CARTIERCARTIER

CARTIER: Early LifeCARTIER: Early Life

•Cartier was a master pilot Cartier was a master pilot (listed on marriage license)(listed on marriage license)

•Visited Brazil. Adopted a child Visited Brazil. Adopted a child named Catherine du Brazil. named Catherine du Brazil. He compared areas visited to He compared areas visited to parts of Brazil.parts of Brazil.

FRANCIS 1FRANCIS 1•““The sun shines The sun shines

for me as for for me as for the others and the others and I should very I should very much like to much like to see the clause see the clause in Adam’s will in Adam’s will that shuts me that shuts me off from my off from my share of the share of the worldworld.”.”

Cartier takes Cartier takes over for over for VerrazanoVerrazano after he is after he is eaten by the eaten by the CaribCarib Indians Indians

1533 FAILURE1533 FAILURE

• Cartier attempts to gather an Cartier attempts to gather an experienced crew from the experienced crew from the fishermen of fishermen of St. MaloSt. Malo..

• No success…No success…

• Need the experienced men for the Need the experienced men for the fishing fleet.fishing fleet.

• Exploration will open up the Exploration will open up the Grand BanksGrand Banks to everyone. to everyone.

CARTIER’S FIRST CARTIER’S FIRST EXPEDITIONEXPEDITION

•Two caravel of 60 tons eachTwo caravel of 60 tons each

•60 crew60 crew

•flintlock musketsflintlock muskets

•4 light cannons to scare 4 light cannons to scare nativenative

•April 20, April 20, 15341534 set sail set sail

•20 days to cross from St. Malo, 20 days to cross from St. Malo, France to Bonavista Bay, France to Bonavista Bay, Newfoundland.Newfoundland.

•Sails towards Labrador. Calls it Sails towards Labrador. Calls it “the land God gave to Cain.”“the land God gave to Cain.”

•Names Cape St. John (Most Names Cape St. John (Most south westerly point on south westerly point on Newfoundland.)Newfoundland.)

•Sails west...Sails west...

CHALEUR BAY July 15, 1534CHALEUR BAY July 15, 1534• 40-50 First Nations canoes cross in front 40-50 First Nations canoes cross in front

of Cartiers ship. They want to trade.of Cartiers ship. They want to trade.

• Seven canoes surround Cartier’s long Seven canoes surround Cartier’s long boat. He fires the light cannon. Indians boat. He fires the light cannon. Indians retreat then return. Cartier fires “fire retreat then return. Cartier fires “fire lances”. lances”.

• First Nations withdrew at warp speed…First Nations withdrew at warp speed…

• The first nations had not shown any The first nations had not shown any hostility towards Cartier. Why do you hostility towards Cartier. Why do you suppose Cartier acted this way?suppose Cartier acted this way?

GaspGaspéé

JULY 24, 1534.JULY 24, 1534.

• Cartier erected a 30’ cross on Cartier erected a 30’ cross on Penouille Point at the mouth of Penouille Point at the mouth of Chaleur Bay.Chaleur Bay.

• On the cross is carved “long live the On the cross is carved “long live the king of France”.king of France”.

• The First Nations are told the cross is The First Nations are told the cross is for navigation purposes. for navigation purposes.

• What was its real purpose?What was its real purpose?

Erecting the cross at GaspErecting the cross at Gaspéé

FIRST HOSTAGESFIRST HOSTAGES

• First Nations chief did not like the idea First Nations chief did not like the idea of the cross being erected.of the cross being erected.

• Went out to Cartier’s ship to protest.Went out to Cartier’s ship to protest.

• Cartier tricks him.Cartier tricks him.

• Captures the chief’s two sons.Captures the chief’s two sons.

• Holds them hostage to protect the Holds them hostage to protect the cross.cross.

• Returns to France with hostages.Returns to France with hostages.

CARTIER IN FRANCECARTIER IN FRANCE

• 1st Voyage had poor results.1st Voyage had poor results.

• (two Indian captives)(two Indian captives)

• Cartier was promoted to Pilot-General.Cartier was promoted to Pilot-General.

• King Francis 1 focused on the strong King Francis 1 focused on the strong tides at Anticosti Island. (route through tides at Anticosti Island. (route through the continent?)the continent?)

