world population. population geography the study of the distribution, composition, migration and...
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World Population
Population Geography
• The study of the distribution, composition, migration and growth of population. Makes use of demographics.
• Demography – statistics of human population ito size, development and structure
Growth of World Population
• Activity 1
• Activity 2
• Activity 3
HECTIC DAYS
World Population Clock
• http://www.health24.com/Graphics/Graphics_World_Population/3561-3604,36539.asp
• http://math.berkeley.edu/~galen/popclk.html• http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html• http://www.poodwaddle.com/worldclock.swf
Important Population Concepts
Population Density
Arithmetic Density• Population density = total population
area km²
Examples• Johannesburg: 350 people/km²• Northern cape: 2 people/km²
Isopleths – lines joining places of the same density
Population Density
Nutritional Density
• Density = Total population
Total area of cultivated land
Population Distribution
• Refers to the way in which population is distributed over the earth
• E.g. There are more people in the wetter Eastern half of South Africa than in the drier Western part of South Africa
Birth Rate
• BR = Number of live births
total population
In developed countries there is a BR crisis
In developing countries there is a BR crisis
Explain….
Population projections from the 1900's to 2050
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:World_population_%28UN%29.svg
Birth Rate Meltdownin Rich Nations?
CountryNatural decrease annually By 2050 pop decrease
Russia: -0.6% -22%Bulgaria -0.5%; -34%Hungary -0.3%; -11%Croatia -0.2%; -14%Germany -0.2%; -9%Czech Republic -0.1%; -8%Japan 0%; -21%Poland 0%; -17%Austria 0%; + 8% Italy 0%; -5%Greece 0%; -4%
Why?
• Children seen as an economic burden
• Adolescence extended
• Education taking longer
• Travelling easier
• Day care is expensive,
• Part time work doesn’t have perks
• Difficult to get family responsibility leave
What are some of the measures
the Governments of developed nations
are putting in place to
INCREASE their birth rate?
Germany
• Parents of babies born on or after 1 January 2007will be entitled to up to R250 000 to ease the financial burden of parenthood. The cash subsidies are part of a government initiative to boost Germany's dwindling birth rate.
• Singapore PM Lee Kuan Yew predicted that just
such aggressive moves would be necessary to avert Europe's coming population meltdown. The notion that national governments can take a laissez-faire attitude toward the citizenry's procreation, he said, was dangerously outdated.
Russia
• September 12 is “day of conception” day
• Don’t come to work , stay home and…
• So if you give birth on June 12 you may win approximately R80 000 and other contestants may win video cameras, TVs, refrigerators and washing machines.
Japan
• The Japanese even have a name for this trend, ‘Shoshika,' which means "a society without children" (http://www.lifesite.net/ldn/2004/dec/04120604.html)
• In an effort to remedy “Shoshika”, local Japanese government groups are sponsoring “speed dating” events to facilitate marriages. (LifeSiteNews.com)
Australia
• Baby Bonus of approximately R30 000
• Daycare and milk etc are subsidised through paying less tax
Norway
• Maternity leave of 2 years
• Paternity leave of 1 year!!!!
• In South Africa you get 3 days
Other Options
• Encourage immigration
• Allow people to work longer e.g. until 70
• Flexi – time
• See children as an investment? Not a liability. It costs approx R1.5 Million to raise 1 child!
Overpopulation
Mostly in the …….World?
Developing
Overpopulation means
• Less jobs
• Shortage of space
• Shortage of resources
• Education?
• Poverty
• More pollution
China 2007
• Population: 1,321,851,888
(July 2007 est.) • Birth rate:
13.45 births/1,000• Death rate:
7 deaths/1,000 • Net increase?
In China
• One child policy aka planned birth policy
• Parents with more than one child pay a “social compensation fee”
• Male to female ratio117:100 (natural baseline ranges between 103:100 and 107:100)
Does this contradict one’s Human Rights?
The "One-Two-Four" problem
As the one-child policy approaches the third generation, one adult child supports two parents and four grandparents. This leaves the oldest and most vulnerable generation with increased dependency on retirement funds, the state, or charity for support. If personal savings, pensions, or state welfare should fail, then the most senior citizens would be left entirely dependent upon their very small family or neighbors for support.
In India
Population: 1,129,866,154 (July 2007 est.)
Death Rate
• DR = Number of deaths x 1000
total population
• A.k.a mortality (death) rate
Other Concepts
• Life expectancy – average number of years a person can expect to live
• Infant mortality rate – the number of infant deaths per 1000 live births
• Natural Increase – the rate at which a country’s population is growing. Subtract DR from BR. Expressed as a percentage.
Other Concepts
• Fertility rate – the number of children born per woman of child bearing age
• Literacy rate - % of the total population that can read and write
• GDP/capita – income of a country divided by the population of that country
• % urbanised - % of total population in towns and cities
• Maternal mortality rate – the number of mothers who die in childbirth
Activity 5
Gender Discrimination
Woman are unfairly treated in many parts of
the world;
Gender Discrimination
Gender Discrimination
• May not own property• Often may not be
educated• House/land based,
not business-based• Paid less• Greater
unemployment rates
• Rights protections lacking
• Suffer in times of war• Unpaid work, look
after children and animals, collect water and firewood etc
• Domestic violence• Sexual exploitation
Female Infanticide
It's raining men in China
China will have 30 million more men of marriageable age than women by 2020, making it difficult for them to find wives.
