demography & living standards. demography the study of population. includes: population density...
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Demography Demography & &
Living Living StandardsStandards
DemographyDemography
The study of population. Includes:The study of population. Includes: Population densityPopulation density Population distributionPopulation distribution Dependency ratioDependency ratio Population pyramidsPopulation pyramids Demographic transition modelsDemographic transition models Population projectionsPopulation projections
Components of Components of Population GrowthPopulation Growth
Rate of Natural IncreaseRate of Natural Increase Obtained by subtracting the:Obtained by subtracting the:
• death rate (# of deaths in a country per 1,000 death rate (# of deaths in a country per 1,000 people) from the people) from the
• birth rate (# of births in a country per 1,000 people)birth rate (# of births in a country per 1,000 people)• = Rate of Natural Increase= Rate of Natural Increase
Components of Population GrowthComponents of Population Growth
Population Growth Rate – Includes:Population Growth Rate – Includes: Net Migration and Natural IncreaseNet Migration and Natural Increase
Net migration - Obtained by subtracting Net migration - Obtained by subtracting the:the: emigration rate emigration rate
• (the # of people leaving Canada) from: (the # of people leaving Canada) from: Immigration rate Immigration rate
• (the # of people arriving in Canada)(the # of people arriving in Canada)
Population Growth RatePopulation Growth Rate
Birth rate – death rate + net migration rate Birth rate – death rate + net migration rate
= Population Growth Rate= Population Growth Rate the increase (or decrease) in the total number the increase (or decrease) in the total number
of people in Canada in a given yearof people in Canada in a given year
Fertility Rate & Status of WomenFertility Rate & Status of Women
Fertility Rate : Average number of live Fertility Rate : Average number of live births each year for every woman of births each year for every woman of childbearing agechildbearing age
Fertility Rate & Status of WomenFertility Rate & Status of Women economic development and economic development and
the fertility rate of countries the fertility rate of countries are strongly connectedare strongly connected decline in # of children a decline in # of children a
woman has frees her to woman has frees her to improve her life & the lives of improve her life & the lives of her childrenher children
better educated women have better educated women have fewer children – tend to marry fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, later and have fewer children, usually because they are better usually because they are better educated about contraception educated about contraception and better able to resist family and better able to resist family pressure to have more childrenpressure to have more children
Fertility Rate & Status of WomenFertility Rate & Status of Women
children of educated children of educated women also more likely to women also more likely to survive survive
know more about the know more about the importance of importance of immunization, clean water, immunization, clean water, and good nutritionand good nutrition
study in Peru – showed study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate infant mortality rate dropped for every year of dropped for every year of schooling the mother hadschooling the mother had
key to improving status of key to improving status of women: educationwomen: education
Demographic Transition Model Demographic Transition Model (DTM)(DTM)
Describes population change over time or Describes population change over time or transitions, in birth rates and death rates in transitions, in birth rates and death rates in industrialized societies over the past 200 industrialized societies over the past 200 yearsyears
Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages Stage 1 – Pre-Modern – Pre-IndustrialStage 1 – Pre-Modern – Pre-Industrial
Small population growthSmall population growth Balance between birth and death ratesBalance between birth and death rates Life expectancy LOWLife expectancy LOW
Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages
Rise in population caused by decline in Rise in population caused by decline in death rate (due to better health care, death rate (due to better health care, medicine, sanitation, technology, farming medicine, sanitation, technology, farming techniques, food supply, education, etc.) techniques, food supply, education, etc.) while birth rate remains high or riseswhile birth rate remains high or rises
Rapid increase in population numbers due Rapid increase in population numbers due to improved medical and scientific to improved medical and scientific advances to sustain lifeadvances to sustain life
Without a corresponding fall in birth rates Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large countries in this stage experience a large increase in population. increase in population.
Stage 2 – Urbanizing / Industrializing – Stage 2 – Urbanizing / Industrializing – Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries
Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages
Stage 3 – Mature / IndustrializingStage 3 – Mature / Industrializing Decline in birth rate results in more stable populationDecline in birth rate results in more stable population Improved living standardsImproved living standards birth rates fall due to:birth rates fall due to:
• access to contraception, access to contraception, • increases in wages, increases in wages, • urbanization, urbanization, • a reduction in subsistence agriculture, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, • an increase in the status and education of women, an increase in the status and education of women, • a reduction in the value of children's work, a reduction in the value of children's work, • an increase in parental investment in the education of an increase in parental investment in the education of
children and other social changeschildren and other social changes Population growth begins to level offPopulation growth begins to level off
Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages Stage 4 – Post IndustrialStage 4 – Post Industrial
Characterized by stability (linked to economic stability)Characterized by stability (linked to economic stability) Population age structure has become older due to low birth Population age structure has become older due to low birth
rates and death ratesrates and death rates Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has
happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. industries that rely on population growth.