• Captives talk about the Captives talk about the Kingdom of Kingdom of SaguenaySaguenay. A GOLD CITY!!! Why?. A GOLD CITY!!! Why?

VASCO BALBOAVASCO BALBOA

•Crossed the Isthmus of Panama Crossed the Isthmus of Panama in in 15131513..

•How wide How wide WASWAS the New World? the New World?

THE SECOND VOYAGE THE SECOND VOYAGE 15351535

• Given 3 ships. La Grande Hermine Given 3 ships. La Grande Hermine (120 Tons), Le Courlieu (60), (120 Tons), Le Courlieu (60), L’Emerillion (40)L’Emerillion (40)

• 18 months of provisions.18 months of provisions.

• 112 crew, 2 First Nation hostages.112 crew, 2 First Nation hostages.

• May 18,1535 set sail.May 18,1535 set sail.

• 55 days passage.55 days passage.

St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence

• Names a bay in the Jacques Cartier Names a bay in the Jacques Cartier Passage after Passage after St. LawrenceSt. Lawrence. (a . (a deacon of Rome / Protector of the deacon of Rome / Protector of the poor / martyred by fire)poor / martyred by fire)

• Gerhardus Gerhardus MercatorMercator places the places the name to stand for the WHOLE river in name to stand for the WHOLE river in 1569. The mistake stays forever.1569. The mistake stays forever.

THE SECOND VOYAGETHE SECOND VOYAGE

• Captives still tell of the Captives still tell of the ““Kingdom of SaguenayKingdom of Saguenay””

• Captives say that the “river Captives say that the “river turns sweet” at Kanata. This is turns sweet” at Kanata. This is disappointing. disappointing. WHY?WHY?

• Sails to Sails to KebecKebec. . ((Where the water narrowsWhere the water narrows))

CARTIER’S MAPCARTIER’S MAP

STADACONASTADACONA

MEETING DONACONNAMEETING DONACONNA

DONNACONADONNACONA

• Cartier meets Chief Cartier meets Chief DonnaconaDonnacona at at KebecKebec. .

• Cartier present him with gifts.Cartier present him with gifts.

• Donnacona talks with the Donnacona talks with the captives. captives. What information might What information might Donnacona have learned?Donnacona have learned?

• Cartier decides to winter inCartier decides to winter in STADACONA.STADACONA.

HONEYMOON ENDSHONEYMOON ENDS• Cartier wants to explore upriverCartier wants to explore upriver

• Cartier wants the captives to Cartier wants the captives to guide him.guide him.

• Donnacona doesn’t want the Donnacona doesn’t want the French to befriend another tribe. French to befriend another tribe.

• Despite this, Cartier travels Despite this, Cartier travels upstreamupstream

HOCHELAGAHOCHELAGA

HOCHELAGAHOCHELAGA• Saturday October 2, 1535 Cartier arrives Saturday October 2, 1535 Cartier arrives

in in HochelagaHochelaga..

• The crippled chief wanted Cartier to The crippled chief wanted Cartier to touch him. The sick are brought for touch him. The sick are brought for Cartier to touch.Cartier to touch.

• Cartier climbs an extinct volcano behind Cartier climbs an extinct volcano behind the village. He named it the village. He named it Mont RoyalMont Royal..

• When he leaves, natives carry him to his When he leaves, natives carry him to his longboat. Cartier returns to Stadacona.longboat. Cartier returns to Stadacona.

WINTER IN STADACONAWINTER IN STADACONA• Donnacona not friendly.Donnacona not friendly.

• Cartier’s men construct a fort. (Drawbridge, Cartier’s men construct a fort. (Drawbridge, moat).moat).

• St. Lawrence freezes to 3 meters thick.St. Lawrence freezes to 3 meters thick.

• Cider freezes. Scurvy strikes about Christmas. Cider freezes. Scurvy strikes about Christmas. 3 of the 110 are in good health. 25 died. 3 of the 110 are in good health. 25 died.

• Dead are hidden in snow banks. Dead are hidden in snow banks. Why?Why?

• Those who are too sick are ordered to make Those who are too sick are ordered to make noise. noise.

