European Exploration and Colonization of North America

The Old World Meets the New World

First Contact

The term First Contact literally describes the first contact between __________________ and the ____________________ peoples of North America

◦ First Contact happened at different ____________ in different ____________ , took a variety o___________ , and forever _____________ the lives of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas

In some cases neither Europeans nor Natives were sure the other was __________________

◦ It is estimated that somewhere between ______________ of Natives died as a result of this contact (______________ being the primary cause). 50-90%!!!!!!!!!

The legacy of First Contact dramatically _____________ the histories of the Americas, Europe, and the entire __________________

Examples from Canadian History

The __________________ and First Nations in Vinland around 1000 CE, John ____________ and the Beothuk in 1497 Jacques ____________ and the Mi'kmaq in 1534 Canadian Arctic Expedition and the Kitlinermiut

(Copper Inuit) and Netsilingmiut (Netsilik Inuit) in __________________

Who were the Frist Europeans to Reach the New World?

The __________________ …◦ In 986 CE, Bjarni Herjolfsson, while sailing to

_____________ from _______________ , was blown off course by a storm and reported seeing land that was not Greenland.

◦ Years later, Leif Ericson, followed Herjolfsson's route.

Noting an abundance of trees as he passed by what is now ______________ , he named the area ________________ (forest land).

Eventually, he landed on _____________ and called the region _______ (wine land) after he discovered what he

thought were vines and grapes

The Vikings ____________ the area for approximately 3 years

____________ established what is believed to be the first European _____________ in North America: L’ Anse aux Meadows

__________________ tell us information about their voyages

Contact with Indigenous Peoples

There is evidence of __________________ , but also hostile __________________ It is thought that the Vikings who had a tradition of ______________ settlements in

Europe and were not strangers to violence, killed a number of Natives and were eventually forced to leave due to retaliatory _______________ on their settlement

This marked the end of the first period of European contact __________________ )

◦ It was brief and not __________________ It would be approximately another ______ years before

the next contact between the ________________ and the _____

• In 1960 the L’anse aux Meadows site was discovered• The only ___________ Viking settlement in the New

World. • Many __________________ were discovered at this

settlement including buildings, ___________ , chunks of ____________ , & ___________

The Next Wave of Exploration…1. Who was next?

2. What did he “discover”?

3. Who did he claim the land for?

Why did Europeans want to explore?

From the 1400s to the 1700s, Europe experienced an “___________________________ ”

The ________________________ encouraged curiosity & a desire for trade As a result of exploration, European nations grew __________________ & spread their

__________________ throughout the world

Motives for European Exploration

1. God, Glory & Gold!2. __________________ raised interest in Asia.3. __________________ curiosity about other lands and

peoples.4. __________________ created refugees &

missionaries.5. __________________ seeking new sources of revenue.

(competition between them)6. __________________ advances.7. __________________ and __________________ . (The rise of

banks and commercial ventures)

God

European Christians, especially __________________ , wanted to stop the spread of Islam & __________________ non-Christians to the faith

Explorers were encouraged to spread Christianity or bring _____________ who would focus only on conversions

Glory

Kings who sponsored voyages of exploration gained overseas _________________ , new sources of _____________ for their nation, & increased _____________

Exploration presented Europeans the opportunity to rise from _________________ and gain fame, fortune, & status

Gold

A desire for new sources of __________ was the main reason for European exploration

Merchants began looking for quick, direct ___________ routes to Asia to avoid Muslim & Italian merchants & increase __________________

The Crusades & Renaissance __________________ European desires for exotic Asian __________________ goods

Also, other historical events were at play…

• In the mid1450s, ________________ trade routes connecting Europe with Asia were __________________

• This occurred when Muslim Turks conquered the city of __________________

• European monarchs _____________ a wide variety of goods from Asia including spices, silks, tea, gold & silver

• In desperation, they began to finance __________________ to find an western _______________ passage from Europe to Asia