The large group born during stage two ages & creates an The large group born during stage two ages & creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. economic burden on the shrinking working population.
Death rates may remain consistently low or increase Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries. developed countries.
Demographic Transition Model – 5 stagesDemographic Transition Model – 5 stages
Stage 5 – De-industrializingStage 5 – De-industrializing Birth rates drop below death ratesBirth rates drop below death rates
• Represent countries that have undergone the economic transition from manufacturing based industries into service and information based industries called deindustrialization
• Countries such as Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, England and most notably Japan, whose populations are now reproducing well below their replacement levels, are not producing enough children to replace their parent's generation.
Changes in Canada’s Population & Changes in Canada’s Population & the World’s Populationthe World’s Population
Canada’s birth rate and death rate have been Canada’s birth rate and death rate have been dropping steadily in the past 30 yearsdropping steadily in the past 30 years
Overall – population is getting olderOverall – population is getting older
Will have Will have significant significant effects on effects on Canada’s Canada’s health care health care system and system and social servicessocial services
Canada’s PopulationCanada’s Population Canada’s age structure – major factor in Canada’s age structure – major factor in
determining immigration policydetermining immigration policy Currently – government strives for 1% of the Currently – government strives for 1% of the
population to be from immigration (about population to be from immigration (about 200,000 immigrants /year)200,000 immigrants /year)
However – currently only meeting 0.7% However – currently only meeting 0.7%
Population DistributionPopulation Distribution Refers to the way people are distributed across the Refers to the way people are distributed across the
Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface Has always been uneven - High concentrations in small Has always been uneven - High concentrations in small
areas areas Over 50% of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the landOver 50% of the world’s population lives on only 5% of the land 90% live on 20% of the land90% live on 20% of the land Approximately 35% of world’s land not good for settlementApproximately 35% of world’s land not good for settlement
Population DistributionPopulation Distribution Concentration explained by:Concentration explained by: Many areas of the Earth’ land are inhospitable (difficult to Many areas of the Earth’ land are inhospitable (difficult to
live in) due to:live in) due to: AccessibilityAccessibility (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) (i.e. to transportation and / or communication) ClimateClimate (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall (i.e. too hot or too cold), not enough rainfall The LandscapeThe Landscape (i.e. too mountainous or desert) (i.e. too mountainous or desert) The VegetationThe Vegetation (i.e. access to food and shelter) (i.e. access to food and shelter) The Resources availableThe Resources available (i.e. access to clean water) (i.e. access to clean water)
Population DistributionPopulation Distribution In Canada – 80% of people live within In Canada – 80% of people live within
200km of our Southern border (the USA)200km of our Southern border (the USA) Most choose to Most choose to
live in areas live in areas where where temperatures temperatures more moderate more moderate (i.e. not in North)(i.e. not in North)
Majority of Majority of Canadians live in Canadians live in urban (city) urban (city) centrescentres
Population DensityPopulation Density Refers to the number of people in a given areaRefers to the number of people in a given area Population density for an entire country – called Population density for an entire country – called
a crude densitya crude density Calculated by dividing a country’s population by Calculated by dividing a country’s population by
its areaits area
Population DensityPopulation Density 75% of the world’s population lives in Africa and 75% of the world’s population lives in Africa and
AsiaAsia Might seem overpopulated, but crude density shows Might seem overpopulated, but crude density shows
that Africa is under-populated for its land areathat Africa is under-populated for its land area Comprises 20.2% of the Earth’s landmass, yet only Comprises 20.2% of the Earth’s landmass, yet only
hold 12.7% of the Earth’s populationhold 12.7% of the Earth’s population
Europe – 3.3% Europe – 3.3% landmass – landmass – holds 10% of holds 10% of Earth’s Earth’s populationpopulation
Resources
Landscape
Climate
GovernmentPolicies
Disease
Development
Culture
Communication
Accessibility
Water
VegetationSoils
PopulationDensity
Physical Factors
Human Factors
Demographic Tools - Demographic Tools - Population CensusPopulation Census
To help governments maintain accurate records To help governments maintain accurate records of its people, most countries conduct a of its people, most countries conduct a population census every 5-10 yearspopulation census every 5-10 years
Data includes population count, birthplace, age, Data includes population count, birthplace, age, sex, first language, level of literacy, employment, sex, first language, level of literacy, employment, income, etc.income, etc.