SCURVYSCURVY

SCURVY CUREDSCURVY CURED

•Donnacona’s people are Donnacona’s people are suffering from scurvy but have a suffering from scurvy but have a cure.cure.

•An interpreter explained to An interpreter explained to Cartier how to cure it.Cartier how to cure it.

•White cedarWhite cedar or or birch barkbirch bark broth. broth.

SPRING AND HOMESPRING AND HOME• Cartier was told that Donnacona was off Cartier was told that Donnacona was off

deer hunting. Cartier believed he was off deer hunting. Cartier believed he was off building an army to attack.building an army to attack.

• Donnacona returned with many new Donnacona returned with many new braves.braves.

• Donnacona was worried about being Donnacona was worried about being kidnapped by Cartier. He will only talk to kidnapped by Cartier. He will only talk to Cartier across a river.Cartier across a river.

• Cartier explains that the king forebade Cartier explains that the king forebade the further taking of hostages.the further taking of hostages.

DONNACONA WINS A TRIPDONNACONA WINS A TRIP• On hearing the king’s news, Donnacona On hearing the king’s news, Donnacona

crossed the river and Cartier captured crossed the river and Cartier captured him along with the original captives.him along with the original captives.

• Stadacona villagers howled all night.Stadacona villagers howled all night.

• Cartier claimed that Donnacona would Cartier claimed that Donnacona would be gone only one year.be gone only one year.

• The Stadacona villagers presented The Stadacona villagers presented Cartier with 24 strings of Cartier with 24 strings of WAMPUMWAMPUM. . (Their most treasured possession.)(Their most treasured possession.)

• Of the ten captives aboard only a Of the ten captives aboard only a little girl would ever see Canada little girl would ever see Canada again...again...

Jean Jean Francois Francois de la de la Roque, Roque, Sieur de Sieur de RobervalRoberval

•The forgotten man in history...The forgotten man in history...

• Roberval was chosen by Francis 1 to Roberval was chosen by Francis 1 to establish the first organized establish the first organized settlement in Canada.settlement in Canada.

• Was the most nobly born of all Was the most nobly born of all Canadian adventurers.Canadian adventurers.

• He was a soldier, courtier, He was a soldier, courtier, landowner, corsair and engineer.landowner, corsair and engineer.

• Cartier was to be only a guide and Cartier was to be only a guide and shipmaster under Roberval.shipmaster under Roberval.

• King Francis agreed to a ten year King Francis agreed to a ten year truce with Spain.truce with Spain.

• In order to get the pope’s approval In order to get the pope’s approval for his Canadian colony, Francis said for his Canadian colony, Francis said that he would spread Catholicism to that he would spread Catholicism to the new world...the new world...

CONTRADICTIONS:CONTRADICTIONS:

• He chose a protestant viceroy.He chose a protestant viceroy.

• No priests on voyage.No priests on voyage.

• Settlers from prisons.Settlers from prisons.

• King was to receive 1/3 of the profits.King was to receive 1/3 of the profits.

• Roberval could take any prisoner Roberval could take any prisoner under threat of death. (except under threat of death. (except counterfeiters, heretics and traitors)counterfeiters, heretics and traitors)

• This was to be a five ship expedition.This was to be a five ship expedition.

• Spain announced that if Roberval’s Spain announced that if Roberval’s fleet ventured into disputed waters, fleet ventured into disputed waters, Spain would “ throw all men into the Spain would “ throw all men into the sea without sparing a single person.”sea without sparing a single person.”

• Privately, both Spain and Portugal Privately, both Spain and Portugal did not consider Canada to be worth did not consider Canada to be worth the gun powder needed to capture it.the gun powder needed to capture it.

• “ “Ca nada” (Nothing there…)Ca nada” (Nothing there…)

GET GOING!GET GOING!

• Because of Spain’s announcement, Because of Spain’s announcement, Francis ordered the fleet to sail (April 15, Francis ordered the fleet to sail (April 15, 1541)1541)

• Cannons and powder had not arrived.Cannons and powder had not arrived.

• Roberval stayed behind to handle the sale Roberval stayed behind to handle the sale of his property.of his property.

• Cartier sailed with the power “to govern Cartier sailed with the power “to govern all things as if Roberval had been there in all things as if Roberval had been there in person.”person.”

