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Page 1: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demography Demography & &

Living Living StandardsStandards

Page 2: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

DemographyDemography

The study of population. Includes:The study of population. Includes: Population densityPopulation density Population distributionPopulation distribution Dependency ratioDependency ratio Population pyramidsPopulation pyramids Demographic transition modelsDemographic transition models Population projectionsPopulation projections

Page 3: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Components of Components of Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Rate of Natural IncreaseRate of Natural Increase Obtained by subtracting the:Obtained by subtracting the:

• death rate (# of deaths in a country per 1,000 death rate (# of deaths in a country per 1,000 people) from the people) from the

• birth rate (# of births in a country per 1,000 people)birth rate (# of births in a country per 1,000 people)• = Rate of Natural Increase= Rate of Natural Increase

Page 4: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Components of Population GrowthComponents of Population Growth

Population Growth Rate – Includes:Population Growth Rate – Includes: Net Migration and Natural IncreaseNet Migration and Natural Increase

Net migration - Obtained by subtracting Net migration - Obtained by subtracting the:the: emigration rate emigration rate

• (the # of people leaving Canada) from: (the # of people leaving Canada) from: Immigration rate Immigration rate

• (the # of people arriving in Canada)(the # of people arriving in Canada)

Page 5: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population Growth RatePopulation Growth Rate

Birth rate – death rate + net migration rate Birth rate – death rate + net migration rate

= Population Growth Rate= Population Growth Rate the increase (or decrease) in the total number the increase (or decrease) in the total number

of people in Canada in a given yearof people in Canada in a given year

Page 6: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Fertility Rate & Status of WomenFertility Rate & Status of Women

Fertility Rate : Average number of live Fertility Rate : Average number of live births each year for every woman of births each year for every woman of childbearing agechildbearing age

Page 7: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Fertility Rate & Status of WomenFertility Rate & Status of Women economic development and economic development and

the fertility rate of countries the fertility rate of countries are strongly connectedare strongly connected decline in # of children a decline in # of children a

woman has frees her to woman has frees her to improve her life & the lives of improve her life & the lives of her childrenher children

better educated women have better educated women have fewer children – tend to marry fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, later and have fewer children, usually because they are better usually because they are better educated about contraception educated about contraception and better able to resist family and better able to resist family pressure to have more childrenpressure to have more children

Page 8: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Fertility Rate & Status of WomenFertility Rate & Status of Women

children of educated children of educated women also more likely to women also more likely to survive survive

know more about the know more about the importance of importance of immunization, clean water, immunization, clean water, and good nutritionand good nutrition

study in Peru – showed study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate infant mortality rate dropped for every year of dropped for every year of schooling the mother hadschooling the mother had

key to improving status of key to improving status of women: educationwomen: education

Page 9: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Transition Model Demographic Transition Model (DTM)(DTM)

Describes population change over time or Describes population change over time or transitions, in birth rates and death rates in transitions, in birth rates and death rates in industrialized societies over the past 200 industrialized societies over the past 200 yearsyears

Page 10: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages Stage 1 – Pre-Modern – Pre-IndustrialStage 1 – Pre-Modern – Pre-Industrial

Small population growthSmall population growth Balance between birth and death ratesBalance between birth and death rates Life expectancy LOWLife expectancy LOW

Page 11: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages

Rise in population caused by decline in Rise in population caused by decline in death rate (due to better health care, death rate (due to better health care, medicine, sanitation, technology, farming medicine, sanitation, technology, farming techniques, food supply, education, etc.) techniques, food supply, education, etc.) while birth rate remains high or riseswhile birth rate remains high or rises

Rapid increase in population numbers due Rapid increase in population numbers due to improved medical and scientific to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain lifeadvances to sustain life

Without a corresponding fall in birth rates Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. increase in population.