Demographic Tools - Demographic Tools - Population PyramidsPopulation Pyramids
Show population structures of countriesShow population structures of countries Provide insight into “problems” and give Provide insight into “problems” and give
reasons for shifts in population trendsreasons for shifts in population trends Most basic: age-sex structure – shown in Most basic: age-sex structure – shown in
population pyramidspopulation pyramids
Population PyramidPopulation Pyramid Graph that shows the age and sex make up of a Graph that shows the age and sex make up of a
populationpopulation Shows percentage of people in each age group Shows percentage of people in each age group
& percentage of males and females in each age & percentage of males and females in each age groupgroup
Useful – helps predict Useful – helps predict future population future population trendstrends
i.e. if few women of i.e. if few women of childbearing age, childbearing age, population may population may decrease due to low decrease due to low birth ratebirth rate
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm
Population Pyramids - ExamplesPopulation Pyramids - Examples
There are 4 main types of Population There are 4 main types of Population Pyramids:Pyramids:
1.1. ExpandingExpanding
2.2. Early ExpandingEarly Expanding
3.3. ContractingContracting
4.4. StableStable
ExpandingExpanding
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm
Early ExpandingEarly Expanding
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm
StableStable
Japan
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm
ContractingContracting
http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
http://www.statcan.ca/english/kits/animat/pyone.htm
Population Pyramids - GrowthPopulation Pyramids - Growth
Dependency Ratio / LoadDependency Ratio / Load Dependency ratio refers to the proportion of the population Dependency ratio refers to the proportion of the population
that is being supported by the working-age-group (15-65 that is being supported by the working-age-group (15-65 years old)years old)
Those who work experience a greater financial burden if Those who work experience a greater financial burden if their country has a high dependency ratiotheir country has a high dependency ratio
Africa – 40% of the population – under 15 years oldAfrica – 40% of the population – under 15 years old High birth rateHigh birth rate Expanding populationExpanding population Stage 2 of DTMStage 2 of DTM
OverpopulationOverpopulation
Countries that have too many Countries that have too many people for a given resource people for a given resource base and a given level of base and a given level of technological developmenttechnological development
When exceeded its “carrying When exceeded its “carrying capacity” – level at which land capacity” – level at which land can no longer support its can no longer support its people (i.e. low food supplies)people (i.e. low food supplies)
Result - Many people:Result - Many people: live in poverty live in poverty Lack adequate food, water, and Lack adequate food, water, and
sheltershelter Rely heavily on importing Rely heavily on importing
necessary goodsnecessary goods
Stress on Infrastructure
(i.e. roads, schools,
hospitals)
Food Shortages
Destruction of
Environment
Increase in Unemploym
ent
Technology – energy
alternatives?
Energy shortages
Resource Depletioni.e. - water
Increase in Pollution
Housing Shortages
Population Growth – Potential Problems
Overpopulation - ResponsesOverpopulation - Responses
1970s – China had 1970s – China had one of the highest one of the highest population growth population growth rates in the worldrates in the world 1 billion people – 1 billion people –
1/5 world’s 1/5 world’s population at the population at the timetime
Women averaged 6 Women averaged 6 children eachchildren each
China’s One Child Policy - 1979China’s One Child Policy - 1979
At this point - # of At this point - # of births reduced to 2.7 births reduced to 2.7 children per womanchildren per woman
Government offered Government offered rewards to families rewards to families such as:such as: Free medical careFree medical care Monthly wage bonusesMonthly wage bonuses Preferential housingPreferential housing Extra pension incomeExtra pension income
China’s One Child PolicyChina’s One Child Policy
If family had a 2If family had a 2ndnd child – suffered child – suffered penalties such aspenalties such as Cancellation of benefitsCancellation of benefits FinesFines Wage reductionsWage reductions
China’s One Child PolicyChina’s One Child Policy Problems:Problems:
Greater in urban areas Greater in urban areas due to financial due to financial benefitsbenefits
Rural areas – reply on Rural areas – reply on children as labourers – children as labourers –
Value sons above Value sons above daughtersdaughters
Some families resort to Some families resort to infanticide (murder) of infanticide (murder) of female babiesfemale babies
Others ignore policy in Others ignore policy in favour of their desired favour of their desired family structurefamily structure
• Current Status: average 1.8 Current Status: average 1.8 children per womanchildren per woman
• Still in effect todayStill in effect today
Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth
Improve TechnologyImprove Technology Though application of Though application of
science, including:science, including:• ComputersComputers• Cell phonesCell phones• TVsTVs
Countries with higher Countries with higher levels of technology levels of technology tend to have more tend to have more developed economiesdeveloped economies
Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth
Family Planning / Family Planning / Controlling Controlling Population Growth Population Growth RateRate Reduced population Reduced population
reduces strain on reduces strain on resources (natural, resources (natural, economic, etc.)economic, etc.)