ROBERVAL THE PRIVATEERROBERVAL THE PRIVATEER

• Roberval turned privateer to pay for Roberval turned privateer to pay for the expedition.the expedition.

• He attacked British ships in the He attacked British ships in the English Channel.English Channel.

• When the English ambassador When the English ambassador complain to Francis 1, Francis 1 complain to Francis 1, Francis 1 promised to punish Roberval. Francis promised to punish Roberval. Francis 1 did nothing...1 did nothing...

HE’S BACK...HE’S BACK...• The crossing took three months.The crossing took three months.

• They ran out of water. Cattle were They ran out of water. Cattle were given cider.given cider.

• Five years after leaving Stadacona, Five years after leaving Stadacona, Cartier was back.Cartier was back.

• Cartier informed Cartier informed AgonaAgona, the new chief , the new chief of Stadacona that Donnacona had died of Stadacona that Donnacona had died in Europe. Agona was delighted! in Europe. Agona was delighted! WHY?WHY? Cartier said that the other captives had Cartier said that the other captives had refused to return. (They too were dead)refused to return. (They too were dead)

CAP ROUGECAP ROUGE

• Cartier travelled up river nine miles Cartier travelled up river nine miles to build his fort at the mouth of the to build his fort at the mouth of the Cap Rouge RiverCap Rouge River..

• 2 forts overlooking one another.2 forts overlooking one another.

RICH!!!!!RICH!!!!!

•Cartier found Cartier found diamondsdiamonds! The ! The crew filled barrels with them!crew filled barrels with them!

•Cartier found Cartier found GOLDGOLD! The ! The crew filled barrels with them.crew filled barrels with them.

•Cartier had struck it rich!Cartier had struck it rich!

•He would be as rich as He would be as rich as Roberval...Roberval...

BACK TO HOCHELAGABACK TO HOCHELAGA

•Cartier returned to Hochelaga Cartier returned to Hochelaga but the village was gone.but the village was gone.

•TutonaguyTutonaguy had replaced it. had replaced it.

•2 French children were given to 2 French children were given to the people of Tutonaguy to the people of Tutonaguy to learn the Iroquois language.learn the Iroquois language.

WINTER 1541-1542WINTER 1541-1542• Indians very hostile at Indians very hostile at Cap RougeCap Rouge..

• 2 French were thrown off a cliff.2 French were thrown off a cliff.

• 35 Frenchmen had been killed.35 Frenchmen had been killed.

• Cartier didn’t need the job. He was Cartier didn’t need the job. He was rich.rich.

• In spring Cartier abandoned Cap Rouge.In spring Cartier abandoned Cap Rouge.

• Cartier met Roberval, who had just Cartier met Roberval, who had just arrived in Newfoundland. Cartier was arrived in Newfoundland. Cartier was ordered to return to Cap Rouge. He ordered to return to Cap Rouge. He didn’t. MUTINY!didn’t. MUTINY!

ROBERVAL IN CHARGEROBERVAL IN CHARGE

• Roberval travelled to Roberval travelled to Cap RougeCap Rouge. It . It was gone.was gone.

• It was rebuilt and called It was rebuilt and called France RoiFrance Roi..

• Cartier had not passed on the cure to Cartier had not passed on the cure to scurvy. Fifty colonists died that scurvy. Fifty colonists died that winter.winter.

• 1543 Roberval returned to France 1543 Roberval returned to France ruined.ruined.

CARTIER’S RICHES!CARTIER’S RICHES!

• When Cartier returned to France he When Cartier returned to France he tried to sell his gold and diamonds.tried to sell his gold and diamonds.

• His diamonds were quartz.His diamonds were quartz.

• His gold was iron pyrite - fool’s gold.His gold was iron pyrite - fool’s gold.

• Cartier died of the plague on Cartier died of the plague on Wednesday, September 1, 1557.Wednesday, September 1, 1557.

• Canada slipped back into solitude. Canada slipped back into solitude.

FRENCH ATTITUDE FRENCH ATTITUDE TOWARDS TOWARDS CANADACANADA

• MontaigneMontaigne::

““We grasp at We grasp at everything and catch everything and catch nothing but airnothing but air.”.”

THE ENDTHE END