Stage 2 – Urbanizing / Industrializing – Stage 2 – Urbanizing / Industrializing – Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries

Page 12: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages

Stage 3 – Mature / IndustrializingStage 3 – Mature / Industrializing Decline in birth rate results in more stable populationDecline in birth rate results in more stable population Improved living standardsImproved living standards birth rates fall due to:birth rates fall due to:

• access to contraception, access to contraception, • increases in wages, increases in wages, • urbanization, urbanization, • a reduction in subsistence agriculture, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, • an increase in the status and education of women, an increase in the status and education of women, • a reduction in the value of children's work, a reduction in the value of children's work, • an increase in parental investment in the education of an increase in parental investment in the education of

children and other social changeschildren and other social changes Population growth begins to level offPopulation growth begins to level off

Page 13: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages Stage 4 – Post IndustrialStage 4 – Post Industrial

Characterized by stability (linked to economic stability)Characterized by stability (linked to economic stability) Population age structure has become older due to low birth Population age structure has become older due to low birth

rates and death ratesrates and death rates Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has

happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. industries that rely on population growth.

The large group born during stage two ages & creates an The large group born during stage two ages & creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. economic burden on the shrinking working population.

Death rates may remain consistently low or increase Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries. developed countries.

Page 14: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages

Stage 5 – De-industrializingStage 5 – De-industrializing Birth rates drop below death ratesBirth rates drop below death rates

• Represent countries that have undergone the economic transition from manufacturing based industries into service and information based industries called deindustrialization

• Countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, England and most notably Japan, whose populations are now reproducing well below their replacement levels, are not producing enough children to replace their parent's generation.

Page 15: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Changes in Canada’s Population & Changes in Canada’s Population & the World’s Populationthe World’s Population

Canada’s birth rate and death rate have been Canada’s birth rate and death rate have been dropping steadily in the past 30 yearsdropping steadily in the past 30 years

Overall – population is getting olderOverall – population is getting older

Will have Will have significant significant effects on effects on Canada’s Canada’s health care health care system and system and social servicessocial services

Page 16: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Canada’s PopulationCanada’s Population Canada’s age structure – major factor in Canada’s age structure – major factor in

determining immigration policydetermining immigration policy Currently – government strives for 1% of the Currently – government strives for 1% of the

population to be from immigration (about population to be from immigration (about 200,000 immigrants /year)200,000 immigrants /year)

However – currently only meeting 0.7% However – currently only meeting 0.7%

Page 17: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution Refers to the way people are distributed across the Refers to the way people are distributed across the

Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface Has always been uneven - High concentrations in small Has always been uneven - High concentrations in small

areas areas Over 50% of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the landOver 50% of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the land 90% live on 20% of the land90% live on 20% of the land Approximately 35% of world’s land not good for settlementApproximately 35% of world’s land not good for settlement

Page 18: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution Concentration explained by:Concentration explained by: Many areas of the Earth’ land are inhospitable (difficult to Many areas of the Earth’ land are inhospitable (difficult to

live in) due to:live in) due to: AccessibilityAccessibility (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) ClimateClimate (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall The LandscapeThe Landscape (i.e. too mountainous or desert) (i.e. too mountainous or desert) The VegetationThe Vegetation (i.e. access to food and shelter) (i.e. access to food and shelter) The Resources availableThe Resources available (i.e. access to clean water) (i.e. access to clean water)

Page 19: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population DistributionPopulation Distribution In Canada – 80% of people live within In Canada – 80% of people live within

200km of our Southern border (the USA)200km of our Southern border (the USA) Most choose to Most choose to

live in areas live in areas where where temperatures temperatures more moderate more moderate (i.e. not in North)(i.e. not in North)

Majority of Majority of Canadians live in Canadians live in urban (city) urban (city) centrescentres

Page 20: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population DensityPopulation Density Refers to the number of people in a given areaRefers to the number of people in a given area Population density for an entire country – called Population density for an entire country – called

a crude densitya crude density Calculated by dividing a country’s population by Calculated by dividing a country’s population by

its areaits area

Page 21: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population DensityPopulation Density 75% of the world’s population lives in Africa and 75% of the world’s population lives in Africa and

AsiaAsia Might seem overpopulated, but crude density shows Might seem overpopulated, but crude density shows

that Africa is under-populated for its land areathat Africa is under-populated for its land area Comprises 20.2% of the Earth’s landmass, yet only Comprises 20.2% of the Earth’s landmass, yet only

hold 12.7% of the Earth’s populationhold 12.7% of the Earth’s population

Europe – 3.3% Europe – 3.3% landmass – landmass – holds 10% of holds 10% of Earth’s Earth’s populationpopulation

Page 22: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Resources

Landscape

Climate

GovernmentPolicies

Disease

Development

Culture

Communication

Accessibility

Water

VegetationSoils

PopulationDensity

Physical Factors

Human Factors

Page 23: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Tools - Demographic Tools - Population CensusPopulation Census

To help governments maintain accurate records To help governments maintain accurate records of its people, most countries conduct a of its people, most countries conduct a population census every 5-10 yearspopulation census every 5-10 years

Data includes population count, birthplace, age, Data includes population count, birthplace, age, sex, first language, level of literacy, employment, sex, first language, level of literacy, employment, income, etc.income, etc.