Leads to a general Leads to a general increase in standard increase in standard of livingof living
Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth
Increase Resource Increase Resource Base / Lessen DisparityBase / Lessen Disparity Use own resources to Use own resources to
develop itself – could develop itself – could include:include:
Work forceWork force Natural resourcesNatural resources TechnologyTechnology Financial institutionsFinancial institutions
Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth
Improve Literacy Improve Literacy RatesRates Giving a population Giving a population
skills to read will skills to read will improve access to improve access to higher paying jobshigher paying jobs
This in turn will This in turn will improve overall improve overall quality of life and quality of life and standard of livingstandard of living
Responses to Population GrowthResponses to Population Growth
Opportunities Opportunities for Womenfor Women Leads to Leads to
improved improved economic economic development development for allfor all
Standard of LivingStandard of Living standard of livingstandard of living refers to refers to
the quality and quantity of the quality and quantity of goods and services available goods and services available to people, and the way these to people, and the way these goods and services are goods and services are distributed within a distributed within a population population
generally measures generally measures economic welfareeconomic welfare
Other measures such as Other measures such as access and quality of health access and quality of health care, educational standards care, educational standards and social rights are often and social rights are often used as wellused as well
One aspect of One aspect of Quality of Quality of LifeLife
Quality of LifeQuality of Life
Indicator of how good life is for the citizens of a Indicator of how good life is for the citizens of a given area physically, psychologically, and given area physically, psychologically, and socially. Includes:socially. Includes: WealthWealth Personal safetyPersonal safety HealthHealth NutritionNutrition Status of women and childrenStatus of women and children Poverty linePoverty line Freedom of expressionFreedom of expression Economic freedomEconomic freedom Right to a safe and clean environmentRight to a safe and clean environment
Developed NationsDeveloped Nations
industrialized, people industrialized, people well-housed, healthy, well-housed, healthy, and educatedand educated infrastructureinfrastructure – such – such
things as transportation things as transportation and communication links, and communication links, electric-power distribution electric-power distribution systems, schools, and systems, schools, and hospitals – are well hospitals – are well developed – known as developed – known as “First World”“First World”
Examples: Canada, USA, Examples: Canada, USA, most European nationsmost European nations
Developing / UnderdevelopedDeveloping / Underdeveloped
few schools, doctors, few schools, doctors, and hospitals; roads and hospitals; roads were mainly unpaved, were mainly unpaved, few railways, few few railways, few people with people with telephones, only cities telephones, only cities with electrical power – with electrical power – known as “Third known as “Third World”World”
Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC’s)
most countries at the most countries at the bottom of the HDI are bottom of the HDI are in debt to the in debt to the developed nations developed nations
countries that are so in countries that are so in debt to developed debt to developed countries that most of countries that most of its gross national its gross national product is used to pay product is used to pay interest on those debtsinterest on those debts
Newly Industrialized CountriesNewly Industrialized Countries
known as “Second known as “Second World”World”
countries between 2 countries between 2 categories categories
countries in the countries in the transition stage transition stage between developing between developing and developed and developed nations. nations.
Most have rapidly Most have rapidly growing economies.growing economies.