Why?
Population Pyramids
+
Population Pyramids• How many old/young
people are there?• Are there more females
than males per age group?
• Is population expanding/shrinking?
• Mass emigration /immigration
• How did war affect population?
• Level of economic development
South Africa’s Population
http://www.statssa.gov.za/PublicationsHTML/P03022007/html/P03022007.html
Canada’s Population Pyramid
Why women live longer than men
• For Canada 1901-2001
• http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/analytic/companion/age/cda01pymd.cfm
So what’s the problem?
• More people leaving the workforce than entering it – who’s going to do the work?
• Pension funds strain
• Medical aids strain
• Town and regional planning needs to adapt e.g. more …need to be built?
Dependency Ratio
• 15 – 60 Years of producing income i.e. economically active/productive years
• The number of people dependant on the economically productive portion of society
Dependency Ratio
• Dep Ratio = Children under 15 + Adults over 60 x 100
People 15 – 59
• Work out Sweden and Zimbabwe’s Dependency Ratio
p174 Focus
• Zimbabwe: 74.9• Sweden: 61,45
Dependency ratio
• In EU countries this ratio is doubling in many cases
Activity 9
Demographics
The study of human population and its structure and change.
http://tools.google.com/gapminder/
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics)
Activity 11
Sustainable Development
Current generations meeting their needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
IMPLIES:• Future generations have rights over resources• Current generation has a duty to include
future generations’ needs in its decision-making
The BIG question
How many people can
our planet support?
Carrying capacity
• Carrying capacity is the number of people an area (our planet) can support on a sustainable basis given the available space, resources and available technology
• Is the carrying capacity of the earth is limited?
What do we need to consider?
• Water
• Cropland
• Forest
• Food
• Urbanisation
• Quality of life
Are there limits to population growth?
• Yes
• No
• Perhaps, if…
YOUR ANSWER?
The Impact of AIDS
Effect Of Aids
• Create a “cross-word-search” with at least 10 of the different (population, economic, health care and human suffering [p183]) effects of aids.
• You need to write clues out too.
MIGRATION
Migration
• Migration is the change of a person’s place of residence
Migration
• Voluntary or forced
• Semi-permanent (daily, seasonal or yearly)• It can be legal or illegal…
Reasons why people migrate
• Economic
• Political
• Religious
• Social
• Safety
• Quality of life
• Health
Emmigration
The Brain Drain
"South Africa has one engineer for every 3 200 people; countries like China and India have one engineer for every 150 people and in Europe the ratio is 1:250-300. Artisans in Australia are paid three times the South African wage," Solidarity Trade Union
The opposite of Brain Drain is…
Brain Gain
Activity 2
Activity 4
Illegal immigrants
Ha Ha
The latest poll taken by the Governor of California yielded results on whether or not people who live in California think illegal immigration is a serious problem:
a) 41% of the respondents answered: "Yes, it is a serious problem."
b) 59% of the respondents answered: "No, es un problema."
What’s Happening
One million fleeing Zimbabwe for South Africa By Sebastien Berger in Musina:Te Telegraph (UK) 26/09/2007
More than a million Zimbabweans will have fled into South Africa by the end of the year, according to a new report.
Consequences for South Africa?
Consequences for SA?
POSITIVE• Help to create more
wealth• Hard workers
NEGATIVE• Crime• Xenophobia• Burgeoning informal /
squatter settlements• Jobs for South African
residents taken
Refugees
A refugee is someone who…
owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality,
membership of a particular social group, or political opinion, is outside the country of their nationality, and is unable to or, owing to such
fear, is unwilling to avail him/herself of the protection of that country.
According to the 1951 United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
Refugees can be…
• International – refugees that have moved to another country
• Internal – people who have moved to another part of the same country. This is especially true for countries where the central government is secondary to the state/provincial governments e.g. USA
Asylum
• They then seek “asylum” in the country they migrate to
• Asylum is the giving by a government to a person from another country the right to be in their country because it would be unsafe for that person to return to their country
Types of refugees
Environmental triggers• Natural changes • Human change• Deterioration of QOL
Human triggers• Political • Religious• Racial• War• Land invasion
Problems faced by refugees
• Lack of services • Poor accommodation• Unemployment• Trauma• Dislocated families• Discrimination• Lack of medical
services• Poverty
A Refugee Camp
People and Organisations
Chapter 9
Include in Table
• WHO• WWF• Nepad• AU• SADC
• SATOUR• COSATU• Starfish• TAC• Greenpeace
Create a Table…
Acronym Full Name Level of Organisation
Main Purpose
UN United Nations Global International Peace
FAO Food and Agrcicultural Organisation
Global Provide food through improving agriculture and reduce hunger
UNICEF United Naitions Childrens Fund
Global Child welfare, Children rights, gender equality, health and education
Acronym Full Name Level of Organisation
Main Purpose
WWF World Wildlife Fund
Global Conservation of endangered species
NEPAD New Partnership for Africa’s Development
Regional Development of Africa
SADC Southern African Development Community
Regional Co-operation between countries and economic development. Democracy.
Acronym Full Name Level of Organisation
Main Purpose
SATOUR South African Tourism
National Promoting tourism in South Africa
Starfish … National Helping those with HIV/AIDS
TAC Treatment Action Campaign
Civic (NGO) Aids
Global Organisations
African Organisations
National Organisations
Civic Organisations