The Age of Exploration

Before the Renaissance, sailors did not have the __________________ to sail very far from Europe & return

Navigation ______________ & cultural __________________ during the Renaissance introduced

new _______________________ techniques to Europeans Magnetic __________________ made sailing more accurate __________________ used stars to show direction Maps were more accurate and used longitude & latitude

New Ships

European shipbuilders built a better __________________ ;

The ______________ was a strong ship that could travel in the __________________ & in __________________ water

Caravels had _________________ lateen sails that allowed ships to sail _____________ the wind

A moveable ________________ made the caravel more maneuverable

Cannons & rifles gave ships __________________

Who were the explorers, where did they go, & how did they change world history?

In the _____________________ , the European sailors did what neither Muslim nor Chinese explorers could: Begin __________________ (not regional) exploration & create __________________ to increase their wealth & power

Christopher Columbus[1451-1506]

Columbus’ Significance

Columbus ushered in a new era of European exploration and __________________ in the world

Columbus was also the first of many Europeans to horribly mistreat the __________________ populations of the Americas

Columbus’s Explorations Like most educated men of

the Renaissance, Columbus believed the world was _________________ & thought he could reach __________________ by sailing west

Columbus reached the __________________ in the Americas, but thought that he had reached islands off the coast of __________________

He made __________________ to “India” never knowing he was in “America”

The Northwest Passage

After becoming aware of North America's existence, Europeans looked for the Northwest Passage, a route around North America through the Arctic Ocean

John Cabot and the Northwest Passage

After hearing about Columbus's voyages, __________________ commissioned Italian navigator Giovanni Caboto (_________________ ) to find the Northwest Passage.

In ______, reached __________________ , raised a cross and England's banner and claimed the land for England, believing he was in ________

Cabot reported waters full of ________________ Soon many European nations were seasonally __________________ in NA

Subsequent Explorations of the Northwest Passage

A _______________ to Asia was still desired by many European countries, Spain, France, Portugal, Italy, and England, sent hundreds of adventurers to find

the ____________________________________ British explorers who looked for the

Northwest Passage included: ◦ Sir Martin Frobisher (1576, 1577, 1578

expeditions)◦ John Davis (1585, 1586, 1587

expeditions)◦ Sir John Franklin (1845-1847)

Henry Hudson’s Voyage

The best-known northern mariner was Henry Hudson.

In ________, he ventured into a strait that would one day be named in his honour

He then sailed southward into a wide ________________ of water that he supposed to be the Northwest Passage to Asia.

The water proved to be an inland sea (________________________ ) After spending a winter in the Bay, his crew ________________ and the captain and

his close associates were set __________________ in the ship's small rowboat.

Four mutineers __________________ to tell the story in England, but Hudson's party was never heard from again

The Colonization of the Americas

WHY? Abundant Natural __________________ The Economic system of __________________ __________________ between European Nations __________________

Abundant Natural Resources

As explorers reached the __________________ , European countries began to realize the __________________ these lands possessed.

As the __________________ harvested an abundance of rich __________________ , the French and British increased their efforts to explore, settle, and __________________ natural resources in the NA

__________________ became more intense and these nation began to __________________ the New World to deter their European competitors

Mercantilism

A popular __________________ theory in Europe at this time was mercantilism. Mercantilism is the belief that a country could accumulate wealth by

__________________ more goods than it __________________ . A steady supply of ________________________ was needed for this to work Countries created __________________ to secure these raw materials Mercantilism spurred further exploration, and European settlement of NA

◦ Colonies not only secured raw materials, but also created __________________ for finished goods

Competition Between Countries

This was an era of intense __________________ for power among European countries.

__________________ , the control and exploitation of a territory through settlement, increased power of European nations

◦ In North America, Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France competed to colonize the most territory.