Page 24: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Demographic Tools - Demographic Tools - Population PyramidsPopulation Pyramids

Show population structures of countriesShow population structures of countries Provide insight into “problems” and give Provide insight into “problems” and give

reasons for shifts in population trendsreasons for shifts in population trends Most basic: age-sex structure – shown in Most basic: age-sex structure – shown in

population pyramidspopulation pyramids

Page 25: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid Graph that shows the age and sex make up of a Graph that shows the age and sex make up of a

populationpopulation Shows percentage of people in each age group Shows percentage of people in each age group

& percentage of males and females in each age & percentage of males and females in each age groupgroup

Useful – helps predict Useful – helps predict future population future population trendstrends

i.e. if few women of i.e. if few women of childbearing age, childbearing age, population may population may decrease due to low decrease due to low birth ratebirth rate

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

Page 26: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population Pyramids - ExamplesPopulation Pyramids - Examples

There are 4 main types of Population There are 4 main types of Population Pyramids:Pyramids:

1.1. ExpandingExpanding

2.2. Early ExpandingEarly Expanding

3.3. ContractingContracting

4.4. StableStable

Page 27: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

ExpandingExpanding

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

Page 28: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Early ExpandingEarly Expanding

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

Page 29: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

StableStable

Japan

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

Page 30: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

ContractingContracting

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html

http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm

Page 31: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Population Pyramids - GrowthPopulation Pyramids - Growth

Page 32: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Dependency Ratio / LoadDependency Ratio / Load Dependency ratio refers to the proportion of the population Dependency ratio refers to the proportion of the population

that is being supported by the working-age-group (15-65 that is being supported by the working-age-group (15-65 years old)years old)

Those who work experience a greater financial burden if Those who work experience a greater financial burden if their country has a high dependency ratiotheir country has a high dependency ratio

Africa – 40% of the population – under 15 years oldAfrica – 40% of the population – under 15 years old High birth rateHigh birth rate Expanding populationExpanding population Stage 2 of DTMStage 2 of DTM

Page 33: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

OverpopulationOverpopulation

Countries that have too many Countries that have too many people for a given resource people for a given resource base and a given level of base and a given level of technological developmenttechnological development

When exceeded its “carrying When exceeded its “carrying capacity” – level at which land capacity” – level at which land can no longer support its can no longer support its people (i.e. low food supplies)people (i.e. low food supplies)

Result - Many people:Result - Many people: live in poverty live in poverty Lack adequate food, water, and Lack adequate food, water, and

sheltershelter Rely heavily on importing Rely heavily on importing

necessary goodsnecessary goods

Page 34: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Stress on Infrastructure

(i.e. roads, schools,

hospitals)

Food Shortages

Destruction of

Environment

Increase in Unemploym

ent

Technology – energy

alternatives?

Energy shortages

Resource Depletioni.e. - water

Increase in Pollution

Housing Shortages

Population Growth – Potential Problems

Page 35: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Overpopulation - ResponsesOverpopulation - Responses

1970s – China had 1970s – China had one of the highest one of the highest population growth population growth rates in the worldrates in the world 1 billion people – 1 billion people –

1/5 world’s 1/5 world’s population at the population at the timetime

Women averaged 6 Women averaged 6 children eachchildren each

Page 36: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

China’s One Child Policy - 1979China’s One Child Policy - 1979

At this point - # of At this point - # of births reduced to 2.7 births reduced to 2.7 children per womanchildren per woman

Government offered Government offered rewards to families rewards to families such as:such as: Free medical careFree medical care Monthly wage bonusesMonthly wage bonuses Preferential housingPreferential housing Extra pension incomeExtra pension income

Page 37: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

China’s One Child PolicyChina’s One Child Policy

If family had a 2If family had a 2ndnd child – suffered child – suffered penalties such aspenalties such as Cancellation of benefitsCancellation of benefits FinesFines Wage reductionsWage reductions