Example: ChinaExample: China
UN Human Development Index UN Human Development Index (HDI)(HDI)
Living Standards MeasureLiving Standards Measure Comparative measure of:Comparative measure of:
1.1. literacy (people who can read) rateliteracy (people who can read) rate• percentage of the population 15 years and older who can percentage of the population 15 years and older who can
read and writeread and write
2.2. life expectancy ratelife expectancy rate• Average number of years a person or population can Average number of years a person or population can
expect to liveexpect to live
3.3. per capita GDP (gross domestic product)per capita GDP (gross domestic product)• GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a GDP - total value of all goods and services produced in a
country in one year. country in one year. • divide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the divide this # by the # of people in a country, you get the
average GDP per personaverage GDP per person, or , or per capitaper capita
http://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries-2007.htmlhttp://www.infoplease.com/world/statistics/mostlivable-leastlivable-countries-2007.html
““Most Livable” Countries, 2007Most Livable” Countries, 2007
1.1.IcelandIceland 2.2.NorwayNorway 3.3.AustraliaAustralia 4.4.CanadaCanada 5.5.IrelandIreland 6.6.SwedenSweden
7.7.SwitzerlandSwitzerland 8.8.JapanJapan
9.9.NetherlandsNetherlands 10.10.FranceFrance 11.11.FinlandFinland
12.12.United StatesUnited States 13.13.SpainSpain
14.14.DenmarkDenmark 15.15.AustriaAustria
16.16.United KingdomUnited Kingdom 17. 17.BelgiumBelgium 18. 18.LuxembourgLuxembourg
19.19.New ZealandNew Zealand 20.20.ItalyItaly
21.21.GermanyGermany 22.22.IsraelIsrael
23.23.GreeceGreece 24.24.SingaporeSingapore
25.Korea, Rep. Of25.Korea, Rep. Of26.26.SloveniaSlovenia 27.27.CyprusCyprus
28.28.PortugalPortugal 29.29.Brunei DarussalamBrunei Darussalam 30. 30.
BarbadosBarbados
““Least Livable” Countries, 2007Least Livable” Countries, 2007
1.1.Sierra LeoneSierra Leone 2.2.Burkina FasoBurkina Faso
3.3.Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau 4.4.NigerNiger 5.5.MaliMali
6.6.MozambiqueMozambique 7.7.Central African RepublicCentral African Republic
8.8.ChadChad 9.9.EthiopiaEthiopia
10.10.Congo, Dem. Rep. of theCongo, Dem. Rep. of the 11.11.BurundiBurundi
12.12.Côte d'IvoireCôte d'Ivoire 13.13.ZambiaZambia 14.14.MalawiMalawi 15.15.BeninBenin
16.16.AngolaAngola 17.17.RwandaRwanda 18.18.GuineaGuinea
19.19.TanzaniaTanzania 20.20.NigeriaNigeria 21.Eritrea 21.Eritrea
22.Senegal 22.Senegal 23.Gambia 23.Gambia 24.Uganda 24.Uganda 25.Yemen 25.Yemen 26.Togo 26.Togo
27.Zimbabwe 27.Zimbabwe 28.Timor-Leste 28.Timor-Leste
29.Djibouti 29.Djibouti
30.Kenya30.Kenya
Human Development IndicatorsHuman Development Indicators Other than those used in Other than those used in
the HDI, other human the HDI, other human development indicators development indicators include:include:
Education ratesEducation rates The percentage of the The percentage of the
population who attend or population who attend or attended some sort of attended some sort of formal educationformal education
Fertility RatesFertility Rates The average number of The average number of
children that would be born children that would be born to a woman over her to a woman over her lifetimelifetime
Human Development IndicatorsHuman Development Indicators Infant mortality ratesInfant mortality rates
Reported number of infants Reported number of infants dying under 5 years of age, dying under 5 years of age, per 1,000 live birthsper 1,000 live births
DiseaseDisease Prevalence of disease in an Prevalence of disease in an
area such as HIV/AIDS – area such as HIV/AIDS – PandemicPandemic
Pandemic: an epidemic that Pandemic: an epidemic that occurs over a wide geographic occurs over a wide geographic areaarea
worst in developing countries like worst in developing countries like Africa where lack of education Africa where lack of education and access to medical supplies and access to medical supplies and treatments cause the disease and treatments cause the disease to keep spreading at a rapid rate to keep spreading at a rapid rate
Additional Challenges in Additional Challenges in Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries
Poverty Cycle – TrapPoverty Cycle – Trap Health ChallengesHealth Challenges Lack of education and Lack of education and
employment, especially for employment, especially for womenwomen
Discrimination against Women Discrimination against Women Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda, Armed Conflict i.e. Rwanda,
Darfur; land minesDarfur; land mines Child LabourChild Labour Access to Clean Drinking WaterAccess to Clean Drinking Water Natural Disasters – i.e. tsunamiNatural Disasters – i.e. tsunami
Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty
Armed ConflictsArmed Conflicts Disrupt attempts at aid Disrupt attempts at aid
and development and development (farming, infrastructure, (farming, infrastructure, industry)industry)
Natural DisastersNatural Disasters Limited Resources Limited Resources
inhibit the construction inhibit the construction of adequate housing, of adequate housing, infrastructure, and infrastructure, and mechanismsmechanisms
Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty Lack of Lack of
EducationEducation Cannot find Cannot find
jobs that will jobs that will support a support a familyfamily
Lack of Lack of EmploymentEmployment Income Income
inequalities inequalities and too few and too few jobs for low jobs for low income income groupsgroups
Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty High birthratesHigh birthrates
Enormous Enormous demand on scarce demand on scarce resourcesresources
StarvationStarvation DiseaseDisease
Low Levels of Low Levels of LiteracyLiteracy Cannot find jobs Cannot find jobs
that will support a that will support a familyfamily
