welcome to ej2300 power electronics - välkommen till kth · hpn 2012-09-03 power electronic...
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1-1 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Welcome to
EJ2300 Power Electronics
Basics
DC/DC converters
DC-motor
Diode and thyristor converters
Power semiconductors (web-based)
Inverters
Switching DC power supplies
1-2 HPN 2012-09-03
Power Electronic Systems
• Block diagram
• Role of Power Electronics
• Reasons for growth (power semiconductors, digital electronics, renewables, electric vehicles)
1-3 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Linear Power Supply
• Series transistor as an adjustable resistor
• Low Efficiency
• Heavy and bulky
1-4 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Basic Principle of Switch-Mode Synthesis
• Constant switching frequency
• pulse width controls the average
• L-C filters the ripple
1-5 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Switch-Mode Power Supply
• Transistor as a switch
• High Efficiency
• High-Frequency Transformer
1-6 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
AC Motor Drive
• Converter 1 rectifies line-frequency ac into dc
• Capacitor acts as a filter; stores energy; decouples
• Converter 2 synthesizes low-frequency ac to motor
• Polarity of dc-bus voltage remains unchanged
– ideally suited for transistors of converter 2
1-7 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Applications
• Controlled DC power supplies
• Motor drives for various applications
(industry, transport)
• Grid applications (HVDC, SVC, StatCom,
TCSC)
• Windpower
• Photovoltaics
1-8 HPN 2012-09-03
Honda Insight
1-9 Source: ABB
Thyristor valve for HVDC
500 kV, 1500 MW
1-10 Source: ABB
Thyristor Controlled Series Compensator
400 kV,
394 Mvar fixed, 71 Mvar controlled
1-11 Source: ABB
Power oscillation damping with
TCSC
500 kV, 2000 MW line
a) b)
1-12 Source: ABB
IGBT press-pack modules
1-13 Source: ABB
IGBT stacks
1-14 Source: ABB
Valve assembly
1-15 Source: ABB
Cooling system
1-16 Source: ABB
High-voltage PEX cable
1-17 HPN 2012-09-03
Electrostatic precipitator
1-18 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Diodes
• On and off states controlled by the power circuit
1-19 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thyristor
Anode
Cathode
Gate
1-20 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generic Switch Symbol
• Idealized switch symbol
• When on, current can flow only in the direction of the arrow
• Instantaneous switching from one state to the other
• Zero voltage drop in on-state
• Infinite voltage and current handling capabilities
1-21 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Switching Characteristics (linearized)
Switching Power Loss is
proportional to:
• switching frequency
• turn-on and turn-off times
1-22 HPN 2012-09-03
Switching speed
• Why do we want to switch fast?
Low switching losses
Well defined voltage waveform
• Why do we want to switch slowly?
Voltage sharing
EMI
Electric stress on insulation systems
1-23 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
MOSFETs
• Easy to control by the gate
• Optimal for low-voltage operation at high switching frequencies
• On-state resistance a concern at higher voltage ratings
1-24 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IGBT
1-25 Source: Semikron
IGBT module
1-26 Source: Semikron
IGBT Datasheet
1-27
Bond wire lift-off
HPN 2012-09-03
1-28
Soldering delamination
HPN 2012-09-03
1-29 Source: ABB
1-30 HPN 2012-09-03
Approximation of voltage drop
0 5 10 15 200
0.5
1
1.5
21.945
0
Ui
Vi
200 Ii
tu
ti
[V]
[A]
0tU
u
it
ur
i
1-31 HPN 2012-09-03
Voltage drop
Von
Ion
MOSFET
IGBT
Diode
1-32 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Review of basics
• Steady state
• Mean value, RMS-value
• Phasor representation
• Active, reactive, and complex power
• Three-phase circuits
• Inductor
• Capacitor
1-33 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Block Diagram of DC-DC Converters
• Functional block diagram
1-34 HPN 2012-09-03
DC-DC converter types
1-35 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stepping Down a DC Voltage
1-36 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Step-Down DC-DC Converter
• Pulsating input to
the low-pass filter
1-37 Copyright © 2003
by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Step-Down DC-DC Converter: Waveforms
• Steady state; inductor current flows continuously