Page 38: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

China’s One Child PolicyChina’s One Child Policy Problems:Problems:

Greater in urban areas Greater in urban areas due to financial due to financial benefitsbenefits

Rural areas – reply on Rural areas – reply on children as labourers – children as labourers –

Value sons above Value sons above daughtersdaughters

Some families resort to Some families resort to infanticide (murder) of infanticide (murder) of female babiesfemale babies

Others ignore policy in Others ignore policy in favour of their desired favour of their desired family structurefamily structure

• Current Status: average 1.8 Current Status: average 1.8 children per womanchildren per woman

• Still in effect todayStill in effect today

Page 39: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth

Improve TechnologyImprove Technology Though application of Though application of

science, including:science, including:• ComputersComputers• Cell phonesCell phones• TVsTVs

Countries with higher Countries with higher levels of technology levels of technology tend to have more tend to have more developed economiesdeveloped economies

Page 40: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth

Family Planning / Family Planning / Controlling Controlling Population Growth Population Growth RateRate Reduced population Reduced population

reduces strain on reduces strain on resources (natural, resources (natural, economic, etc.)economic, etc.)

Leads to a general Leads to a general increase in standard increase in standard of livingof living

Page 41: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth

Increase Resource Increase Resource Base / Lessen DisparityBase / Lessen Disparity Use own resources to Use own resources to

develop itself – could develop itself – could include:include:

Work forceWork force Natural resourcesNatural resources TechnologyTechnology Financial institutionsFinancial institutions

Page 42: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth

Improve Literacy Improve Literacy RatesRates Giving a population Giving a population

skills to read will skills to read will improve access to improve access to higher paying jobshigher paying jobs

This in turn will This in turn will improve overall improve overall quality of life and quality of life and standard of livingstandard of living

Page 43: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth

Opportunities Opportunities for Womenfor Women Leads to Leads to

improved improved economic economic development development for allfor all

Page 44: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Standard of LivingStandard of Living standard of livingstandard of living refers to refers to

the quality and quantity of the quality and quantity of goods and services available goods and services available to people, and the way these to people, and the way these goods and services are goods and services are distributed within a distributed within a population population

generally measures generally measures economic welfareeconomic welfare

Other measures such as Other measures such as access and quality of health access and quality of health care, educational standards care, educational standards and social rights are often and social rights are often used as wellused as well

One aspect of One aspect of Quality of Quality of LifeLife

Page 45: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Quality of LifeQuality of Life

Indicator of how good life is for the citizens of a Indicator of how good life is for the citizens of a given area physically, psychologically, and given area physically, psychologically, and socially. Includes:socially. Includes: WealthWealth Personal safetyPersonal safety HealthHealth NutritionNutrition Status of women and childrenStatus of women and children Poverty linePoverty line Freedom of expressionFreedom of expression Economic freedomEconomic freedom Right to a safe and clean environmentRight to a safe and clean environment

Page 46: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Developed NationsDeveloped Nations

industrialized, people industrialized, people well-housed, healthy, well-housed, healthy, and educatedand educated infrastructureinfrastructure – such – such

things as transportation things as transportation and communication links, and communication links, electric-power distribution electric-power distribution systems, schools, and systems, schools, and hospitals – are well hospitals – are well developed – known as developed – known as “First World”“First World”

Examples: Canada, USA, Examples: Canada, USA, most European nationsmost European nations

Page 47: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Developing / UnderdevelopedDeveloping / Underdeveloped

few schools, doctors, few schools, doctors, and hospitals; roads and hospitals; roads were mainly unpaved, were mainly unpaved, few railways, few few railways, few people with people with telephones, only cities telephones, only cities with electrical power – with electrical power – known as “Third known as “Third World”World”

Page 48: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)

most countries at the most countries at the bottom of the HDI are bottom of the HDI are in debt to the in debt to the developed nations developed nations

countries that are so in countries that are so in debt to developed debt to developed countries that most of countries that most of its gross national its gross national product is used to pay product is used to pay interest on those debtsinterest on those debts

Page 49: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Newly Industrialized CountriesNewly Industrialized Countries

known as “Second known as “Second World”World”

countries between 2 countries between 2 categories categories

countries in the countries in the transition stage transition stage between developing between developing and developed and developed nations. nations.

Most have rapidly Most have rapidly growing economies.growing economies.