Causes of PovertyCauses of Poverty High Debt BurdenHigh Debt Burden
Provide lower standardsProvide lower standards Reduced wagesReduced wages Undercutting their own Undercutting their own
resources in order to resources in order to compete economically in compete economically in the global marketthe global market
Infectious DiseasesInfectious Diseases Death of significant Death of significant
portions of the portions of the populationpopulation
Strain on resourcesStrain on resources Reliance on foreign aidReliance on foreign aid
Illiteracy and limited
education; particularly of
girls and women
Poor Nutrition /
Lack of food security
Environmental degradation
Unhealthy human
behaviour
Low Status of women / gender inequity
Inadequate access to
health services
Social unrest and armed
conflict
Inadequate access to safe
water and sanitation
Squatter settlements
and poor housing
Rapid population growth and rural-urban migration
Poverty and
inequity
MAJOR DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
In Developing Countries
Baby born to malnourishe
d / impoverishe
d motherMarry
young; few job
opportunities; limited
social influence
Family in debt due
to low wages
(can lead to break-up
of family& abuse) Baby’s
development is slowed
Poor nutrition
and medical care
Physical and mental
development are slowed
Poor performanc
ein school
Low Literacy
Level(little / no education)
Reduced likelihood of
economic success (low
job skills)
Limited diet, poor general
health
Children go to work
instead of school
OR
Child becomes an uneducated, unskilled worker unable to earn a
living wage
When adult – need to send children to
work to help support family
Also – Natural Disaster and/or Armed Conflict
= Loss of Resources= Enhanced Vulnerability to
Poverty
Poverty Cycle in Developing Countries
The Vulnerable Ones: Women and ChildrenThe Vulnerable Ones: Women and Children the burden of poverty creates the burden of poverty creates
particular hardships for women particular hardships for women and children because many and children because many developing societies have developing societies have male-dominated societies male-dominated societies where females and children where females and children have lower status than menhave lower status than men
often have no legal rights, or often have no legal rights, or the legal system may allow the legal system may allow them to be treated as propertythem to be treated as property
women may even be killed to women may even be killed to satisfy a family’s honorsatisfy a family’s honor
in some tribal societies, women in some tribal societies, women and children may have to eat and children may have to eat whatever is left after the men whatever is left after the men have finished their meals – can have finished their meals – can lead to malnutritionlead to malnutrition
Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World woman in a developing country woman in a developing country
may have to work over 12 may have to work over 12 hours a day to ensure the hours a day to ensure the survival of her family survival of her family
often left to support family when often left to support family when men migrate (move) in search men migrate (move) in search of workof work
education – often a luxury education – often a luxury restricted to malesrestricted to males
only 1/3 of girls in rural India go only 1/3 of girls in rural India go to school – compared w/ ½ to school – compared w/ ½ boys boys
feeling: education wasted on feeling: education wasted on girlsgirls
many families keep girls @ many families keep girls @ home to look after the younger home to look after the younger children and help w/ chores children and help w/ chores until they are married and move until they are married and move into their husband’s villageinto their husband’s village
Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World
cultural tradition dictates cultural tradition dictates that when a woman is that when a woman is married she is reborn into married she is reborn into her husband’s family, so her husband’s family, so there is an incentive to there is an incentive to marry youngmarry young
demographers agree that demographers agree that economic development economic development and the fertility rate of and the fertility rate of countries are connectedcountries are connected
decline in # of children a decline in # of children a woman has frees her to woman has frees her to improve her life & the improve her life & the lives of her childrenlives of her children
Women – Developing WorldWomen – Developing World better educated women have better educated women have
fewer children – tend to marry fewer children – tend to marry later and have fewer children, later and have fewer children, usually because they are better usually because they are better educated about contraception educated about contraception and better able to resist family and better able to resist family pressure to have more childrenpressure to have more children
children of educated women children of educated women also more likely to survive also more likely to survive
know more about the know more about the importance of immunization, importance of immunization, clean water, and good nutritionclean water, and good nutrition
study in Peru – showed infant study in Peru – showed infant mortality rate dropped for every mortality rate dropped for every year of schooling the mother year of schooling the mother hadhad
key to improving status of key to improving status of women: educationwomen: education
Women – Women – Example: Women in Niger, AfricaExample: Women in Niger, Africa Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert Niger – lies almost entirely in Sahara Desert
#176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI #176 out of 177 on 2004 HDI life expectancy: under 49 yrslife expectancy: under 49 yrs literacy – 14%literacy – 14% 65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr65% of pop’n survive on less than $180/yr uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has uranium - #1 export – recent drop in price has