The Religious Impulse to Colonize

Many religious groups believed it was their duty to spread the __________________ faith to unknown cultures in the __________________

Religious groups believed that they were “saving” these people and completely ignored their rich spiritual __________________

The potential for religious converts prompted religious leaders (primarily the ultra- wealthy ____________________________ ) to fund exploration and colonization

Early Explorers and Aboriginal Knowledge

European explorers in NA quickly realized they needed help _______________ peoples.

◦ First Nations people understood the __________________ ◦ they knew the __________________ ◦ they had developed trade routes and

effective methods of __________________ ◦ they could use resources from the

environment around them to create __________________ and to ________________ and ________________ themselves.

This knowledge was essential for __________________ Jacques Cartier was one of the first Europeans to realize this

Jacques Cartier

• Sailing from France, he traveled west to find _______________ in the new World & to find a __________________ to the Far East

• Made three voyages to the New World between _______________________

In 1534 Jacques Cartier convinced the French monarch, Francis I, to fund his __________________ to North America

Cartier entered Canada through the Gulf of _____________________ believing it to be a passage through the North American continent

During his first voyage, Cartier placed a _______________ on what is now the Gaspe Peninsula, __________________ the land for the King of France

Cartier made three voyages to the New World between 1534-1542

The Doctrine of Terra Nullius

When European explorers sailed to North America, they claimed their "__________________ " for their mother country

◦ despite the fact that First Nations peoples had been living there for __________________ of years.

The fifteenth century European __________________ was totally confident in the ____________ of European cultures.

They also believed in the doctrine of terra nullius. ◦ a Latin expression meaning "_______ belonging to ◦ ____ _____" or territory over which no country had claimed authority.

Explorers believing that no one ___________ the land of NA, even though it was clear that other people were __________________ on the land.

The European explorers also believed that because First Nations cultures could not possess the land because they were not __________________

This European worldview helps explain why Europeans __________________ the lands which they explored

Consider the Following:

1. Why did the Europeans feel like they could claim the lands of the Americas?

2. Explain the European worldview in this era.

3. What effect did this worldview have on Natives in the Americas?

4. Does that worldview still exist today?

i. Give some examples

Cartier’s First Contact

In 1534, when Cartier met the St. Lawrence River Haudenosaunee (______________ ), he was introduced to their leader, Donnacona

Cartier “persuaded” Donnacona to allow his two sons, Domagaya and Taignoagny, to go back to __________________ with Cartier

◦ The exact manner of persuasion is a bit foggy and was _________ by the French

In France, they were taught French so that they could be effective __________________

Cartier gained valuable information about the region's __________________ from them

Cartier had not discovered a route to Asia, however did report on the __________________ resources of fish, furs, timber, and fertile land

The French administration funded Cartier's second expedition

Cartier’s Second Voyage

In 1535 Cartier travelled further up the ____________________________ He stopped at the First Nations community called __________________ (present day

Quebec City). He continued upstream until he reached the large Haudenosaunee city of

__________________ (present day Montreal). That winter, Cartier left Hochelaga too late in the fall and was _________ into the St

Lawrence near Stadacona The French were totally unprepared for an N.A. _________ and Cartier lost twenty-

five of his men to __________________ Domagaya saved many of the French by showing them how to prepare a medicinal

drink, called annedda, from cedar leaves and bark. It is believed the name Canada came from a meeting with Natives on this second

voyage◦ When the French asked the locals

where they were, they replied “Kanata”, likely referring to that specific area

The Effect of First Contact

The First Nations people at Stadacona began to die from European diseases such as smallpox.

Indigenous populations had no natural immunity to old world diseases, and no one had cures in this era

Relations between the French and the Stadaconians detyeriorated as more people died,

◦ Yet Cartier still needed they’re help Before leaving for France, Cartier captured Donnacona, his two sons, three other

leaders, and four children and took them to France. None of the captives ever saw their homeland again, and all but one died in France

before Cartier's return voyage. Cartier's treatment of the Stadaconians proved to be disastrous for his next voyage

to North America…

Cartier’s 3rd and Final Voyage

While being held captive in France, Donnacona spun some very tall tales about the fictional Kingdom of Saguenay full of gold and riches, in an attempt to inspire the French to take him home

This helped to prompt the funding for Cartier's final expedition in 1541.