Example: ChinaExample: China

Page 50: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

UN Human Development Index UN Human Development Index (HDI)(HDI)

Living Standards MeasureLiving Standards Measure Comparative measure of:Comparative measure of:

1.1. literacy (people who can read) rateliteracy (people who can read) rate• percentage of the population 15 years and older who can percentage of the population 15 years and older who can

read and writeread and write

2.2. life expectancy ratelife expectancy rate• Average number of years a person or population can Average number of years a person or population can

expect to liveexpect to live

3.3. per capita GDP (gross domestic product)per capita GDP (gross domestic product)• GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a

country in one year. country in one year. • divide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the divide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the

average GDP per personaverage GDP per person, or , or per capitaper capita

http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries-2007.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries-2007.html

Page 51: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

““Most Livable” Countries, 2007Most Livable” Countries, 2007

1.1.IcelandIceland 2.2.NorwayNorway 3.3.AustraliaAustralia 4.4.CanadaCanada 5.5.IrelandIreland 6.6.SwedenSweden

7.7.SwitzerlandSwitzerland 8.8.JapanJapan

9.9.NetherlandsNetherlands 10.10.FranceFrance 11.11.FinlandFinland

12.12.United StatesUnited States 13.13.SpainSpain

14.14.DenmarkDenmark 15.15.AustriaAustria

16.16.United KingdomUnited Kingdom 17. 17.BelgiumBelgium 18. 18.LuxembourgLuxembourg

19.19.New ZealandNew Zealand 20.20.ItalyItaly

21.21.GermanyGermany 22.22.IsraelIsrael

23.23.GreeceGreece 24.24.SingaporeSingapore

25.Korea, Rep. Of25.Korea, Rep. Of26.26.SloveniaSlovenia 27.27.CyprusCyprus

28.28.PortugalPortugal 29.29.Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam 30. 30.

BarbadosBarbados

Page 52: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

““Least Livable” Countries, 2007Least Livable” Countries, 2007

1.1.Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 2.2.Burkina FasoBurkina Faso

3.3.Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau 4.4.NigerNiger 5.5.MaliMali

6.6.MozambiqueMozambique 7.7.Central African RepublicCentral African Republic

8.8.ChadChad 9.9.EthiopiaEthiopia

10.10.Congo, Dem. Rep. of theCongo, Dem. Rep. of the 11.11.BurundiBurundi

12.12.Côte d'IvoireCôte d'Ivoire 13.13.ZambiaZambia 14.14.MalawiMalawi 15.15.BeninBenin

16.16.AngolaAngola 17.17.RwandaRwanda 18.18.GuineaGuinea

19.19.TanzaniaTanzania 20.20.NigeriaNigeria 21.Eritrea 21.Eritrea

22.Senegal 22.Senegal 23.Gambia 23.Gambia 24.Uganda 24.Uganda 25.Yemen 25.Yemen 26.Togo 26.Togo

27.Zimbabwe 27.Zimbabwe 28.Timor-Leste 28.Timor-Leste

29.Djibouti 29.Djibouti

30.Kenya30.Kenya

Page 53: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Human Development IndicatorsHuman Development Indicators Other than those used in Other than those used in

the HDI, other human the HDI, other human development indicators development indicators include:include:

Education ratesEducation rates The percentage of the The percentage of the

population who attend or population who attend or attended some sort of attended some sort of formal educationformal education

Fertility RatesFertility Rates The average number of The average number of

children that would be born children that would be born to a woman over her to a woman over her lifetimelifetime

Page 54: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Human Development IndicatorsHuman Development Indicators Infant mortality ratesInfant mortality rates

Reported number of infants Reported number of infants dying under 5 years of age, dying under 5 years of age, per 1,000 live birthsper 1,000 live births

DiseaseDisease Prevalence of disease in an Prevalence of disease in an

area such as HIV/AIDS – area such as HIV/AIDS – PandemicPandemic

Pandemic: an epidemic that Pandemic: an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic occurs over a wide geographic areaarea

worst in developing countries like worst in developing countries like Africa where lack of education Africa where lack of education and access to medical supplies and access to medical supplies and treatments cause the disease and treatments cause the disease to keep spreading at a rapid rate to keep spreading at a rapid rate

Page 55: Demography & Living Standards. Demography  The study of population. Includes: Population density Population density Population distribution Population