redcued country’s earningsredcued country’s earnings donor aid has been withheld until the military donor aid has been withheld until the military
government returns the government to civilian government returns the government to civilian rulerule
women – large role in economy – making women – large role in economy – making pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.pottery, selling firewood, cloth, etc.
yet in traditional Muslim society –bound to yet in traditional Muslim society –bound to obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands, obey the wishes of male relatives – husbands, fathers, brothers, etc.fathers, brothers, etc.
polygamy (practice of having more than one polygamy (practice of having more than one wife) – widespreadwife) – widespread
average marrying age – 15average marrying age – 15 average # of children – 7.4average # of children – 7.4
Children in CrisisChildren in Crisis Children – often 1st victims Children – often 1st victims
of underdevelopmentof underdevelopment famine, disease, war, etc – famine, disease, war, etc –
prey on society’s most prey on society’s most vulnerable dependentsvulnerable dependents
even if survive critical 1st 5 even if survive critical 1st 5 years – children in some years – children in some developing nations have developing nations have few educational few educational opportunities and are all too opportunities and are all too often exploited as child often exploited as child labour – some trapped in labour – some trapped in sex tradesex trade
high birth rates in many high birth rates in many developing areas – ensures developing areas – ensures this will continuethis will continue
UNICEF - PNRUNICEF - PNR UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual UNICEF - since 1990 has published an annual Progress Progress
of Nations Report (PNR)of Nations Report (PNR) on the welfare of children that on the welfare of children that measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a measures the risk of children in countries worldwide on a scale of zero to 100scale of zero to 100
Based on 5 factors:Based on 5 factors:
1. mortality rates of children 1. mortality rates of children under age 5under age 5
2.% of children moderately / 2.% of children moderately / severely underweightseverely underweight
3.#s of children who do not 3.#s of children who do not attend primary schoolattend primary school
4.risks from armed conflict4.risks from armed conflict5.risks from the disease 5.risks from the disease
HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS
UNICEF - PNR - ResultsUNICEF - PNR - Results
Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other Canada, the US, Australia, Japan, & other highly developed nations had risk scores highly developed nations had risk scores of 5 or below (of no consequence)of 5 or below (of no consequence)
Africa’s average score: 61Africa’s average score: 61 world average: 30world average: 30
Canada’s Responses to Canada’s Responses to Development IssuesDevelopment Issues Canada – Foreign Aid PolicyCanada – Foreign Aid Policy
Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing) Gives aid ($, goods & services) to poor (developing) foreign countriesforeign countries
Official Development Assistance (ODA)Official Development Assistance (ODA) Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia, Program gives financial aid to countries of Africa, Asia,
and some in Central / Eastern Europeand some in Central / Eastern Europe CIDA – Canadian International Development CIDA – Canadian International Development
AgencyAgency CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of CIDA was established in 1968 to administer the bulk of
Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) Canada’s official development assistance (ODA) program program
CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, CIDA’s aim is to reduce poverty, promote human rights, and support sustainable developmentand support sustainable development
Bilateral AidBilateral Aid
Aid given directly Aid given directly from government from government to governmentto government Usually in the Usually in the
form of grants as form of grants as opposed to loans opposed to loans andand
goods and goods and servicesservices
Tied AidTied Aid
Form of bilateral aidForm of bilateral aid Loans / grants Loans / grants
provided to a provided to a developing country developing country with the requirement with the requirement that the recipient use that the recipient use the funds to buy the funds to buy goods or services in goods or services in the donor countrythe donor country
The majority of aid is The majority of aid is tied aidtied aid
Multilateral AidMultilateral Aid funding multilateral funding multilateral
institutions / institutions / international international organizations such organizations such as:as: UN – i.e. UNICEF, UN – i.e. UNICEF,
WHOWHO World BankWorld Bank
Often in form of Often in form of cashcash
Often large-scale Often large-scale initiatives like initiatives like building damsbuilding dams
Project AidProject Aid
Money, goods, or Money, goods, or services that a services that a donor-nation donor-nation provides to a provides to a developing country developing country for a specific for a specific projectproject
NGOs (Non-Governmental NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) Organizations)
NGOs are NGOs are nnon-on-ggovernmental overnmental oorganizations are non-profit rganizations are non-profit organizations that often conduct humanitarian and organizations that often conduct humanitarian and development work around the world. NGOs are essential development work around the world. NGOs are essential to poverty relief efforts. to poverty relief efforts.
