattan Project - one of the largest and

most costly research and development programs of all time

Truman – made decision to drop the bombs

WHY? to bring about a quick resolution of the

war by inflicting destruction and instilling fear

Hiroshima = “Little Boy”Estimated 140,000 deaths

Nagasaki = “Fat Man”Estimated 80,000 deaths

Hiroshima

Nagasaki

July 25 1945We met at 11 A.M. today. That is Stalin, Churchill, and the U.S. President. But I had a most important session with Lord Mountbatten and General Marshall before that. We have discovered the most terrible bomb in the history of the world. It may be the fire distruction [destruction] prophesied in the Euphrates Valley Era, after Noah and his fabulous Ark. Anyway we think we have found the way to cause a disintegration of the atom. An experiment in the New Mexican desert was startling--to put it mildly. Thirteen pounds of the explosive caused the complete disintegration of a steel tower 60 feet high, created a crater 6 feet deep and 1200 feet in diameter, knocked over a steel tower 1/2 mile away and knocked men down 10,000 yards away. The explosion was visible for more than 200 miles and audible for 40 miles and more. This weapon is to be used against Japan between now and August 10th. I have told the Sec. of War, Mr. Stimson to use it so that military objectives and soldiers and sailors are the target and not women and children. Even if the Japs are savages, ruthless, merciless and fanatic, we as the leader of the world for the common welfare cannot drop this terrible bomb on the old Capitol or the new.He and I are in accord. The target will be a purely military one and we will issue a warning statement asking the Japs to surrender and save lives. I'm sure they will not do that, but we will have given them the chance. It is certainly a good thing for the world that Hitler's crowd or Stalin's did not discover this atomic bomb. It seems to be the most terrible thing ever discovered, but it can be made the most useful.

“”If Germany had used the bombs on us, can anyone doubt that we would then have defined the dropping of atomic bombs on cities as a war crime, and that we would have sentenced the Germans who were guilty of this crime to death at Nuremberg and hanged them?”

Leo Szilard- played a major role in the Manhattan Project

Holocaust• Systematic murder of 11 million people –

JewsGypsiesJehovah’s Witnesses

• Anti-Semitism – hatred of Jews• Hitler proposes the Final Solution – plans for the

systematic killing of Jews– SS (Security Squadrons) – rounded up Jews and shot them– Ghettos – Jews were rounded up and sealed off in ghettos– Concentration Camps – work camps, gas chambers,

experiments, crematoriums

Liberation of Buchenwald – Reading Questions1. What is Harry Herder using the readers for?2. What was the smell that he describes?3. Why was the Sergeant allowing the men to go to the

woods if they needed to? Why did this surprise Harry?

4. Describe his reaction to the crematorium.5. How does he describe the prisoners?6. What type of person do you believe the

Commandant’s wife to be?7. What were the people of Weimar doing at the camp?

Was this a good idea?8. Harry is a German American. What thoughts did he

have about being German?

1)What is anti-Semitism?2)Life Before Holocaust in Nazi controlled

areas3)Ghettos and Einsatzgruppen4)Concentration Camps5)Rescue and Liberation