Additional Challenges in Additional Challenges in Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries

Poverty Cycle – TrapPoverty Cycle – Trap Health ChallengesHealth Challenges Lack of education and Lack of education and

employment, especially for employment, especially for womenwomen

Discrimination against Women Discrimination against Women Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda, Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda,

Darfur; land minesDarfur; land mines Child LabourChild Labour Access to Clean Drinking WaterAccess to Clean Drinking Water Natural Disasters – i.e. tsunamiNatural Disasters – i.e. tsunami

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Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty

Armed ConflictsArmed Conflicts Disrupt attempts at aid Disrupt attempts at aid

and development and development (farming, infrastructure, (farming, infrastructure, industry)industry)

Natural DisastersNatural Disasters Limited Resources Limited Resources

inhibit the construction inhibit the construction of adequate housing, of adequate housing, infrastructure, and infrastructure, and mechanismsmechanisms

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Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty Lack of Lack of

EducationEducation Cannot find Cannot find

jobs that will jobs that will support a support a familyfamily

Lack of Lack of EmploymentEmployment Income Income

inequalities inequalities and too few and too few jobs for low jobs for low income income groupsgroups

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Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty High birthratesHigh birthrates

Enormous Enormous demand on scarce demand on scarce resourcesresources

StarvationStarvation DiseaseDisease

Low Levels of Low Levels of LiteracyLiteracy Cannot find jobs Cannot find jobs

that will support a that will support a familyfamily

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Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty High Debt BurdenHigh Debt Burden

Provide lower standardsProvide lower standards Reduced wagesReduced wages Undercutting their own Undercutting their own

resources in order to resources in order to compete economically in compete economically in the global marketthe global market

Infectious DiseasesInfectious Diseases Death of significant Death of significant

portions of the portions of the populationpopulation

Strain on resourcesStrain on resources Reliance on foreign aidReliance on foreign aid

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Illiteracy and limited

education; particularly of

girls and women

Poor Nutrition /

Lack of food security

Environmental degradation

Unhealthy human

behaviour

Low Status of women / gender inequity

Inadequate access to

health services

Social unrest and armed

conflict

Inadequate access to safe

water and sanitation

Squatter settlements

and poor housing

Rapid population growth and rural-urban migration

Poverty and

inequity

MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

In Developing Countries

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Baby born to malnourishe

d / impoverishe

d motherMarry

young; few job

opportunities; limited

social influence

Family in debt due

to low wages

(can lead to break-up

of family& abuse) Baby’s

development is slowed

Poor nutrition

and medical care

Physical and mental

development are slowed

Poor performanc

ein school

Low Literacy

Level(little / no education)

Reduced likelihood of

economic success (low

job skills)

Limited diet, poor general

health

Children go to work

instead of school

OR

Child becomes an uneducated, unskilled worker unable to earn a

living wage

When adult – need to send children to

work to help support family

Also – Natural Disaster and/or Armed Conflict

= Loss of Resources= Enhanced Vulnerability to

Poverty

Poverty Cycle in Developing Countries

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The Vulnerable Ones: Women and ChildrenThe Vulnerable Ones: Women and Children the burden of poverty creates the burden of poverty creates

particular hardships for women particular hardships for women and children because many and children because many developing societies have developing societies have male-dominated societies male-dominated societies where females and children where females and children have lower status than menhave lower status than men

often have no legal rights, or often have no legal rights, or the legal system may allow the legal system may allow them to be treated as propertythem to be treated as property

women may even be killed to women may even be killed to satisfy a family’s honorsatisfy a family’s honor

in some tribal societies, women in some tribal societies, women and children may have to eat and children may have to eat whatever is left after the men whatever is left after the men have finished their meals – can have finished their meals – can lead to malnutritionlead to malnutrition

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Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World woman in a developing country woman in a developing country

may have to work over 12 may have to work over 12 hours a day to ensure the hours a day to ensure the survival of her family survival of her family

often left to support family when often left to support family when men migrate (move) in search men migrate (move) in search of workof work

education – often a luxury education – often a luxury restricted to malesrestricted to males

only 1/3 of girls in rural India go only 1/3 of girls in rural India go to school – compared w/ ½ to school – compared w/ ½ boys boys

feeling: education wasted on feeling: education wasted on girlsgirls

many families keep girls @ many families keep girls @ home to look after the younger home to look after the younger children and help w/ chores children and help w/ chores until they are married and move until they are married and move into their husband’s villageinto their husband’s village