Governments such as Canada support NGOS through Governments such as Canada support NGOS through donations, but do not control what NGOs do donations, but do not control what NGOs do
Most active in ecological, health, and general welfare Most active in ecological, health, and general welfare programsprograms
Examples:Examples: Red CrossRed Cross OxfamOxfam Save the ChildrenSave the Children GreenpeaceGreenpeace Amnesty InternationalAmnesty International Habitat for HumanityHabitat for Humanity Doctors Without BordersDoctors Without Borders
Debt ReductionDebt Reduction
Canada Canada supports the supports the idea of idea of forgiving all or forgiving all or part of the debt part of the debt developing developing countries owe countries owe to international to international banksbanks
Debt Reduction cont’Debt Reduction cont’
Debt has been chocking Debt has been chocking the world’s weakest the world’s weakest economies and blocking economies and blocking economic progress for economic progress for billions of the world’s billions of the world’s poorest peoplepoorest people
Governments borrowed Governments borrowed money in the past for money in the past for development projects development projects from World Bank / IMF, from World Bank / IMF, etc.etc.
Corrupt leaders often Corrupt leaders often stole the proceedsstole the proceeds
Debt Reduction cont’Debt Reduction cont’
To pay off interest To pay off interest and principal of the and principal of the loanloan Governments have Governments have
been forced by been forced by creditors to slash creditors to slash their social spending their social spending and shrink their public and shrink their public sectorsector
But debt still grows, But debt still grows, placing the poorest placing the poorest countries in a kind of countries in a kind of debt bondagedebt bondage
Many countries of the UN Many countries of the UN have been encouraging the have been encouraging the elimination of these debts or at elimination of these debts or at least a reduction in the least a reduction in the amount owed by developing amount owed by developing nationsnations
Debt Reduction – con’tDebt Reduction – con’t
Debt ReliefDebt Relief Easing the obligations of a debtor Easing the obligations of a debtor
nation to repay loansnation to repay loans Debt SwapDebt Swap
A new nation or organization A new nation or organization takes over a nation’s debt in takes over a nation’s debt in exchange for some favour by the exchange for some favour by the debtor nationdebtor nation
Debt ForgivenessDebt Forgiveness Cancelling obligations to repay Cancelling obligations to repay
debtsdebts Debt MoratoriumDebt Moratorium
Postponement of payments on Postponement of payments on loansloans
Canadian International Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)Development Agency (CIDA)
CIDACIDA Supports foreign aid Supports foreign aid
projects in over 100 of the projects in over 100 of the poorest countries poorest countries
Manages Official Manages Official Development Assistance Development Assistance (ODA)(ODA)
Promotes sustainability in Promotes sustainability in developing countriesdeveloping countries
CIDACIDA Focuses on 6 basic principles:Focuses on 6 basic principles:1.1. basic human needs basic human needs2.2. gender equality gender equality3.3. infrastructure infrastructure4.4. human rights human rights5. environment5. environment6. democracy / good governance6. democracy / good governance Explores 4 social Explores 4 social
development sectors:development sectors:1. basic education1. basic education2. HIV/AIDS2. HIV/AIDS3. health and nutrition3. health and nutrition4. child protection4. child protection