◦ Cartier intended to stay in Canada for some time,

◦ he brought cattle, supplies, and even planted crops upon his arrival.

This third expedition, however, was plagued by scurvy, a formidable winter and, not surprisingly, a hostile reception from the Haudenosaunee, who had not forgotten what the French had done in 1535

The Haudenosaunee attacked on the French in retaliation, and Cartier lost thirty five of his men.

By the next spring, Cartier was forced to return to France, and all plans for colonization were abandoned.

What is Cartier’s Legacy?

The legacy of historical figures are often complicated and contentious Complete the following chart about Cartier:

Positive Contributions/Accomplishments

Negative Contributions/Accomplishments

So, is Cartier a hero? A villain? Something else? Explain____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Considered the Following: Legacy

1. Is it fair to apply 21st century Western ethical standards when viewing historical events?

2. Is it arrogant of us to use hindsight to evaluate Cartier and other historical figures?

3. Would you have acted differently than the French in that time and that place?

4. How can we marry our 21st century focus on human rights with a fair and balanced evaluation of history?

This is complicated, but important stuff…Canada A Peoples History: When the World Began

Into the Unknown

1. Who were the first Europeans to reach the Americas? _______________________________ _______________________________________________________________

a. When? ______________________________________________________________________

b. Why did they leave? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why did Europeans set out across the Atlantic Ocean starting in the 1500s? What was happening back home? ________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. What were European explorers in this era looking for?

_________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What did “Canada” mean in this era? ______________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

A Continent of Nations

1. How many generations had passed since the first peoples had arrived before Europeans came to N.A.? _________________________________________________________

2. Why were the people of N.A. so unique at this time? ________________________________

__________________________________________________________________3. What does the story of the Beothic tell us about relations between First Nations

and early European settlers? __________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What effect does first contact between First Nations and Europeans have?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

New Lands

1. Where did Columbus think that he had landed?__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. Where did he actually land? _______________________________________________________

3. Who does England send across the Atlantic 5 years later? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What does this explorer find? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What new resource is discovered? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. What does the Portugese merchant find in the New World? What is this merchants business? ________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________7. How are indigenous peoples of North America described by Europeans in 1500?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. What did this merchants monologue tell you about his view of these people?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

The Land God Gave to Cain

1. Why was Cartier sent to N.A.? ____________________________________________________

2. How does Cartier describe the inhabitants of N.A.? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What does first contact for Cartier look like? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What does leave on the shores before he leaves? What does Donnacona think of this?

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What does Cartier decide to take back to France with him? Why? ___________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Hochelaga

1. Why did the French send Cartier on a second expedition? __________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Where does Canada get its name? _________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________3. Where does the name Montreal come from?

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why did the French stay the winter at Stadacona? __________________________________

___________________________________________________________________5. What disease affects the French that winter? ______________________________________

6. How do the French try do deal with this disease? What do they credit with their recovery? _________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________7. What actually saves them?

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

A Star Was Lost in the Sky

1. How does Cartier ensure that he will be funded for a third voyage? __________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What promise does Cartier make to Donnacona? ___________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. How does Donnacona try to get back home from France? ___________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What happens to Donnacona? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

European Explorers Time LineYour Task:

Fill in the timeline on this page chronologically (it is a timeline after all). You must include the explorations of 5 Europeans in North America, and 10 significant dates connected to their explorations

You will be marked as follows: 1.0 marks for correctly filling in the date of the event and a concise, high quality description of the SIGNIFICANCE of that date. 1.0 x 10 dates = 10 marks total