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Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World

cultural tradition dictates cultural tradition dictates that when a woman is that when a woman is married she is reborn into married she is reborn into her husband’s family, so her husband’s family, so there is an incentive to there is an incentive to marry youngmarry young

demographers agree that demographers agree that economic development economic development and the fertility rate of and the fertility rate of countries are connectedcountries are connected

decline in # of children a decline in # of children a woman has frees her to woman has frees her to improve her life & the improve her life & the lives of her childrenlives of her children

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Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World better educated women have better educated women have

fewer children – tend to marry fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, later and have fewer children, usually because they are better usually because they are better educated about contraception educated about contraception and better able to resist family and better able to resist family pressure to have more childrenpressure to have more children

children of educated women children of educated women also more likely to survive also more likely to survive

know more about the know more about the importance of immunization, importance of immunization, clean water, and good nutritionclean water, and good nutrition

study in Peru – showed infant study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate dropped for every mortality rate dropped for every year of schooling the mother year of schooling the mother hadhad

key to improving status of key to improving status of women: educationwomen: education

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Women – Women – Example: Women in Niger, AfricaExample: Women in Niger, Africa Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert

#176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI #176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI life expectancy: under 49 yrslife expectancy: under 49 yrs literacy – 14%literacy – 14% 65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has

redcued country’s earningsredcued country’s earnings donor aid has been withheld until the military donor aid has been withheld until the military

government returns the government to civilian government returns the government to civilian rulerule

women – large role in economy – making women – large role in economy – making pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.

yet in traditional Muslim society –bound to yet in traditional Muslim society –bound to obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands, obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands, fathers, brothers, etc.fathers, brothers, etc.

polygamy (practice of having more than one polygamy (practice of having more than one wife) – widespreadwife) – widespread

average marrying age – 15average marrying age – 15 average # of children – 7.4average # of children – 7.4

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Children in CrisisChildren in Crisis Children – often 1st victims Children – often 1st victims

of underdevelopmentof underdevelopment famine, disease, war, etc – famine, disease, war, etc –

prey on society’s most prey on society’s most vulnerable dependentsvulnerable dependents

even if survive critical 1st 5 even if survive critical 1st 5 years – children in some years – children in some developing nations have developing nations have few educational few educational opportunities and are all too opportunities and are all too often exploited as child often exploited as child labour – some trapped in labour – some trapped in sex tradesex trade

high birth rates in many high birth rates in many developing areas – ensures developing areas – ensures this will continuethis will continue

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UNICEF - PNRUNICEF - PNR UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual Progress Progress

of Nations Report (PNR)of Nations Report (PNR) on the welfare of children that on the welfare of children that measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a scale of zero to 100scale of zero to 100

Based on 5 factors:Based on 5 factors:

1. mortality rates of children 1. mortality rates of children under age 5under age 5

2.% of children moderately / 2.% of children moderately / severely underweightseverely underweight

3.#s of children who do not 3.#s of children who do not attend primary schoolattend primary school

4.risks from armed conflict4.risks from armed conflict5.risks from the disease 5.risks from the disease

HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS

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UNICEF - PNR - ResultsUNICEF - PNR - Results

Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other highly developed nations had risk scores highly developed nations had risk scores of 5 or below (of no consequence)of 5 or below (of no consequence)

Africa’s average score: 61Africa’s average score: 61 world average: 30world average: 30

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Canada’s Responses to Canada’s Responses to Development IssuesDevelopment Issues Canada – Foreign Aid PolicyCanada – Foreign Aid Policy

Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing) Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing) foreign countriesforeign countries

Official Development Assistance (ODA)Official Development Assistance (ODA) Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia, Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia,

and some in Central / Eastern Europeand some in Central / Eastern Europe CIDA – Canadian International Development CIDA – Canadian International Development

AgencyAgency CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of

Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) program program

CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, and support sustainable developmentand support sustainable development

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Bilateral AidBilateral Aid

Aid given directly Aid given directly from government from government to governmentto government Usually in the Usually in the

form of grants as form of grants as opposed to loans opposed to loans andand

goods and goods and servicesservices

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Tied AidTied Aid

Form of bilateral aidForm of bilateral aid Loans / grants Loans / grants

provided to a provided to a developing country developing country with the requirement with the requirement that the recipient use that the recipient use the funds to buy the funds to buy goods or services in goods or services in the donor countrythe donor country

The majority of aid is The majority of aid is tied aidtied aid

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Multilateral AidMultilateral Aid funding multilateral funding multilateral

institutions / institutions / international international organizations such organizations such as:as: UN – i.e. UNICEF, UN – i.e. UNICEF,

WHOWHO World BankWorld Bank

Often in form of Often in form of cashcash

Often large-scale Often large-scale initiatives like initiatives like building damsbuilding dams

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Project AidProject Aid

Money, goods, or Money, goods, or services that a services that a donor-nation donor-nation provides to a provides to a developing country developing country for a specific for a specific projectproject

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NGOs (Non-Governmental NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) Organizations)

NGOs are NGOs are nnon-on-ggovernmental overnmental oorganizations are non-profit rganizations are non-profit organizations that often conduct humanitarian and organizations that often conduct humanitarian and development work around the world. NGOs are essential development work around the world. NGOs are essential to poverty relief efforts. to poverty relief efforts.

Governments such as Canada support NGOS through Governments such as Canada support NGOS through donations, but do not control what NGOs do donations, but do not control what NGOs do

Most active in ecological, health, and general welfare Most active in ecological, health, and general welfare programsprograms

Examples:Examples: Red CrossRed Cross OxfamOxfam Save the ChildrenSave the Children GreenpeaceGreenpeace Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International Habitat for HumanityHabitat for Humanity Doctors Without BordersDoctors Without Borders

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Debt ReductionDebt Reduction

Canada Canada supports the supports the idea of idea of forgiving all or forgiving all or part of the debt part of the debt developing developing countries owe countries owe to international to international banksbanks

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Debt Reduction cont’Debt Reduction cont’

Debt has been chocking Debt has been chocking the world’s weakest the world’s weakest economies and blocking economies and blocking economic progress for economic progress for billions of the world’s billions of the world’s poorest peoplepoorest people

Governments borrowed Governments borrowed money in the past for money in the past for development projects development projects from World Bank / IMF, from World Bank / IMF, etc.etc.

Corrupt leaders often Corrupt leaders often stole the proceedsstole the proceeds

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Debt Reduction cont’Debt Reduction cont’

To pay off interest To pay off interest and principal of the and principal of the loanloan Governments have Governments have

been forced by been forced by creditors to slash creditors to slash their social spending their social spending and shrink their public and shrink their public sectorsector

But debt still grows, But debt still grows, placing the poorest placing the poorest countries in a kind of countries in a kind of debt bondagedebt bondage

Many countries of the UN Many countries of the UN have been encouraging the have been encouraging the elimination of these debts or at elimination of these debts or at least a reduction in the least a reduction in the amount owed by developing amount owed by developing nationsnations

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Debt Reduction – con’tDebt Reduction – con’t

Debt ReliefDebt Relief Easing the obligations of a debtor Easing the obligations of a debtor

nation to repay loansnation to repay loans Debt SwapDebt Swap

A new nation or organization A new nation or organization takes over a nation’s debt in takes over a nation’s debt in exchange for some favour by the exchange for some favour by the debtor nationdebtor nation

Debt ForgivenessDebt Forgiveness Cancelling obligations to repay Cancelling obligations to repay

debtsdebts Debt MoratoriumDebt Moratorium

Postponement of payments on Postponement of payments on loansloans

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Canadian International Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)Development Agency (CIDA)

CIDACIDA Supports foreign aid Supports foreign aid

projects in over 100 of the projects in over 100 of the poorest countries poorest countries

Manages Official Manages Official Development Assistance Development Assistance (ODA)(ODA)

Promotes sustainability in Promotes sustainability in developing countriesdeveloping countries

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CIDACIDA Focuses on 6 basic principles:Focuses on 6 basic principles:1.1. basic human needs basic human needs2.2. gender equality gender equality3.3. infrastructure infrastructure4.4. human rights human rights5. environment5. environment6. democracy / good governance6. democracy / good governance Explores 4 social Explores 4 social

development sectors:development sectors:1. basic education1. basic education2. HIV/AIDS2. HIV/AIDS3. health and nutrition3. health and nutrition4. child protection4. child protection